7.

0 RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1 : Effect of Residence Time of The Reaction in a CSTR
Reactor Volume : 40L
Concentration of NaOH in feed vessel : 0.1M
Concentration of Et (Ac) in feed vessel : 0.1M
No

1
2
3
4
5

Temperature

Flowrate

Flowrate

Total

(oC)

of NaOH

of Et (Ac)

flowrate,

(mL/min)

(mL/min)

Fo

29.3
29.5
29.7
29.8
29.9

0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

(mL / min)
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60

Residence

Conductivit

Conversion

Reaction

time,

y (ms / cm)

rate

(%)

constant,

96.0
90.0
104.0
103.2
103.2

k
60.00
13.50
5.05
7.86
9.42

(min)
20.00
13.33
10.00
8.00
6.67

3.04
3.00
2.97
2.96
2.96

a. Preparation of calibration curves :

Conversion
(%)
0
25
50
75
100

Solution Mixtures (mL)

0.1M NaOH
0.1 Et (Ac)
H2O
100
75
50
25
-

25
50
75
100

100
100
100
100
100

Concentratio

Conductivity

n of NaOH

(mS / cm)

(M)
0.0500
0.0375
0.0250
0.0125
0.0000

13.92
9.87
6.38
2.89
0.11

Conductivity vs Conversion
16
14
12
10
Conductivity (ms/cm)

8
6
4
2
0
0

25

50
Conversion (%)

Graph 1
b. Back titration for manual coversion determination
Concentration of HCL : 0.25M
Sample

Volume of NaOH

1
2
3
4
5

titrated
1 reading
24.0
25.5
26.0
25.8
25.8
st

75

100

Residence Time vs Conversion

25
20
15
Residence Time (min)

10
5
0
96

90

104
Conversion X (%)

Graph 2

CALCULATION
1. Fo = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 L/min
Known quantities :
Volume of sample,Vs : 50mL
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f, = 0.1M
Volume of HCL in quenching, VHCL,s = 10mL
Concentration of HCL in standard solution, CHCL,s = 0.25M
Volume of titrated NaOH, V1 = 24.00mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOHs = 0.1M
i.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOHo

103.2

103.2

1
2

CNaOHo =

CNaOHf

1
2

( 0.1 )

= 0.05M
ii.

Volume of unreated quenching HCL, V2

V2 =

C NaOH ,s
C HCL , s

0.1
0.25

x V1

(24.0)

= 9.6 mL
iii.

Volume of HCL reacted with NaOHin sample, V3

V3 = VHCL,s V2
= 10 9.6
= 0.4 mL
iv.

Moles of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = ( CHCL,s x V3 ) / 1000
= ( 0.25 x 0.4 ) / 1000
= 0.0001 mol
v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2 = n1
= 0.0001 mol

vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = ( n2 / Vs ) x 1000
= ( 0.0001 / 50 ) x 1000
= 0.002M
vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

X = ( 1 CNaOH / CNaOHo ) x 100%

= ( 1 0.002 / 0.05 ) x 100%
= 96%
viii.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo

= 40 / 0.2
= 200 min
ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = ( CAO CA ) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.002 ) / ( 200 x 0.0022 )
= 60 M-1min-1
x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

-rA = kCA2
= 60 x 0.0022
= 0.00024 mol/L.min

2. Fo = 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.3 L/min

Known quantities :
Volume of sample,Vs : 50mL
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f, = 0.1M
Volume of HCL in quenching, VHCL,s = 10mL
Concentration of HCL in standard solution, CHCL,s = 0.25M
Volume of titrated NaOH, V1 = 25.50mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOHs = 0.1M
i.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOHo

1
2

CNaOHo =

CNaOHf

1
2

( 0.1 )

= 0.05M
ii.

Volume of unreated quenching HCL, V2

V2 =

C NaOH ,s
C HCL , s

0.1
0.25

x V1

(25.5)

= 10.2 mL
iii.

Volume of HCL reacted with NaOHin sample, V3

V3 = VHCL,s V2

= 10 10.2
= - 0.2 mL
iv.

Moles of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = ( CHCL,s x V3 ) / 1000
= ( 0.25 x - 0.2 ) / 1000
= 0.00025 mol
v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2 = n1
= 0.00025 mol
vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = ( n2 / Vs ) x 1000
= ( 0.00025 / 50 ) x 1000
= 0.005M
vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

X = ( 1 CNaOH / CNaOHo ) x 100%

= ( 1 0.005 / 0.05 ) x 100%
= 90%
viii.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo

= 40 / 0.3
= 133.33 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = ( CAO CA ) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.005 ) / ( 133.33 x 0.0052 )
= 13.5 M-1min-1
x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

-rA = kCA2
= 13.5 x 0.0052
= 0.000338 mol/L.min
3. Fo = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 L/min
Known quantities :
Volume of sample,Vs : 50mL
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f, = 0.1M
Volume of HCL in quenching, VHCL,s = 10mL
Concentration of HCL in standard solution, CHCL,s = 0.25M
Volume of titrated NaOH, V1 = 26.00mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOHs = 0.1M
i.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOHo

CNaOHo =

1
2
1
2

CNaOHf

( 0.1 )

= 0.05M
ii.

Volume of unreated quenching HCL, V2

V2 =

C NaOH ,s
C HCL , s
0.1
0.25

x V1

(26.0)

= 10.4 mL
iii.

Volume of HCL reacted with NaOHin sample, V3

V3 = VHCL,s V2
= 10 10.4
= - 0.4 mL
iv.

Moles of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = ( CHCL,s x V3 ) / 1000
= ( 0.25 x - 0.4 ) / 1000
= - 0.0001 mol
v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2 = n1
= -0.0001 mol
vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = ( n2 / Vs ) x 1000
= ( - 0.0001 / 50 ) x 1000

= - 0.002M
vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

X = ( 1 CNaOH / CNaOHo ) x 100%

= ( 1 - 0.002 / 0.05 ) x 100%
= 104%
viii.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo

= 40 / 0.4
= 100 min
ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = ( CAO CA ) / CA2
= ( 0.05 - 0.002 ) / ( 100 x - 0.0022 )
= 5.05 M-1min-1
x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

-rA = kCA2
= 5.05 x - 0.0022
= 0.00002 mol/L.min
4. Fo = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 L/min
Known quantities :
Volume of sample,Vs : 50mL

Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f, = 0.1M

Volume of HCL in quenching, VHCL,s = 10mL
Concentration of HCL in standard solution, CHCL,s = 0.25M
Volume of titrated NaOH, V1 = 25.80mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOHs = 0.1M
i.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOHo

1
2

CNaOHo =

CNaOHf

1
2

( 0.1 )

= 0.05M
ii.

Volume of unreated quenching HCL, V2

V2 =

C NaOH ,s
C HCL , s

0.1
0.25

x V1

(25.8)

= 10.32 mL
iii.

Volume of HCL reacted with NaOHin sample, V3

V3 = VHCL,s V2
= 10 10.32
= - 0.32 mL
iv.

Moles of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = ( CHCL,s x V3 ) / 1000
= ( 0.25 x 0.32 ) / 1000
= - 0.00008 mol
v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2 = n1
= - 0.00008 mol
vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = ( n2 / Vs ) x 1000
= ( - 0.00008 / 50 ) x 1000
= - 0.0016M
vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

X = ( 1 CNaOH / CNaOHo ) x 100%

= ( 1 - 0.0016 / 0.05 ) x 100%
= 103.2%
viii.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo

= 40 / 0.5
= 80 min
ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = ( CAO CA ) / CA2

= ( 0.05 - 0.0016 ) / ( 80 x - 0.00162 )

= 7.86 M-1min-1
x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

-rA = kCA2
= 7.86 x - 0.00162
= 0.000020 mol/L.min
5. Fo = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 L/min
Known quantities :
Volume of sample,Vs : 50mL
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f, = 0.1M
Volume of HCL in quenching, VHCL,s = 10mL
Concentration of HCL in standard solution, CHCL,s = 0.25M
Volume of titrated NaOH, V1 = 25.80mL
Concentration of NaOH used for titration, CNaOHs = 0.1M
xi.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOHo

1
2

CNaOHo =

1
2

CNaOHf

( 0.1 )

= 0.05M
xii.

Volume of unreated quenching HCL, V2

C NaOH ,s
C HCL , s

V2 =

0.1
0.25

x V1

(25.8)

= 10.32 mL
xiii.

Volume of HCL reacted with NaOHin sample, V3

V3 = VHCL,s V2
= 10 10.32
= - 0.32 mL
xiv.

Moles of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1 = ( CHCL,s x V3 ) / 1000
= ( 0.25 x 0.32 ) / 1000
= - 0.00008 mol
xv.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2 = n1
= - 0.00008 mol
xvi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

CNaOH = ( n2 / Vs ) x 1000
= ( - 0.00008 / 50 ) x 1000
= - 0.0016M
xvii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

X = ( 1 CNaOH / CNaOHo ) x 100%

= ( 1 - 0.0016 / 0.05 ) x 100%
= 103.2%
xviii. Residence time,

= VCSTR / Fo

= 40 / 0.6
= 66.67 min
xix.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = ( CAO CA ) / CA2
= ( 0.05 - 0.0016 ) / ( 66.67 x - 0.00162 )
= 9.42 M-1min-1
xx.

Rate of reaction, -rA

-rA = kCA2
= 9.42 x - 0.00162
= 0.000024 mol/L.min