Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DOCUMENT. RESUME
ED 214 787
.SE 0 6478
AUTHOR
TITLE
INSTITUTION
SPONS AGENCY
PUB DATE
GRANT
NOTE ,.;
EDRS PRICE
DESCRIPTORS.'
80
SED76-19615; SED76-19615-A02
382p.; Contains occasional light type.
ABSTRACT
,
of
*,
ti
umap
.
'
CEVTER (ERIC/
position or policy
Alan H. Schoenfeld
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS
P. 13A SE5
INTEGRATION:
r
do.
June 1977
eldc/umap/p5chapeittinewton,mbss.02160'
st
a.
.t
GETTING IT ALL'TOGETHER
INTEGRATION:
Tftle:
Author/Correspondent:
RevieWiStage/Date:
Alan H. Schoenfeld
Group in Science and Mathematics Education
c/d Physics Department
'University of California
'
Berkeley, CAL94720
IV, 6/30/77
\
.
Classification:
The Project is guided by a National Steering Committee of mathematicians, scientists, and educators. DMAP is
To of many projects of,Education Development Center, Inc.,
a publicly supported, nonprofit corporation engaged in
educational research and development in the U.S. and
abroad.
t
PROJECT STAFF
7 hours
length:
Ross L. Finney
William U. Walton
Solomon Garfunkel
Joyce Taggart
Thomas Good
None
Prerequisite Skills:
I a.,
W. T. Martin
Steven J..firams
Llayron Clarkson
James 0. Forman/'
'
As
Robert H. tamarin
Alfred B. 01-1ptox.
None'
r--
rnell University
Unlversityt f Michigan Press
Michigan State University
Indiana University
"
Boston University
Mathematical Association
, of America
Noetheastgrn University
413oTexas
George Spriger
'
MIT (Chairman)
New York University
Southern University''
Rochester Institute of
technology
University of Muston
Ernest J. Henley
William F. Lucas
Walter E. Sears
Peter Signet!
(N:0,;1:
Output
Codirector
Codirector
Consortium Coordinator
Editorial Assistant
Editorial Assistant
;kiency J. Kopill
r
4
-,, 5
0111.
ti
INTRODUCTION
J.
inside cover-r
4.
Contents '
11-
Introduction $I4
,.Chapter 1 : SIMPLIFY'
It is.generally issumed.tBat
with much practice and the help of insightful comments from their
1.
Exercises
Sec. 2:.Products
Is
16
. ... .
27
31
Scic-3:Trigonometric Functions
Sec. 4: Special Functions
37
Exercises
Chapter4-: MODIM
14
Chapter 2 : CLASSIFY'
..
44,
.
In my experience,'
Exercises
Appendix I : Pre-Test
Appendix II: Answers to Pre=Tcst.
62
Al
: A2
form.
Tables of Integrals
A3
A4
complicated calculations, and start the process over with step 1,,
SolutionsMapual
Front Cover
:Bound
.Separately
I
4
VP'
.3
you miss more than one of the pre -test problems, of if you find them
INTEGRATION: e
A GENERAL PROCEDURE
Before you
tutions.
sections the are divided into correspond to the three steps in the
general procedure and their subdivisions.
it becomes
Btep 2:.
Rational
.Functions
,,,"CLASSIFY!
!Products
Trigonometric
Functions
Special
Functions
.
'should try to solve each sample problem yourself. Then compare your
(1.
MODIFY!
ti
.;
Special
C Manipulations
'
Stitilarities
Step 3:
Problei.
heeds
Analysis
Section 1
Chapter 1
.0
EASY ALGEBRAIC
MANIPULATIONS
SIMPLIFY!
40111111,1'
'anything else.
Another operation
t is worth taking
This is especially
Step 1:
In sum,we hive:
SIMPLIFY
EasyAlgehraic
Manipulations
' ObviOus
Substitutions
10
11
a
Solulions, Continued
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
x + cos x)2 dx
before you read the solution, and then compare your method with
f(sin
.mine.
STOP!
While the integral can be broken into three terms and
each done separately, there are simplifications. Do you see them?
2
1 + sin x
2.
dx
'cos2x
Ssin
x + cos x)
dx
= x -
dx + fsin 2x dx
cos 2x + C.
x3
..,
it+ sin x +
and
x - cos2x + C.
SOLUTIONS
rl
+ sinx
-
cos x
3
2
jr
rSin X
--2- dx
.?(
cos x
fisec 2
x dx
jrsin.x
+
2
cos x
dx
cos x
.1
du = -sin x dx.
= tan x
.%. -sin x dx
tan
-A-20u
tan x - (-u
=
1)
1,nce,
=Rx
+ 1
dx -
1 fau
2
4.
= tan x
dx
fx
x_
idu
cos x
3
2
+ 1
dx =fx dx
x
dx.
= cos x,
dx
+ 1
+C
tan x +
tan x + sec x + C.
1^
lnlui + C
In fx2+11 + C.
+C
uA
13
SeMoil
10
c
1
x2_9
substitution u = f(x)
dx, the.
In general, a
'1
If you try
substitution
You
substitution later.
Consider the'integrals
Ix'tan-1(x2)
so
1 + x
and
dic
.cos 2x
.The
term
tan
-1
(x ) appears in
inside function.
problem.
the
2'
as an
u = x2 in that
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
If so,
(tan-lx
t an-1 x
dx
Consider
x.1/ x2+2
'I x2+ 1
1 + x
-1
(fx :2 +2
x +,x) .-.2--)dx
x +1
and 'jr-Tr---dx:
)(tan
- 9
In the first problem I would try u = (tan -lx + x), and hope that
it helps. [It does; see sample problem 2.]
the denominator .isn't
substitution
1 Ir
2
2x dx
x2 - 9
u = x
s
particularly
- 9. Then
7iydu
17.-
4.
-x
ex +
e
dx
- e
lnix2-91 + C.
(a)
4 5
x (1+x )
dx
(b) jr(l+x4)5 dX
11.
15
:ors
11
12
SOLUTIONS
4*"
7,
+ e
-1
e
- e
Is.
-x
dx
2
1
I'd like to work this problem using all the methods of,
this chapter, to illustrate how I would think about this
k;
problem if I didn't know where it came from.
"..1 + x
tan
-1
x, so
then du=
u = tan 1x,
1 + x
tan IX
dx.
2
.
..
Since du does appear in the integral, we can make the substitution. The integral becomes
.dx
-x
wietan -1 x (
------7
1 + x
, u.
dx) = dreu du
eX
+.1
e
+ C
.
.
dx
= etan-lx +
,
e-x
dx.
e-x
This gives
du = (ex + e-x)4x,
an
-1
(x2+2
1--)dx
x + x)
We halle
[(e
x +1
dx
1 + x
1+x
1 + x
= In lul + C
1x
ln
e-
egt
ex
e
-x
+ C.
4(12+2 dx) =
jru du
X +1
=
2
(tan 1x
u
1
)ex
+ x
)dx,
1 + x
-- du
We obtain
du =E-L--71+
(tanla
1 r
ex) dx]
iex
(a)
+ 111,
+ C
x (1+x
4)5
dx
(b)
1/(1+x4)5 dx
+ C.
17
EXERCISES
13
I see (1+x
then
so that the\
14
If I try
du = 4x
{1+
dx.
sol. 5
1
=11+x4j5(4x3dx)
4
=
17(1+x
4 6
)
ntegral will
= -1.115 du
dx
+ sin x
(a)
+ C.
1.
sol.
x + 1
x
The sample problems you've worked through in this Chapter
Isol.
dx
+ 1
dx
2
(b)
x + 1
dx
CO
sol. 4
j(Px3 + x2 + 1
may have seemed very easy, because you were on guard for simple
solutions.
+ x
dx
(b)
J2 + sin x
* * * WRUNG * * *
(a) viln(ex) dx
sol. 3
tcos x dx
(b)
vir(I + ./i-
X- 9
Je*
by partial fraetions or by using the substitution
0.1
it
4
(a) j tan x sec x dx
x = 3 sin 0 !
{sol:8
dx
ex-
(b)
37-= 1 dx
ex
(a),
sol. 6
e
4. Pa)
sol. 1
tan
fx2
+ 1 dx.
I ,8, I
sol. 7
(b)
si tan
-1
x dx
(a)
x2
dx
4x + 3
/ x-2
x.
-4x
+33
dx
15
Chapter 2
r Section 1
16
`CLASSI.FYI.
As we noted in the introduction,:experts generally follow a=
three-step procedure when solving integrals. The first step, which
we discussed in Chapter 1, consists in kooking for simplifications
or easy solutions to a problem. The second- step, if necestary,
consists df choosing and applying the technique most likely to
solve a problem.
Part 1:
Products
Trigonometric
Functions
Special
Tune-Lions.
/
lye most of the problems at the end of xourtext's chapter
on integration.
to so
20
r
r ,I
+b - (ax + b)n
r)s, + s
Or
',. ax2'+ bx + c
O.
z.
'Basic rational functions -of the first two types are easy to
integrate. If the denominator it (ax+b) or (ax+b)n, 'she
substitution u = (ax+b) will solve ft. problem. See sample
problems 1\ and 2.
CLASSIFY
RATIONAL-FUNCTIONS
form
The
- f bC-51cc
(x-l) (x-3)
+3
2 In
..f( 2x-1
,..
In
dx
r!"
of-this section.
21
.11
.4E11E11
tI
r4.
18
17
o
Suppose the denominator'does not factor easily.
Then
fprm in
14'
the denominator.
b+c
A
du.
u a
u a
'
bf,ia-T du
y--y qdb
u +a4"
044.
is
The fitst integral on the right will yield.a logarithm, and the
2
2
(u +a ), integrate directly to obtain a logarithm
seconggives an arctangent.
ii:
(u -a
2 ),
'
(ii)
-4 -,
Note:
f bu+c
Make sure you have checked for SZATLIPICANOW beforeeyouprocedure for rgtiomailunctirons.
-use the
du. .
;at
PS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
bu+c
43
fu+a)(u-a).
If tfie factors (u+) and (u-a),Jook. reasonable, this is probably
---
bf4'
u -a
1.
2 j7--E
,f4
dx
(4x
5x +./
3)
u -a
3.
j
x
3x
4.
dx
+ 4x +'13
x; 2
fx2
+ 4x + 13
44
t
1
27---72u - s
dx
2 du*
i;
u - a
u'+
1 a
x+S
oix
22
dx
+ 4x + 2
23
fP
dx
19
Solutions, Continued
f 31777
dx
(3x+7) Aix
.4,1_2
du = S dx.
4 f 5 dx
4
lniul
S
=
sti u
)37-477
+'C
20'
jr3u du
1[3(u-2)+71du
du
_.
x +4x+13
lnISx +71 + C.
tr+7
+ 3
= 2 -
lnIu2+321 + Itan-1(3) + C
In
J: ir51
tan-1(!ir21) + C.
dx
(4x + 3)
Since the
tf
du = 4 dx
u = 4x+6;
;+,_2
x
dX
+ 4x + 13
dx
4
Jr' du
(4x+3)
( -1-
(u-s
+ C
-1
4(4x+3)
+C.
u = x
+ 4x + 13.
3x + 7
4.41
dx
du = (2x + 4) dx,
+ 4X f 13
= '(x
4x +
132
s'" 4x + 4) + 9 = (x + 2)
(3)i,
'11p2x+4) dx
2
x2+4,043
lfdu
2
lnlul+ C
2',
In lx2+4x+131
C.
25
21
Solutions, Continued
x + S
Jr
2
22
dx
Part 2:
+ 4x + 2
+ 4x + 2
(x
+ 4x + 4) - 2 = ( x+ 2 ) 2 - ( ir)
2
2
.
jr(x+Sidx
ju du
jp(u-2)+S)du
2--
x t4x+2
- 2
jr3 du
- 2
- 2
4,,
125
- 2
u +11-
ubl:du
--7
vir
du,
u411
2/T
- lnlu +1i1)+ C
(lnlu
In 1u2-21 +
2r2lin 1 ,12_21
u -a
24-1.
1
-2- In
Rule 1:
Rule 2:
4.
u +If
In (x+2)
lx2+4k+21 +
242
-al +
C.
(102)
,To see how these rules work, let's factor the polynomial
P(x) =
01.
26
x3
+x +x
+6.
:27
41041.-
/a
/24
23
A
2
there will be
If the term (ax +bx+c) appears in the denominator,
a term of the form
Cx+'D
P(+1) =11,
'
in the decomposition.
ax +bx+c
in the'
x - (-2) = (x + 2) is a 'Actor
....
..x
x + 2
jx3
3
..
of P(x) = x3 + x2 +.x + 6.
s
-8 + 4 - 2 + 6
- x
+ x2 + x + 6
2
x +2x
-X
4,
='x2 -2x
----.7"17-+ 6
3x + 6
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2
Thus P(x) = x3 + x. + x + 6 = (x + 2) (x2 - x + 3).
term cannot be factored further, so we stop here.
The quadratic
mine.
f(x)=
'''
x3 + x2 - 6x + S
2
a g6)-
+ x - 6
- 1
of the form
SOLUTIONS
x
1.
,11--;--.....
,
.
- 6x + S
x2 + x - 6
+ x
f (x)=
.--
1* division.
of (S) , so
29
25
26
Solutions, Continued
;IL
f(x) =
+ x - 6
.(x+3)(x-2)
e'
is a root of x -1.
x = +1
- 1 = 0,
(1)
x3- 1
Since the terms in the denominator are both linear, the partial
fractions decomposition Will be of the form
Thus
g(x)
x + 3
(x+3) (x-2)
+ x + 1).
= (x - 1)(x
2
(x-1) (x +x+1),
x - 2
3
2
(Oix. + 5 =
(A + B) x
(x-1)(x +x+1)
or
A(x-2) + 1)(x+3),
+ (-2A + 38).
3
2
(*)
(x-1)(A +x+1)
B-=
I+
-2A +,3B = 5
.IB = 1
Bx+C
x-1
x2+x+1.
JP
A = -1
, so that
=
=
Thus
Thus
5
-1
1(0)x
x + 3
(x4.1)(x -2)
x - 2,
f(x) =
x - 2
g(x) =
4
x
- x
-
+ (A - B + C)x + (A - C).
= 0
A - B + C
B) x
and
x + 3
+ (0)x + 3
A = 1
so that
- C
= 3
B = -1
C = =2
+ 3
3
(_,1)x +(-2)
x2 r x + 1
x-1
(x-I)(x -+x+1)
so that
3
+
g(x)
x3 - 1
x + 2
1
x-1
+ x +
Our next step is to- factor the denominator. Since the constant
we
-27
28
Section 2
sks
PR.ODIdCTS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
d(uv) =.11
=fu
uv
choices of u
uv
du.]
and integrate dv
dv.
to obtain
v.
(ln x)
dx
Sr
SOLUTIONS
is easier to solve
by differentiation.
sin lx dx
is
3f
tan-ix dx
2 ix'
.1. 1x cos x dx
dv
call one u
dv +,fv.du.
fx cos x dx
These
Ow.
u = x
and
dv= cos x dx
in this problem;
dv= x dx
and dv
u = cos x
and
du
du = dx
,
in each.
In the
flu dv
uv - jry du
du = .. sin x
I
and
dv
(1) You must be able to integrate the tezm yob call dv.
Clearly fv du
V =....2- X Q
is easier to solve in
u=x, dv=cos x dx
32
of Then
jr(x)(cos x dx) =
se
u
dv
(x) (sin x) u
Asin x) (10,
Z sin x +icos x
v*
+
du
C.
33
.01
Os
29
'Solutions; CohtinUel
Solutions. Continued
(
3.
sin -1 x dx
!Nal cos x dx
fiNd) sin x dx,
should be done by parts,' with u = P(x) and dv the remainder.'
/Pad ex dx,
sin-11
u=
-,
'41
1 dx
tanlx
or
(-0
dv
x sin
and
A,
)-
ri
:dx
.----- 1+x
V.,
1 Z
74;
+.6 In(1+x ) +
and
a"),"=i ax
7---dv
V.
ln
idu = -2
x
x dx)
-i (x)(-2 In,,,,__.
s"' du
x di
v=x
.
(x)
j(ln 302(1 dx) = 7 (ln x) 2 -e-
u =On x),,2
11
we obtain-.
x3.
<
x +1/1,71t2 + C.
(ln x) 2 dx.
we,obtain.
du
tan-lx
,,du
1-x
dv = x2 dx.
m tan.4x--dx
dv4e=
v = x.
:1 u = x
e.-
dx
Vi-:72
Thei
du
so that
p
Asin-lx)(1.4
dv:
30
, f-r----4.
x(ln x)
x) (x) -IGO
- 2/(1n. x)*(1 dx) = x(ln x)- -2[(ln
a...4(-dx)].
x
,.....y.
U,, di,'
'
2
U.
V te
dU
.
x)+2x + C.
35,
Section 3
dx
-(cos
TRIGONOMET`RIC
x)= cos x
x)=-sin x
.FUNCTIONS
sin x + cos x = I
dx
dx
2
(c- ot x) = -csc x
1 + cot2x = csc2x
tan x + 1 = sec x
-12.(1
-cos 2x)
'
,....r.
f
where
For example,
sin x
and
cos x,
the substitutions
d.1._Tc7:
f(sin x) =
2
l +sin x
and
d(sin x) = cos
sin x =
2u
2
cos x
'
dx =
1+u
14.0
dx.
1-u
2 du
2
1+u
It can then
In sum,
(2)
and
We datcuss how-to
.36
s
41'
37
33
*0'
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1.
JrcPs Sx dx
3.
.fsec 3 x tan x dx
2.
3
Lec
34
x tan x dx
A
on.
issin4x dx
/5. f2
isec3x dx
Solutions, Continued
+ sin x
SOLUTIONS
power of tan x
Aec3x tan3x dx
iosSx dx
u = sec x
to obtain either
ticos x dx
(
x)(cos x dx) =
111114
ur[ 1
x) (cos xx)
3.
u5 - y
1 u3
= 1yu
u +G
or
<
gives us
sec 3x + C.
f4
sin x dx
problem: if wv try to
the teim (sin's dx),
in its twin, cos x.
the double-angle formula:
,
-
Ain4s
_
2u
] du' =
u -
yu 3
dx = fisin2x) 2 dx
5.45
+C
= sin x
-s
sin x +
(1
A ,
Al-1-cos 2x)]2 dx
2
and the
give u;
+u
cos 2x =
+ cos 4x).
.This gives us
sin x + C.
4ix
44os
2x dx
1Lrjrdx
kfcos
4x dx
Note: This technique will work exactly in this manner for any
sin 2x
38
sin 4x
32
)39
+ C
Solutions`; Continued
Sec .x dx-v'
U=
.
.--..--.
..__, ..
and
ilsec 3x dx
[ sec x tan x +
x + tan x1] +
lnjsec
C',
36
dv
014)4
5. f2
du
2u
2 du.
COS X =
ItU
7
1
2
Vecen use the Adentity (tan 2x =,s.ec x-1) to obtain+
-fsec3x
dx
+ Slit X
2 du
l+u
2+
1112
2u +2u+2
u +u+1 .
1+u
f.. du
u +u+1
-it =
jrSOC X dx
du
(u+1/2)+(3/4)
1 tan-1
/377
Fe
-112+1/2
an .[/3741]
tan(y ) + (1/2)
*""
1-374b'
o-
41
37
Section 4
38
Once the triangle has been drawn and labeled, we can "read" whatever
substitution we need from it.
u and
that involves
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
function of 0,
a.
triangle.
which occur often enough that they are worth singling out
for special mention.
(a
+u
(a
-u
and
(u
2-a 2
)
(a2412)1/2,_
procedure. See page 41 for the second /41d third kinds of substitutions
we discuss in this section.
0
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Or
(u2-142)1/2..
in the
n/2
( *)
lsomething)112 and
n/2
)-
in terms of x
ni2
u as a trigonometric
Once.you have
1.
dx
f) .
dx
SOLUTIONS
and u
1.
fdx
(x +9)
tski
14.
42
Solutions, Continued
.
39
Solutions, Continued
sin 0 =
To substitutefor
, so
and
3 tan 0
'
In this case
and.
x = y sin 0
so
2
c'4 -9x2
dx me 3 sec20 do.
1-x
that involves
+9)
2/2
2
1/2
= 3 sec 0.
(x +9)
or
cos 0 =
This gives us
and (3):
2"" , 1/2
sec 0 =
rt:Tx2
44-9x2 = 2 cos 0.
so
obtain
dx
dirdxa
(x +9)
3/2
1(x\+9)
1/2 3
3 sec
20
(- sin 0)2
dx
2 cos 0
(3 sec 0) .
cos 0 dO)
(-3-2
de
p
2
3 sec 0 d0
:/-27-;;Tc7,
1
9
.
f cos
fsin2
52.7.1(2)(1
+C.
sin
0 d0
j dO
1
...
cos 20) dO
f.
7.7../ cos 20 dO
sih 20
( 0 - sin 0 cos 0 ) + C.
(x +9)
40-
x dx
,3x
r and
.4.--$7c2
since
sin 0:
and cos 0
Sin 0
respectively.
in 0 *
3x
0 = sin
-1 3 x
2
and suggests
dx
4-9x
27
[ sin -1(3x)
'2 '
" b
'1(1(4797)1
'2 J`
We first determine, x
and
dx
44
are
This gives us
'45
C.
41
42
ex
and
2
2 n/2
(a -u )
,
1/11iTc7b
these substitutions.
2 )/1 /2
or
2
(a
n/2
2
+.11
..__
(u -a
'
3x
dx , 4(
+ 1
dx,
- e
a----
and
+ 1
dx,
'
and
dx =
the substitution
t
u,= e
ddkr ex dx
is missing.
in)71; = u,
If
= e
du = e
then
= u dx,
,dx
u-b), and
x- = 1.(
anyway!
dz.=
n-1
du.
so
dx = -Li- du.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
If you are trying to integrate a rational function of ex, make the
substitutions
= u
and
dx =
3.
du.
flex
- e
-x
4.. f
dx
2x+1
dx,
*4,3,
-44 SOLUTIONS
'the form
n
ax +b.
If we set
u = ;1i7n 7g,
then
Differentiating, N e obtain
and
= ax+b,
n
dx = -u
n-1
x =
n-b).
-
y174
1.
- e
-x
x = '1(un-b),
and
dx =
un-.' dx.
46
dx
4
du.
of x and n axtb,
r.
= u,
dx = 2-du,
-x
.1
e.
Solutions% Continued
du
(Lryli. du)
(u -
, u - U
44
du
-14 (4)
-u2
- 1
Jr
A
EXERCISES
43
PART 1:
lu-11 -
du'_
uI-1 )
lniu+11]
of these
1,1111u11+
I u+1
2.
1/1
lex-1
2
ex+ 1
sol. 6
Remember:
ti
and
32/7---c,
u/4
The inte
x =
= 2x+1 ;
-1)
dx =
du.
I1 f
xvx-+4
x tan, x dx
I s9.81
then becomes
-.
AO (3
du)
7+1dx)
)(u)(11-12
I so,. 1 12
+2
'7A3
ln I u-11
3u +
+.;:r
2+u+1
1n
/2. tan4x- dx
1,01. 3
u =
sx3
Vx -
cbc
1
dx
1
Isol.
3,./C2+6:c'dx
11
du
i ol.9.9
6x2
(if)
V2:7+1.
5.
I
O
14 1
I5
ex4-
v-3-
where
-7.
!soh
du.
u -1
dx
so1.861
1501. 13Ii 4/
48
9x
375"
+
dx
110,1
RO,. 2
dx
cos x,
45...
sss; corr
45.
Chapter
-414441i5,
'MO.DIFY
es
ems.
s a
jar
a * pART 2.. a
Once this has been done, we return -to the SIMPLIFY and/el
Solve each of the exercises from part 1.
in the solutions mqnual.
IFY-
"J
Exercise #
.Solution I
22
1,
ME
10 11 12 13 14.15 16
291:11:11331132
23 21 31 19 28
_might:help,Solvezproblem, and:Modify
the,
MODIFY
'81:ep4:,.
Problem
Similarities
-
Special
Manipulitions
,
Needs
Analyiis'
51 f
4
.).
/
48
47
'Section
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Use the suggestions given on page 47 to try to solve these
problems.
PROBLEM
SIMILARITIES
tf:tc
2.
dx
Jrx 6
1 3 - 9x + 8
dx
42
3.
/scheme
/scheme of Chapter 2, and)we may not knZw an appropriate way to
solve them.
SOLUTIONS
If the
/Thdwould
ifficult one.
approach.
.4
PROBLEM SIMILARITIES
411
Yes, because of
U=X
du
(1 + x2)
we get
fr3.7
1 f du
"22"
.1
tan u
1 + u
-1
1
= I tan
+ C.
--c
+ C
r.
x
x
50
Solutions, Continued
49
Solutions, Continued
- 9x
dx
dx
+ 8
(x+1) fx2+2x
a
As a preliminary simplification, we might consider a substitution for the "pasty" term in the denominator: u = x2+2x.
"
Thisleads to
Sr"'
looks promiiing.
Lir(x3-l) (Z -8),
itl
lbat momisei to be
.4114*e.
(x -1)(x
2
3'
-8). .Can IAIIT44fy the denominator?
term (x
-du
du
etc.
We have
we obtain
.
dx
4 du'
(Z.Ov-
/7171115;1
(7)
du
u- 1 + u - 8
'
21.ft u - 8
.11 1 1
fu-1
.
x-81
In
, x
Vote:
+ C.
-1
workingthrougfichapter 1.
If so, terrific!
Our guiding,
(.4.1) ATTC
= ssec-1(x+1)
t2logue of
This suggests
177:777
du
=
11727
sec
-1u
+ C
Si
52
Section 2
-
A. RATIONALIZING DENOMINATORS
SPECIAL.
(A+B)(A-B) =
by Vii and
rf we replace A
MANIPULATIONS
(AT +
. r,
e
by 47 ,
-B
we- obtain
)(ru" - .17 ) = u
v.
hose
1.fiC41UV
"conjugate,
(15'.7. 1737).
--14rsimpty-(u-- v).
SPECIAL MANIPULATIONS
B. SPECIAL .USE OF TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
-t
C. "
D. "Desperation" substitutions
It may
cot x = 1.
not be clear that they ate Helping to solve 'a protlem until we have
done some complicated calCulations:
When we first
(t -cos x),
Only
and
called conjugates.
(1.cos x)
or
eitherNid
consider
5b
57"
53
54
D. "DESPERATION" SUBSTITUTIONS
l/n
or equivalently,
../1'
= x.
l/n
integer
x.
1/2
-+ 4
+ X
dx
2/3
A1 +rx- )dx,
A.
u = 1 +47 or eVen
=f-17-Tr
. See p;.Obl
u = x
.
of
To solve
1/N
--
1(
X +.1
)4x
IN,
so that
x = uN
and--
we might try
u =
dx = ; uN-1 du.
x + 1
or even
U=
Ix + 11
-x
function of u.
-4W
1/6
;
x = u
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Try each problem before you read the ablution. Then compare your
reasoning with mine.
dx = 6uSdu.
dx
rti
t 47:7
(2
2. f
3.
58
1,
.dx
I -
of 1
dx
+ cos x
4.
5
6.
rx-
6;
55
54
Solutions, Continued
3.
SOLUTIONS
Wrdx
if;717
'dx
+ cos x
477
is fairly easy,.we can try that first and see what happens,
- 47-71).
We get
This gives. us
(1-cos x) dx
dx
- 17-73 )
dx
j(16;71
jr(l+cos
x.
vfl+cos
(1371,
(x+1) - (x -1)
jrcos x dx
fdx
) .dx
2 J(x.1.1)1/2dx
(x+1)
3/2
(x-1)
1/2
dx
csc x
COL X +1 +
i--- ,.
COL X +
(x-03/2
(where u=sin x)
dx_-
sin2x
sin x
sin x
f (1-cot x )
x)(1 -cos x)
- 47-1 ) dx
2--
x+1--
function of u.
u = tan
'to
* C
sin x-
2.
.1 4. /di
x dx'
-reason we can try the technique, in the hope that the result
41k
ix
1 + d1=7).dx
thing else.,
.jrx (1 + )7; ) dx
(1-47iii)(1.4)
jr(1
2
=
(1-x)
3/2
1/2
(1-x)
+ C.
)dx
fsin2x
l+cos xlk
dx
"
laCTn x
x)(1+cos x)(l+cos x)
dx
4.7cT7
dx
x" fi
sin x4x
417.7g7
.r
This may look as complicated:asthe integral 'lie started-with,
but is much easier and can be done by the techniques of
Chapter 1.
'
- (1-x)
f/F7:77).
p(1 + J1=7) dx
/*.
cos x
in the denominator,
.s
3'
Solutions, Continued
58
57
Section 3
Making the
Jr. -du-
571
-2(1+u)
1/2
+ C
NEEDS ANALYSIS
+ C.
,
dx
J1/i
- x
1/2
--
1
1
common-dencminator-ofand-----i-se-the
2
.
substitution
technique.
so
X L
'U 6
and
dx = 6 uS du.
...
6u5 du
u du
1 - u
: u
-6f ( u2 + u + 1 +
-
_6fu 3 du
t;
(2x1/2 + 3x1/3
u - 1
u-i /
rf
+ In lu-1) ) + C =
6x1(6
141/6_ 11 .,
C.
du=e. dx;
dx
dx = -du.
problem 14
to introduce
[nxn-I dx'.
u = 4.1
v = 1+u;
Then
fr7Tir
dx
u2 = 1 +/II;
x.= (u -1)
2
;
and
NEEDS ANALYSIS.
Then
f(u) (4u(u.,_1) f du
'4
3u
+ C
4
=
(1 +,,tx )
5/2
(1 +
.
)5/2
+ C.
-.Sample
2.
'SAMPLE PROBLE'MS
60
:;olutiohs, Continue!
59
Probtems'aiii SoluilOns
ft
rsec `x dx
01,'
J /5 - sec2x
dx
.1e x
- e
dx
x,ax +b!
10,
We can multipli
-x
numerator
and denominator-by-tan x to obtain
n9
it
sec-x dx
jv
dx
415-secx
v (tan
(sin x + 6) (cos.x)
a - sec x
--soturteig-
sec2x-.. tan2x + 1.
2
sec x dx
dx
eX
du
e-x
-
= tan x].
ji:r477:
tan2x
= sin
-1
-1 tan x
sin
(-2) +.
(7)
and. dx = 3-du.
ex =u
if
if x(axn+b)
tear,
a substitution
numerator.
.
-1
k(u
the
This gives
integrand by ex.
substitution,
- 2 .
( ln fu-1
u+1 /
- In u+li )
,.
n-1
n1
-
./
in the denominator.
we would need
' Jr
dx
If du
nxn-I dx
(xn)(axn4)
(u)(au+b)
obtaining
=
1!/15H
+ C.
"1.1((l/b)
64
To make
nxn-2 in the
integral becomes
nx
(nxn-1) (x)(axn+b)
where u = x
denominator by
nx-
like u = xn.
1.4/hild
au+
au+b
du
Solutions, Continued
(1n1u1 - In (au+b1)+ C
62
EXERCISES
61
iota:7;E I + C
in l
n1
+ C.
axn+b
PART 1:
4..
dx
Lir(sil\x + 6) (cos x)
cos x
I (5
we. need
dx
Is
ol. 5
either
Isot.
x -3x-+2
dx
11177
1 2I.,J
isol.
sin Adz
sol. 3
Isol.78
dx
steac7xx+ 2
,/
2/3
xx+ 1
Isol.4 9I
dx
j(x+4)17+73ic
'9
dx
I8
isol. .1
//1":67
dx
soh
dx
21 .fx.,2(1.x.,3)
cos x dx
cos x dx
(sin x + 6)(cos x)
3.
(sin x + 6)(cos2x)
._
gives us
PART 2:
du
(u +6)
u = sin x
du
06u+6111+u)(1-10
(1-u2)
Detailed
The solution
(
1
-1
35
-1
u+6
lnlu+64+
10
1/141
1-u /
InIl+u1 -
,1
20
13
l9
14
17
18
1112
10
lni l-ut + C
66
Exercise t
dx
lsol. gi /sec
sol. 4
Solution #
15
11111-4in xl + C.
Whew!
Y.
67
16
A2
.
Appendix I.
Pre-Test
a
,
Appendii
Answers to Pre-Test
...-
"
gX2+3x1/2+1)
(2)
..4
(9)
x2
6x(x241)2
x2 + 6
(4)
,,
''
dx,
'
`-
cm -:,-,.,*.
.
,_-.
iicsc 22x dx
(42)
(5).
i-
(12)
-1
cot 2x + C
(6)
,,'
.
^
(14) i sec
x tan, x 'clx,
2 cos 2x
sin 2x
(7)
C
4
.1
'
"cos Sx ch:
(13)
..,
6 .sec 26r-
,.
''
(6), ---(log(sin '2x))
.
(7)
.1. (x2+x)8.+ C
.
c-
,:c1
(1)
14x ei,, x +1
,(4)
(...
c
2,
(11) ./(2x+1)(x40t)
..-
).
.
-JAN +6i +, L
(10)
2 1/Z---1 x
f 2x ch
2
7x
'
(3)
d +2 7
clx
+C
(9)
(10)
+ C.
---b 3
clx
x + C;
"i xs
d-'.
(x24 l)3
1 xs f
r(x 2 *1)2 ch
(8)
(8)
:.,
(1)
"4
(14)
iec x + C
1 + 16x '
.
Pk:34
1.
a
ei.41
.cb
13-
A3
'
lir11114
-.
ESSENTIAL FORMULAS'
Trigonometry
2
USEFUL FORMULAS
.
Trigonometry
cos x---sin x
1 - 2
iintx
(4) /sin u du
un+1
=
n1
du
u'
In u
-cos u
Air du
e
.
(2)1
(g)
1 + cot x = csc x
cos2x =
cos 2x)
T4egrat ion
_ .
Ludu
(e)
- cos 2x)
(f) sin2x =
2 cos2x - I
Integration
(1)
Pec2thu
- sin
-1
ar L72;
(--u )
+ C
ln 'sin ul
(15)1sec u du =
--J
= tan u + C
(11) f
du
a2 911 2
Ale
(3)
feu du = eu + C
+C
jr .du
(12)
au2_at
sec
-1u
(3)
cot u:+C
SIMPLIFY!'
.
ghTIAMMLCMffiniagtA
asvIcus suBsTITurtoNs
..
'CLASSIFY!
411-
-,
..........,....
'
i .
(4)
.
(5)
(a2+u2)integratedirectly to obtain a
i:
+
.
.
lggariths.and/or,arctangent.
'
ii; _(u -a ), break intoa sum and use the formulaon p.17, or use Partial fractions.
(1)
'.
IkTEERATING PRIOCTS
fu du = uv
'
- ,(i) du
and dv
should be governed
%: ,
= u
and
dx =
L
u
du.
of
;;7"; 21
u;
MODIFY!
.
PRCGLEM SIMILARITIES
(1) LoOk for easy problems similar
to the one you are working on.
'
NEEDS ANALYSIS
SPECIAL: MAMIPUEATIONe
..,.-A-.
+!,
72
Return to:
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 1
Unit No.
Page
Model Exam
'Section
() Upper,
OR
()Middle
Problem No.
OR
Paragraph
Text
Problem No.
() Lower
Description of Difficulty:
(Pledse be specific)`
2-
Gave student better explanation, example, or procedure than in unit:Give brief .outline of your addition here:
.
t.
Instructor's Signature
Please use reverse if necessary.
,Return to:
STUDENT FORM 2
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
Unit Questionnaire
Name
Unit No.
Institution
Date
'Course No.
Check the choice for each question that comes closest to yourpersonal opinion.
1'.
3.
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how much did you use other sources (for
example, instructor, friends, or other books) in order to understand the unit?
A Lot
4.
o ._
A Little
Not at all
How long was this unit in comparisdn to the amount of time you generally spend
a lesson (lecture and homework assignment) in a typical math, or science course?
Much
Longer
5.
Somewhat
Somewhat
Longer
About
the Same
Somewhat
Shorter
on
MuchShorter
Were any of the following parts of the unit confusing or distracting? (Check
as many as apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement ofakills and concepts (objectives)
Paragraph headings
Examples
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
ti
6.' Were any Of the following parts of the unit particularly helpful? (Check as many
as apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement of skills and concepts (objectives)
Eicamples
Problems
Paragraph headings
Fable of Contents
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
Please describe anything in the unit that you did not particularly like.
1,"
Please describe anything that you found particularly helpful. (Please use the back of
this sheet if you need more space.)
74
.
.
A5
4).
USEFUL FORMULAS
SSENTIAI; 'FORMULAS
Trigonometry
Trigonometry
2
cos
x .-
sin2x
f 1--
(d) tan2x
sec2 x
cos 2x)
1 + cot x = csc2 x
cos 2x)
1
2
(e)
2 sin2x
Integration
Integration
0.
n+1
(1) fundu = "
+ C
(10).
du
Jae -u2
.0
"
fdu
u
1)
111,11.+
- sin-!(11) + C
*du
tan-1(,, 1.1)
4---6-
.Aa+u2
(3) feu du = eu + C
o
du
(12)
u42-a2
(16)fcsc u du = -ln
(15) f.sec
= 1 sec-L(11)
'75
I.
76
Alan H. Schoenfeld
INTEGRATION:
Solutions Manual
.10
June 1977
7'7
Solutions, Chapter 1
(Exercise 4)
There are no
easy
In part (a),
If we try
tan -lx.
ifIn (ex) dx
u = tan lx,
ln(eX) = x, so
then
du =
jrx dx
x2 + C
dx,
x +1
21 dx)
x +1
u((tan -lx)(
du
(tan 1x)2 + C.
u= (1 + o5F ),
theh
du
nside function,
we try
dx
211
The term
(EXercise 2j
Both
fdx
integrals (a) and (b) can be broken into sums, but that doesn't
look terribly promising at this point..
) (1 +. ,fie )5
(1
(1 +
)5.
(1 +MS 21i
ITC
2,4
du
-4
+ C
p3
-1
+ C
2 (1 + 137 )
.3(
fiX2
)dx
ar
3x3 + In lx+11 .+ C.
24 1977
Orr, ""' P.41
d1).
Solutions, Chapter 1
7 (Exercise 8)
5,(Exercise 1)
Chapter 1
Sdlutions
As in Sample Problem 6, the moral here is: look before you leap!
We can factor the denominator into (x-1)(x-3), vhith means that
both parts of Exercise 8 can be solved by the technique of
Partial Fractions.
If we try
u = (2+sinx),
then
u = x -4x+3,
du = cos x dx.
then
du = (2x -4)dx,
which is twice the numerator of part (b). Part (b) can then
be
Ap
1f12142lx
Jr (x -2)dx
dx
Lfirsi3lic
In luf +
in. 12+sin x I + C
"li
x -4x+3
x -4x+3
+ C
.=
lnix -4x+31 + C
6, (Exercise 7)
tan x + 1
sec x
.qot.
If we examine
We obtain
feSx
e+
dx
u=
=1( e x
4x
=
dx
( e4x
e-x )
80
0.
x.
suggesting
dx
du = sec x tan
u = sec x;
dx.
-x
+ C.
du = sec
tan x;
function is
Sx
tan x
I
4
isec x tan x.dx
= f u
du
sec x + C
'
,Solutions, Chapter 2
PART I.
Solutions, Chapter'2,'PART I
dx
I(Exercise
.:.
tan-lxdx
(Exercise .134'
1
1,
help herp.
u `;=-- 3x+1
and if we set
= tan
-1
dx.
x, hen du-
From this
x2+1
substittitions
2
x.=
x;
ecial- functions
,/33-c.i-
tan
u du .
7 dx
,
.5
(fiercise
".
1c
2+osrkx'
.5
9. dx
10)
,--
.(Exercise,l)
There doesn't
see)k
x /372,
to he,any way
I.
.
(Exercise
/.(x3.x2)
liV
x2+x-2
.
5
cos2x) dx
(Exercise 15)
,
.
'The integrand in this exercise is a rational function, ,so
,*
for
easy alternatives
2x
.5
.`
is a 'likely
..
IV
4 dx
(Exerci
3)
.se
..*ex.l.
.,
..
..
There are no
.
'apparent
simplifications,
7"
and
x
the' term e .
\.
82
,
ix tan-ix dx'
(Exercise 6)
s'in2x ,
I.
'
technique.
(ar:
u = x;. dv = tan
(b):
U,..! tan
-10
'
dv =5 x dx.
-1
x to;obtain. chi
d have
dx
1---, which' is much simpler. So
41
chi' = x dx.
83
PART I
f cos(ln x). dx
914
1x4dx
.(Exercise 16)
u = In m.
dr2
tan
4x
12x +4
-.1
cj.
(Exercise 8),
ti
14(Exercise
' -4
15(Exercise 14)
S dx,
With u = (x+3), this
i(x+3)2 - 9, .1
is
9 dii
1777'
.*.
84iiiii,
'.
'
5-
Asc2x cot3x dx
.
.
but this doesn'r'seem.te help muth. What. can we integrate?
Termt of the form ji du ;
x -1
....
se
.12i7
so, wb should.,consider completing the
dx
'
S dx
.,/(7)(7f6)
"/Sx3
.
9 x dx
1a(ixercise 5)
dx
.1
(Exercise 2)
..'
x3-1
.
A*
(Exercise- 4) -'
dx
(Exercise 15)
,./i7---01
j(sin2x
- cos2x) dx
.
(ee solution [3] for our reasoning.
Asin2'x
cos x) dx
We have
1
licos 2x dx
r.
$
10
sin Zx + C.
0,
- je -(u -I) 2 .d
f 6 (3(u2-1)]2[3 u du]
j* 4 dx
(Exercise 3)
ex-1
11(u4-2u2+1)
= 4-
chi
- [-5. u
44
9
u 3 '--+ u]
-3
this is
4/(1-1-1.7 -
2 t cos x
2u
u = tp(1) ; . sin x = ---2; cos x =, 1-u
--2- ;
1+u
1+u
u2 +3
integrals, this is
V,
.,
u. +C
14
lnlex
ex
tan-ix dx'
x +1,
rJ
) +C
---fr--,,,
4
u1
".
1n1-1 + c,
(Exercise 13)
ltu
. (18 [ '1. tn -1 (
=4
2 du
du
Ill
dx =
4 (lnfu-11, - 1111110+ C
1-u 2 1
1+U
...
f91+dj)
41:
f 9 dx
..
'
Vetomes
th'e
Exercise 10)
du
dx =
'.
C.
-lx/ dx
x ti
du
-1
- [tan-lxj2
1
+ C.
RECEVP.-7D
lifr
.
87
C:111, c.
PART
r2
du =
Usirig.fora
L.
7f
cr.
./ ics c 0 dO.
T .1n
lf 2
dx
=.
x2
tan 1x -
el
C.
2 5.(Exercrs-v4)
=-
4i)
1:2
x
'
dx
tan
tan -lx -
Ylco; u du
"tf2 tarrix
2 6.0-xePcise 2)
J(x
inix+21 _+
(a-_.Z
+2
21441.) dx-
lnlx-1] + C.
= sin
= sin(ln x) + C.
dx
See solution [10] for our reasoning. Exploiting the relationships between tan x and its "twin," sec x, we'obtain
2 itan4Z dx
2,/ (tan,2Z)(4A2x)(ix - 2
tan2x dx
C.
;cmosc
Al(
z.,2
u);( (
(x+2),7x
71
jcos(ln x) dx
x-2.
FollOwilig the procedurefor rational
functiOns, we 'obtain
en
x
du
X2+
dx
2-
+ C.
(x+529) dx
(1'6) , we obtain
12)
x +1
-=
2 a(Exercise
..
(tan -1 x)(-21 x 2 ) -
1111t4 V sin 0
, we obtain
tax-7. G
d0
-7 in icsc Q + cot
71 x2
Z.
9.
dx
x +1
7 /sec 0 al.
f) sec20 de
(2 tan 0) (2 'sec .0)
,6, tail-4X dx
44111
117:i
12
.0
_.(ExerCise 6)
:4
Chapter 2, PART II
Solutions,
11
141
r 7 dx
Exercise 1)
e-
tan 3
2 tan x 4%2 x
_+
f dx
.
89
fx dx
for os,r
u =
1 f
d;c
3,J
x-1
lf(u-3/2)du
1 f
= jx dx
x+3,
if du
u2 +31 4
.
1
-32
+3
1
lnlx-11
(i 2 31
lniu 4 --1
= T x
u2+3/4
+ 3/4
u du
14
Solutions, Chapter_2..PART II
fi;,...kx
13
5 dx
f(exercise 8)
in
PART
Chaster 2
Solutions
--
2 v3/4
r-
tan
2x+1
(,)
+ C.
-1
..,i. tan
,/3
#16
substitutions
f
----z.
iks
u = 3 sec 0; du = 3
sec 0 tan 0
1../7-37= 3 tan.4
do;
/3
see.0 tin-0-d0
3 tan 0
5 In Isec 0 + tan
=5
In
f 9x
Exercise 5)
01+ C
'
36x
I x.+3
f3
111.
1+
u =
x2+4, we have
if 9x dx,
I
C.
1 x4dX
3jExercise 16).
,
2x dx
7-7
I/2
7-7
x-1
.,
9f
riT
9)1747
j5x43
3a(Exercise 7)
dx
x -1
dx
px:
(Ix":5f 4x3dx
x4
-1
du
1`ro
- -4-
rdx
3 J x- 1
integral, to obtain
+ C.
(x-1) dx
3
2
(xs.)
+
2
s.
in lui + C
dx
x +x+1
rx dx
u :1 (
(x-1)(x2 +x+1))
-1/2
C.
fx'.
viri(x
+ C
9 f du
./ x -I .
4'
X. ax
dx
),P7.4
10
5.fieC 0
..
-1( u+ C
(xs-2
in the third
91"
10
31 o(Exercise 14)
15
(Exercise 8)
It)
dx
77+ 7-Te
''
'
- ,d('( cot x) (-
csc x dx)
-fu 3 -du
32
-1
4
cot 4x + C
=174Tx
2. (Exercise 9)
(Exercise 11)
orcsc 3x cqt
3x
dt
(1 + x
1/3
) dx
-41
drcsc3x cot3x dx
1/2
u = csc x,'
:341.P
(Exercise
3)
ci x2/3 dx
x+1
2/3
the terms in the integrand-are---x------and
2
(u-2 -) ( ti-1,) (du}
denominator is
--=
-1
f'S''
-- csc .x +
u = x
3*
.---The-common
= 1/(.1z4+u2)du"
-1
1/3
.
+ C
(Exercise 5)
-
s.-
dx
o17 o 1477
.-
5. (Exercise 1)
x dx
x4 -3x +2
92'
u = X2
46.
exercise 10)
Lec
tan2x + 1 = sec2x,
%/7
or
sec x - tan x = 1.
u.="7+77T, we have
j4u(u2 -1 )du
4
a
xS dx
(Exercise 6)
= 1 +Or;
u2
x =
u2 -1 =,15F
(u2-1
and
7.
18
dx
LExercise 8)
x + tan x
PART II
Solutions, Chapter 3,
17
...-
4
3/2
= - [1 + ./71r]
3
- 4 u + C.
1/2
- 4 [1
+ g.
Op-
2(Exercise
1/2
dx
(:),(Exercise 7)
fx1/2(-+ x1/3)
9)
5/6
)dx
a x3/2
/(x l /2
11/6
+ C.
(x+4)/;7:87
As-in Sample Problem 3, we need a way to get started on this
problem.
13
fx2/3 dx
.(Exercise 3)
x+1
,See so1 gon [3] for our reasoning. With the substitution
9,(Exercise 4)
dx
u = x
1/r we
have
= x
becomes
1(x1/3)3
dx
_11.612)(3u2 du),,3 u4 du
x+1
u
1.1W
u +1
40
3u -
Su
) du
3u
3u
(u+12(u -u+1))
x dx
sec x + 2
du
2
ft=
2)
/0,(Exercise
u.+1
=.1(3u
(1771
u+1
2
u -u+1
)du =hu
u+1
I 2
+(3/4)
u+1
du.
Au
V
94
du .
fu' _p21/1/ilt.
u+1
+(3/4)
ti
(continued...)
95.
10
f3u du .+
du
w dw
13+
jr
19
'
dx
sec x
(Exercise 10} ;
dw
tan x
w-+(3/4)
w +(3/4)
4.
lnlw2.2 I
1111u-11
20
tan t
65-
TTr
Multiplying numerator
tan xi,
1u2-u+11-
1111U+1.1
-tan
(sec x - tan x] dx
)(1(sec x - tan xj[sec x
/(sec x - tan xj dx
tan x]
.sec
7*''''
1 VS
2/3
3
-2- x
lnix
4,(Exercise 5)
'
1.2/3
1/3+
'nix
-x
11
+1 -
4 .5
tan-1
t
1/3
.(z-1
jils et x - tan x] dx
2x
- tan
2x
jisec x - tan xj dx
x dx
4-7x-
- A=7
[ .5-47i
This yields
077 - 4;7 ], x dx
j[
x dx
WITT
+x
",
j'cos x dx
x
I
JL
x dx
./1 -7 ]
2x
This, gives us
(I-x)
(l +x)
sin x
cos x
cos
cos x
.117-7]
sin x + 1
In (sin x + 11 +,,C
3/2 )
+
ut
the use of conjugates. That can happen; the important thing
C.
.4
.(Exercise '1) . .
.
integrals.
x dx
x4-3x 2+2
...,-
if
.F.
2x ar ,
(x2) 2.3(2)42
,2
du
,1 jr
u -3u+2
,JD
du
1 jr
it
(u-2) (u-1)
=x3,
u-1
u-2
\ du
(lnju-21- 111111-1,1)-0 C
The
2
1
:14+
C,
dx)
..1731 44
.)/('
00)(3;2
3
4.
xs dx
.( Exercise 4)
o.
ubstitutkons
liu du
3 Vfl+u
.
v = (1+u), dv = du,
reduce this to
r(v-1) dv
21
.
These substitutidns transform the integral to
2
2 v3/2
2 v1/2 + C
2
3
z4. 1-(1+u)
- 2 (1+x 3 ) 1/2
2fisin 0)2(
`cos .9 J
cos40
3/2 - 2(1+u) 1/ 2 + C
.
=
2
-3 (1+x 3 ) 3/2
22
jtv1/2_ v112] dv
2.ftan20 sec 9 dO
- 1) (sec 9) d0
+C
2f(sec20
1
; dO
cos 91
dx
18.(Exercise 7)
(x+4)471;
2
Codpleting the'square in
r.
=.(sec 0
( x+4),/(x+452-42
fu a;2_42
19(ExScise
4))
.)+ CC.
fgr
x
x )e
I
'4'
2%
1-u
Jo (2u du
(1-u2)2)
. ,
_.
du
derived
IT-71
Cl
were)
2-7
.
x dx
sec x + 2
See solution [10j for our reasoning. Multiplying numerator and
denominator by (sec x) and making the substitution- u= sec x,
A we obtain
sec x tan x dx
du
fu(u+2)
Th
12
u+2
du
In u-72-1 + C
I
(1-u2)2
....
u = sin
1 +u
pan
a(Exercise 2)
(1-u2)
ur
1-u
xtl-
2u du %
, so dx 1i-3----*
171_,
1-n-e
I sec -1 (-)
u + C = -1 sec -1(x+4
4
4
4
id
i-u2)
(W-712
dx
44+
V 1 int sec-x
2
isec x + 2 + C.
99
umap
UNIT 206
MODM7SANDMONOGRAPTISINUNDERORADTIATE
VATIdMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS PROJECT
6/26/78
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
HtRCATOR'S ACHIEVEMENT
1.1
I:2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
by Philip M. Tuchinsky
2.
5 V(
.'-'
8
10
10
2.1
/,2
imitagrolitup
tieliallpail
tIll IIM IMO. /IP
1
.tal
IMUMMIC
EMINISSUMFABENWAR;
3.
ONEORP44
Os MEN mosamem
3.2
3.3
Illegarlin
wrAmihr
4.
.
5.F
.5.2
,6.
15
16
22
TErlisual Integration
A Partial Fractions Integration
Gregory's Form of the 'Integral
22
dx
27
14
15'
0
4.2
4.3
5.
13
16
II
MORE HISTORY
3.1
wm-'
21
24
./71.
28
29
29
REFERENCES
8.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES'
9.
7.
33
35
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE.SUPPLEMENT
43
101
4
Intermodular Documentation
Title:
ow Author:
From Section 4:
Three calculations of fsec x dx.
Exp=lain why X-2-= Ixl, not x.
lntegrate'using both radians and degrees,
Confidently use the easier trigonometric identities.
Pl lip M. Tuchinsky
De
rtment pf Mathematical Sciences
Phi Wesleyan University
Delaware, Ohio 43015
Classification:
IV
From Section 5:
6/26/78
APPL CALC/GEOGRAPHY
References:
Prerequisite Skills:
x nurerically.
arc.
From Boxes:
Briefly discuss the'achieVements of Gerber:dos Mercator, Janes
Gregory, and John Wallis.
Suggested Uses:
William U. Walton
lutput
Describe an application which
a) causedifsec x dx to be calculated before calmultis,was
b) leads :to an. approximation sumlfor fsec x dx.
Sketch the bass frame work of a Mercator map.
102
103
,
MERCATOR'S WORLD MAP AND THE CALCULUS
Philip Tuchinsky
Department of Mathematical Science
Ohio Wesleyan University
Delaware, Ohio 43015
6/26,L78
built.
Ross L. Finney
Solomon Garfunkel
Director
Associate Director/Consortium
Coordinator,,
Felicia DeMay
Barbara Kelczewski.
Paula M. Santillo
Zachary Zevitas
1.1
MERCATOR'S ACHIEVEMENT
PROJECT STAFF
1.
W.T. Martin
Steven .r.,Brams
\klayron Clarkson
nest J. Henley
William Hogan
Donald A. Larson
William F. Lucas
R. Duncan' Luce
George Miller
Frederick Mosteller
Walter E. Sears
George Springer
Arnold A. S't.vassenburg
Alfred B. Willcox
(Chairman)
t Indiana -Univel-sity
not
105
II
_
11 111011E111111111 1
.211
iu1.w :A1
_
iii1111Pgiilrilll.lillaaUU
-1143111171111Califil 11 INIPM
Tr 1,I Ai 11/2111114111111111111111
El 1E11/6111111111i11 1
IVA1111112iMmild111111111
i I 111121J11 NI 11111=1111111,11
.121111111LHINIPAINIIII II
li
/ s 1,1410111110
.
Negag11 i
islIms I.
1
Ii.
1_1_
11
nos
1111
IN 1111111
wilillimllgom
1011111111 IN I
11 II NOUN 1
,..
II
1111111M1
Figure 1.
A flight with a constant bearing of 45 E of N from the
Galapagos Islands in thevPacifi5rto Franz Josef Land in'the Arctic
Ocean.
.1
Figure 3.
1111111111111/1111
i.'
WM
1.
Illimiligin
ummunugn elmillimmul
.-iffilommorim
INECWSIFINNII
Bin
MON_
BM=
,,
ppm E
--,
Almll ,_.,
1,_
Oen
hull
WM
BM
2.-.--i'
--; -1--i- -
',
MIN"
111
HO
Ld-h
1_,.
-!
,
BMW
MIR
,44111011111
i.
vi
AM
i i
1
4Pigure 2.
iH
Figure 4.
F ight.On a cylindrical projection, a Map often confused
with. Mercato 's. Again, the path of constant bearing is not a
straight lin
See' Exercise 5.
3
106
107
Ir4 M
III
CIAMMIMITANIMICVSMAM
de4+
1.3
1
14,1
-ik,
If you
ElbliiiniMIXNANIO
In
iiiiinintrirdiiiMil
wAtta
IIMOMMOINOMMEMBIgaMMOMMENIEMOM
NOMMOMIONIMMOMMIAMMUROMOMMIEINOMM
simmismagiommemmummmumwmaymminumm
draw that line with a ruler and read the compass direCtion
MINIMEMMEMPAIMUMMTAMMEMEMMIMMMOMMON
FM
imam 11131MONIIIIIMINE
... MN IIMMUMMUMMEMEMMOMMIN
IIIII MOVIIMOOMMIMUMMIUMWMA
Before.lkiercatoes
time
sailors attempted
.
...
Figures 6a and h
11111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111MMOMIIIIIMIN
0
In the sixte
It's
Rhumb Lines
in 1400 years.
that such a map, '41 which all rhumb lines would appear as
)
straight lines, wolii& be very useful to sailors.
He
''
and Figure 5); the polar regions cannot be shown at, all but
must be inset as separate maps; distances ar'e hard to
te
109
EV3111113 04
1.1
11111 f
Mal
II 1- Ill
Ira
NM
MIMI
*4
1
firsi
HiI1111 P.
IR
s Mk
lrd4 I IN
or il Briii
LI
k6
Figu're 7.
MIME
Figure 6br
north.
6
111
,worst.
Figure 8.
A great circle route appears as a straight line on this
gnomonic projection.
(The path appears curved becApse of an opti.cal
illusion; sight along it to verify that At is a straight line.)
1.6
fisec
-
112
D113
4.
we will dup-
Thus
Cartographers
can include the planet's equatorial bulge, but we
.b
Get Stretched
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Our
.Figure 9
2.
distances will
meridians are p
2.1
The zquator.is.
illel lines.
Figure'10.
115
.,,ft
on the map.
An
tre.tr_itek into
R e on the map. (Why does P'Q'' =
R61) We must stretch PQ` by the factor
to
zns
)11"V
ptir
PQ
R'
(R cos 0 ) 0
PQ
F91-]".
1
cos 0
sec 0
a
Figure 11.
. -map.
Now consider
E:17)ii5Saa
Since QC is an earth-radius.3.4ee
*.
!rzae taxa,zsactimit
t; thus
1/4
116'
PQ = (R cos 0)a
the mar is=tonformal, the rbumb tine on .the, map will cut
x1111 the vertical parallel meridian lines at that fixed angle
aa.rcb will, taus be a Straight line, for straight lines are
eeccact.Wthe curves that cut a family of parallel lines all
at the same angle in plar& geometry. Thus to have rhumb
PQ = (QT) 0
OT
IL
mane
Eon
-0,#
Same
ame
task.)
2.4
Stretching at Latitude
- 2.5
Summary:
1.
It cuts thee
1Lhrorizontal.parallel of latitude at
.
0 = I -
a.'
2.
to map.
3.
What
If an
globe
2.6
If
continually.
north,
Then Az.
on the earth is mapped as Az sec M qn the map. (See Fig. 13)-o
4,"?
Integral calculus
rovides a method.
Let's, tTy to
AE sin$
ed
(If we knew
let Am
On Earth
As.this
N, north
pol e
Wilt need
parallel at
latitude 00
latitude 00
latitude 0
latiludr
enlarged
C, center
of earth
Figure 13.
Dvt'ol
RAO
118
A'
On 'Earth
Figure 14.
14
sec0
after stretching
+ AO
latitude 4
4:11
Bt
it-eqUa tor
On Map
119
qo
c 0 on the map.
V
MI
length Rsec
.c.5Y
(1)'
.'
.
,60
11111111
IIIi
If we let ) ail the A0 lengths tend to zero and use more and
t oo
D(00) = io R sec 0d0
(2)
e....
R Jo
pko
-; 9 '-.--
1.:
it-
._
,,
sec 0 d 0.
.s.
.0.
MORE HISTORY
1101141
go,....0
3.1
Mercator's Map:
Figure 15.
....
He did know that he must place the equally\spaced-on-earth parallels of latitude further and further
apart., His map contained" minor errors in the placing of the
parallels of latitude; it also contained misplaced mountain
rangest rivers and continents, as the sketch (Figure 15) of
the original 131 x 24 centimeter map shows very clearly.
Mercitor's sources were the written itineraries of travelers
Maps_of
modern quality, did Aot appear until nineteenth century
exfiorers began to carry sophisticated instruments 'into the
field.
""
120
12
once.
began to appear.
3.3
By
In 1620
achievement is astonishing.
As mentioned earlier, we do
later,
By 1645,
.Latitudes."
Cajori (1915,11.314)j
(3)
sec 0d0 =
In
tan[.
Ci -
Of.],
point...we may make astable which shall.shew the sections and points of latitude in the mer dians of the
18
122
!Thus
jsec m do
Halley quoted
our problem,
Consequences
Demonstration
attain it."
19
123
.r
lt
approximation
/30
sec.i
sec 4) id.
i=1,
o0
First
Cohpare
Do you
Exercises
1.
a).
sec x dx = - In
I
0
tan
x))
Exercise 12.
.1
5.
4).
0
41.
K
x
c).
-sec x dx = in
d'
2.
as followt:
center.
Do your
D(4)) = RI
on the MeiPcator.map)?
Convert
eir
sec 4) d
'
4)
"
.....)
Are the
CYLINDRICAL PRPJECTION
sec y: dy
4.
20
MM.
Ide
6.
b)
ln
ill
ly1+ c.
4.2
c)
dx
isec x dx
d)
cos x dx
cos x
f)
at CI
sly
is done so that
cos x.dx
J (1-sin x)(1+sin x
J cos2
jcos'x dx
(1-sin x) (-1+s
x)
g)..
Thus
4.
4.1
cos x
fsec x dx =
1/2
1/2
4177373'i x
,r
cos x
L- ln (1-sin x)
ln
l+sin x
ln
il+sin x
dx
+c
1-4in x
dx = 5 sec
x`.
sac x + tan x
dx
sec x + tan x
0.1
h(sec x + tan x)
sec x + tan x
1+tin x
+s.rinx)+C
(l+sin x)24.,
1-sin2x
dx
(l+sin
in 'isec X + tan xl +c
(4)
-six
ln
of title page.
22
=In
cos2x
l+sin x
Nilcos x
127,
x)2
+ c
+ c
23
Il+sin x I
cos ,x
ln
Here it is:
jsec x dx =
in Isecx.+ tanxf + C.
dx
dx
,
i 'cos x
following 0 steps.
dx
sinr7/2-x
'
2
dx
ilFri
cost y
'
cos(212-x)
where y ='(n/2-x)/2
' ST?
seey dx
Both (5) and (6) are correct when Y
when y is negative;
/(73)70
1-51
tan y
sec2y dy
tan y
ln 'tan yf +c
IFTTP # -S.
Thus, the absolute value bars arise very
integration formula.
turally ih the
(7)
In
The algebra at
The calculatiQn involves no t ganometry more
sophisticated than sin2x + cost
1 and a/cos x sec x , but
requires a little algebr
zation.
It was apparently
first done by Isaac Ba
Gre o
's Form
oninsintegiation..
But (n/2-x)/2
is ,between 0 and n/4, its tangent is between 0 and 1, and the,
In would be negative.
e Inte ral
cosx=sin (I
You
x)
-'x)
24
25
Efenercise_
r:1
Gregory contributed eiperimental designs that influenced:atmton' s reflector telescopes; the Cassegrain xlesign
ife72%aas
fsec x
8E
+x) + c.
Th
WI N
.= sec x + tan x .
to.
draw
1 If tan
HiiartoTy
of Mathematics)
n +l
ageoecooreett.;
rhaaihqg
sec 43 df)
anammitartdomputational method.
130
131
-1
5'71
5.2
josecxdx
..
xo
-fg
0
cos x dx
1 -sine
+ sin'x + ...]dx.
sin x- included
< 1
Partial Sum
.49999999
.54166666
.54791666
.54903273
.54924975.
.54929414
.54930352
.54930556
.54930601
with a
11
13
15
cAtN
cos x
sec x dx =
1 dx +
cos x
17
fn/6
dx +
in
cos x
.s in
x dx +..,
JO
= sin x + sin3x + sinsx
sin2x
+ ---r
+ ...
'tan x dx
y + Xs + XI + X
0.54930614.
L.-
( x
cos x sinkx dx +
(8)
-sec x dx
Exercise
example.
6.
The map that Mercater published in 1569 was revolutionary because it simplified the task of navigation
at
1.32
133
29
tf
-,0
S4
1,
tan x dx = Tts-
) dx
S6
S6
cot x dx?
II.
I-
1-sin2x
+T+T4""7.+
degree of accuracy.
Once the
= f sin x cos x
lir
NoAmath-
y7
v5
4- 1--
ar
a)
b)
by another test
in practice.
c)
12.
T 7T+
sec x dx = s
technologi5al-problems of that age, the problem of reto calculate on the computer successive partial sum approxima-
the machine?
13,
a)
arctan x =
calculited enough terms t'o the series and are ready to get off
)0
Hint:
dx
= x -
x3
x2
x7
1685, for
'tan x dx
J
c)
x dx
cos x
sin x cos x dx
cos2%
30
134
(How-can you
31
135
d).
7.
3.
5.
D24) 10(0.
.7.
dx
cos x
dx
sin(x+i)
CaprIcorn
Elements of
MaR,Projection With Application to Map and Chart Construction, 5th Edition, revised, 1944. Special.Pub. licitidn No. 68 of The Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
4F8RENCES
'
Is it finite/
.Hollis. and
hq
/
Sadler,'D.H. and E.G.R. Taylor, 1953( "The Doctrine of
Nauticall'Triangles. Compendious.
Part I
Thomas
Hariot's Manuscript (by Taylor)., Part II :Calculating the-Meridional Parts (by Sadler)." J. of the
institute of Navigation, London 6 (19,53) pp 131-147.
137
8. ANSWERS TO 'EXERCISES
a)
crx
[1 ro
(2 (2-x)11
tan
1-x))
sec2
;-
(-1)
tan
1/ cos y
X)
where y =
sin y/cos y
(iT
Any
.1
sirT)4,
2 cosy siny
= csc(2y),
csc
b)
dx
x) = sec x.
1
.
sec x + tan x
sec x + tan x
te
'
c)
g. sec x .
dx
Cl
n tah
+ x))]
tan.
IA +
sec
xl)
ll
for z =
x)
2 sin z cos z
si7-riz
1
csc 2 + xJ
sec x
34
3 5
139
phi
fsecydy - fsec
( 180
ef
180
dx
(Sample answers)
6.
,.178,2"fsecill xjdx
180
w
In
seC
1.12.x
+ tan [180
x)1
V
b)
Ideas that are now part of the calculus and problems ialljng
for the calculus were "in the air" long before Leibnitz and
Newton. For example:
Cavalieri's integration of, xn;
Mercator's need for fsecx dxr Gregory's geometric calculation
of integrals.
c)
dx
d)
e)
in Isec y + tarry ( + c.
Change of variableS:
yAir
dy =
4.
180
10
1300
With 5 steps,
seNit d$ = 0.5564789339.
0
F
t
With 1 steps,-
ino
l'"
secf df = 0.5506730838.
)
0
o
2,,o
p(i)
. Rf:"'
se 0
4=0
. 0
located a distance
d0 =
is off the map!
It
If an inch of map diStance at 40o N represents A earthmiles and an inch at 50N represents B miles, then
= 0:5493061443.
5.
g)
D2($) = R tan f
must be compared to
D1f)
sec 40
-ie"C-5-g
tan $
so,
ec $ d$ .
7.
dx
dx
sec x dx
cos x
The easiest way to show Do(f) > D(f) is to notice that the
deriyatives are easy to ampari:
sin [x +
2
Sit
dx
d.; D201 = R sect
j 2 sin y cos y
R sec f =t
D(f)
)2
all fe (04).
36
140
dx
Since 171(0) = D(0) = 0, we can conclude that 02(f) > D($) fqr
sin y
cos y
cos
}n tany +
tan y
141
37
a)
-sin A'
'tan
.
A
.2 sin2' I;
'"
A
A
- cos y- 2 sin 1- cos 1-
This
b)
sinA
9.
jtan xdx
6x + ...)dx.
Jsinx cosx (1 + sin2x + sin4 x + sin
Put in y = sin 2x :
and thus,
tang (it 4.
1
=---
. csc
1 - cos A
[it +
tan 2
easy 't
1 - Cot (x + 12
1(1
+ y + y2 + y3 + ...)dy
(x + 2
c+y+
+,,.)
ow sec x + tan x .
.
My own s
).
A + tan
lea) tan (A + B) It 1 Stan
A tan B
and
sin 6x +
x
(c + sin 'x + sinie
2
..
10.
tan
(Al
2
1 = cosA
1 + cos A ,
dx
cos x
in x
si
then
tan
tan
I co
sin
1 - tan2
i+
!.
1 + COS X.
-,177---SX
1 + COS X
+j1.1 +cos
X
COS X
it
or
COS X
-1 + 1.+ Ca X
1
+2
;s 2x
th y cos 2 x
v.
-1110SX
1+ cos X
1- COS X
1.+ cosx
'1 - -cos X
+ cos X
,
+ y + y2 + y. + ...)dy
2
1
sir
+1
u3
(c + y
2
+ 2 /(1 -cosx) (1 + cos x )
1-+ cos x
1 + cos x'
The left is +
e2
111K
2 cos x
1 + cos x
2 + 2 cos x
2 cos x
SieX + tan x
11.
a)
4. .
39
142
143
5
(
b)
.
.
9,
RIGHEtT POWtR
OF SIN(X) INCLUDED
IN PARTIAL SUM
v2n+1
)n o10 17----it
G
., 2 n+3 /on+3) .
'
R go lint
y2//+! /(2n+1)
.
'
..
...
re, amid
1.28128n0
21
1.31169002
131604511
fRfiliTPAL SSW
.X1127135-10e
3
3
3335873f602
xx:.--- 60.
31
41
012159882904
aLUNt3352
mt=--- 71j0
co226184693
012268812221
J. =2,02758941
004449999995
3
5
Q15511 i66666
e055410666
m554903273
-7
'6 .54930614
1.31675696
09
1.31
79
1.,31695747
0.96592522
1-99537299
2:02425779
2.02717058
2.02753181
2.02758099
2.02758805
2.02758893
51
101
201
251
301
.
495'
1-31
71
151
1_31
-,.,
C0a647,51814
to'
1 gm .26484224
51
61
a:oda-B-043
30
0.88137329
OF S1N(X) INCLUDED
INePARTIAL SUM
R.
0.88137296
33
0.36682540
159
0.88137n6
31
.08737743
0.:83137078
29
11
x = 5
The correct integral
"
0.83136758
27.
HIGHEST POWER
fil33699789.
X".
0,:8888113241391278
0.88134566
0.88136067
23
25
is
0.88107761
21
except ....?
0A.138070933
17
19
0.87785062 0.87965544
13
15
1 .--- .88137358
42,c,
0..86931325
0.87294015
7
11
20 ..=.115
also be used.
converges when y
00P...M1-87:71:55791:67811
,4
3
5
335
m553914975
11
.13
15
17
00S493504
01$4990352
0DS4990556
01554990601
4y.
a
145
9.
HIGHEST POWER
OF SIN(X) INCLUDED
IN,PART1AL SUM
PARTIAL SUM
.101
151
201
251
301
351
401
451
80
I. 2.43624604
(S -l]
0.98480775
2.21986109
2.39058930
2.42057205
,2.43044352
2.43400011
2.43535054
2.43588126
2.43609499
2.43618263
2.43621907
,2.43623439
2.43624088
2.43624365
2.43624482
2.43624532
2.43624552
2.43624554
51
501
551
601
651
701
751
801
811
lz
that discrepancy.
a)
dx
+ X2
x
X2
(i
X4
X6
X8
'") dx
. X
3
b)
7"
= X2
1
Plug in -x for x and thaw arc tan (-x) = - arc tan jx):
t
146
43
147
6
connect the North Pole *wiih any other point P ex.
ti
44
148
by
S.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
r-o
,..
INTRODUCTION , -7-r
1.
1.1
2
2
._
. -THE MODEL
...2if'llerd Components and Their Survival Rates
1.2 Basic Model Equations
,2.3
.
Ytt,YF
female cal
''.0,',:illirribarlot,!,iiiiies.;haeVeited.;."il
64,116ei: a -
adult
.Matrix Notatiori:
..'
The Before-Harvest Jiodel
2.4
rt ngs
2.:5
-2.6
s'
year"
6
.6
..!:
3.4 14 Modes
l' Basic
3.2
St rengtps
.
, ... ....
.
,
..
1 0 10
, 4.1
- of, the'
:' e
. 4:41Exeralles '. .,'.
:-.34.5
..,
-. .
.... . t.
. .
. *.. .
11
..
11
13
16
16
t,
17'_:-,_
'18
22
M1
5.
22
(L < LIE*YPEM4EL),
T..
5.-2-1-Constant-Harvests-From-a-Growirig-Nerd
'...
. 6,
7.
5.3
Exercisei
. .. .
. -.
'''.
25'
27
.,,
RetERENCES'-:
27
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
,
'ANSWERS' TO
22
:EXERCISES'
10_
seminar.
Author:
Philip M. Tuchinsky
Department of Mathematical Sciences
Ohio Wesleyan University ,
Delaware, Obio 43015
Review Stage/Date:
Classification:
III
12/28/77
References(
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
has
Jordan
form .
inverse by row (Gaussian) elimination (optional): overdetermined lineal equations;' elementary matrix algebra.
No eigentheory is used. No background in biology/ecology/
ranching is eeded.
det(M
- AI)
A2 (a - A) ( -A3
**
aX 2 + bcel- 0-
"-
Predicteereaching Time:
; -
Suggested Uses:,
. .
kwide range Of basic linear algebra skflis can be tled'
'together by wprkinglhroughthis module.' Computer experience r
with a linear transformatIon is a key benefit of this
'module -- if at all possible;
:exercises .3 - 8, Section 2.6
inevitably arise'.
0 -0
9._
where a,b,c,d,e are all E(0,1), and the eigenvalues are zero
/twice), parameter a, real x>a, and a complex conjugate pair
u, u.
The characteristic equation that yieldS.these roots is:
Output Skills:6
1.
Calculate with linear difference equations on computer. /-"`
2.
identify overdetermined linear equations and decide when
,. they have a solution.
3.
Set tip and solve matrix equations from word problems.
4.
Sum finite geOMettic seria for matrix case.
5.
Despribe an application, hat uses linear equations to model
birth; aging and deathin a population.
Specifically, detail
use4mf a matrixAo transform that population through time.
6.Differentiate between matrix level and entry level calculatIonsand give example's where both are helpful.
7.
Explain context where polynomial functiOnslof. a matrix
8.
'
Prerequisite_ Skills:
1..
Matrix - multiplication; matrix-inverses; calculation of the
2.
'
'15i
11
.62
ti
1:
INTRODUCTION
.
1.1
The goal of UMAP is to develop, through a community of users
and developers, ,a system of ihstructional modules in undergraduate
mathematics and its applications which may be used to supplemen't
existing courses and from which complete courses may eventually
YOu have a certain herd on,hand-, and each year you "har-
be built.
PROJECT STAFF
.1
Ross L. Finney
Solomon Gardunkel
Director
Associate.Director/Consortium
Coordinator
Associate Director for Administration
Coordinator for Materials Production
Project Secretary
Secretary/Financial Assistant
Felicia Weitzel
Barbara Kelczewski
Dianne Lally
. Paula M^,Santillo'
JacksAlexander
. Edwina Michener
You
;Editorial Consultant
Editorial Consultant
W.T. Martin
Steven
Brams
,Llayron.Clarkson
James-D. Forman
Ernest J. Henley
Donald A. Larson
William F. Lucas
Frederick Hosteller
Walter E. Sears
George Sprtnger
Arnold A. Strassenburg
Alfred B. Willcox
MIT (Chairman)
New York Universiglt
Texas Southern University
Rochester Institute of Technology
University of Houston
SUNY at Buffalo
Cornett UniiterSityv
Harvard University
University of Michigan Press
Indiana University
SUNY at Stony Brook
proportional structure?
-- Do substantially different future heids result
if more, the time number, or less females are
'
'A.
buffalo-ranching industry.
'harvest.
.153.
V
I
154
A
1.3
are polygaMdus.
Wildlife Management
preserVe4
'
different ages.3
What
We will
appropriate size?
The Task'Ahead
4.
2.2
It will be
model.
"
ical
Let
a
harvest. - Let
2.
a9
THE MODEL
2.1
Herd Components
We consider
(It
six c
2-
15
1. 5 e
AK'
AF'
.95 AF + .75 1F
OK'
QK'
(2)
YF' 00,60 CP
QF'
1111 al .60 CM
0
0
0
.
,
CM' 0..48 AF
CF' las
.42 AF
as an example of.
cause off
zero).
rdeeott
tblee Tram--
AF'
CM'
.[CF'''.
0
a
0
o
0.
0)
0)
.75
0
o
.79
_48
-.42
YF"
0
0
.6
0
.95
yiv
perhgps-on-e'da'the .41.....er-anarzwestt
total., AN', is correctly given in the
frilsieequatibamciff
(2).
The second eqUation treats the stbil-t
.
a
.6
m,
0
QT."
larly.
.95
AM'
time to re-
t.trite (1). as
ft
(3)
wit
M i's- the
60
6x
The
year-to-
0.j
Q.
j = 0, r
3,,
year.
cnnunts
"neateneezrir... ams
(Jo- 0, 1, 2, 3777)
..1-1x-edirmstr- 0
.
beta structure
before
barwest nm the
N
-
1534low,ing. year.
AK
AF
YK
barireSt will
ggii.0m.a.
YF
CM
CF.
21M
157
()E1 15
411
f.,
j0, 1, 2, ...
this policy into th
Thus .6.
2,
....
involving different
2.
Thebefore-harveet-modelrelatesH.to Hsi.
Justify
your answer.
into
Hi+1 =
- Q.),
j = 0, 1, 2, 3,
t.
-fi'Mt0 -Qv
...
-62 .
2.5
M2Z0 - Q2 -
For example, M
term mean?
The remaining' problems if) this sec9,on call for the vse of
a computer.
3,
The
2.6
herd is lo be studied.
1.
r.
h had a buffalo
the herd size year by yejr for the number of years requested.
It should print out the successive years and the herd structure
4
AM = 200
YM = 300
CM =,,520
AP= 1000
YF = 300
CF = 500
Your harvesting policy each year Its_ to take 100 adult males
a.
b..
as follows:
c.
d.
e.
15J
beware of this trap as %pm work your program: if you compute the
components,,of next year's herd in their usual order., a new value of
AF will be computed.before the old value can be used-to calculate
The old value of AF must be saved before it is
CM and CF.
replaced with the new one.
160
P.
.
27% female.adults
9% male yearlings
14% male calves
8.
8% female yearlings
Comment
estimates of the total herd size vary widely above and beloti
Which
60 million.)
Take a
Which
overcome it?
3.1
and trace the herd
for Exercise 3.
the same way.
loop.
or you can
management tool.
Start with you computer. program from 'Exercise 3 and the initial .-
Orleconomic interpretations
The actual numbers used as birth7:hnd survival rates
a.
b,
c.
One,piece of
evidence fo vhis is that, among adult buffalo? a life
d.
e.
'
at the
Our model
reasons.
6.
7.
zero.
rates in
the matrix M and transform the herd forward 'for one ygar, to
simulate a catastrophe: Now put our usual nOmbers back in M
and trace the herd forward for nine more years, still-taking no
161
v,
Exercises S and
162
.)
3.2
no feed is to be purchased).,
We can regard
included.
_cause muc
Our model
although they
The breeding m
herd would eat poorly anti its birth and survival rates
would decrease.
model:
In.6ur model,
'4 4!
4.
APPLICATIONS:
ESTABLISHING A HERD
4.1
dictate.
Example 1.
year we may take a pre ichosen harvest 1.1 and then have a
herd
10
163'
!-cW,".
such that e1
,
iF
164
11
(9)
he
.tb year'(
e
_.
'110 with
t;
= G
36 mumbers,
vectors ateadktetate.1
0,
'f or the
4.2
Calculation of (M-I)
We would need (M-I)
-1
-1
-1
i(
Go = (M -I) -1 Q1
...
'....
10.
G1 =GO
,i6)
[compare
(3i1
getting,
4
t 4. Mt
0
(i
1
(M -I)t =
0
1 .
-I I and
are known.
-.05
0 =
0
-:05
b
0,
.48
a 6 x 12 matrix:
.75
.75
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
.6
0
.75
-.05.
.75
-1
-1
,48.
0_
.42
0
0
0
.6
-1
-1
to
0
1
/0
.6
.6
-0 ,
,0
.0
O.
-1
0.
*1
0'
0.
singular.
-.05
'
1(
12.
'
13
1,
. -15
0
0
-1
7.2
2.78
8.4
6.3
-20
-1
.6
You
-1
.6
.48
.42
Al
-15
'
'*1
,o
-1
0,
0\
-20
0)
0
-15
0'
-20
-1
'0
.6
'o
0,
11/40-
-1
.6
0,
7.2 -1
6.3 ** 0
9.6
8.4
to tow I:
check
0 4
'-20
"64
-0
=1
8.4
chehincy..,Multiply
-4.32
4.6
2.78
8.4
-20
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
I
1.8130
3.4533
23.310
-15
5.3958
-1
14.5540
-.6
0
35972
.2.5900
clear the
-1
13.986
3.2374
.93237
.21583
1.5539
0
0
3.0216
b
The matrix that has appeared.on.the right is (M-I)-1.
The first, third -and fifth ckinans are exact.,and,the
Others are correctly rounded tofive significant digits,
2.2662
is:
-20.
.
31.08
-15
13.99
23.31
A.072
1.554
r.6
.0.
1.813
3.453
2.590
3.022
2:266
not.
to rishileairinu friendly'zeros
TOW 4 by *l to get a new row 4. Add
,
row4 to rows 2, 5,
-.
-5.396
zeroed.
-1
6.3
-9
4 is
-7.2
,277-- and
--1,
4.,
7.194
rbst of _column
4,
.
Pleaie
left
+,0
the inverse
-1
-1
0'
6.3
-4.32 -.6
-5.76 -1
-.6
.9.6
-2.592
0 ,
.0
Os
7.2 -l
-1
-15
.6
0
t
-20
'0
:0
0
0
-9
-is
Cl
0'
-.6, .9
-9
-15, -64.8
-15
-20
0
0
1OF
0.
-0.
0
0
.0
-1
9.6
-15
-15
-20
0
0
'
-.6
.0
4.32
-20
-1
1.
check 4 0"
these. 4.
L%'
-9
-.6
1.
.1
rows
-15
-20
first
times row 2 from row '5, and .42 of row 2 from row 6.
The.se two elementary row operations give us
-these
0
gotten.* 0
13%.
new
row 4
Get
-9
0.
- .3597
0.
.-1
0
3.237'
.9324
.2158
1.554
.3597
and
Reach .
168
14
tiI
15
Example 2.
harvest model.
).
Calculate t
to
0'
it
(i.e.`be 1.12
10. A buffalo herd G will be 'allowed to grow until next year, when
e0
become
0'
Jop
next year.
-a; = nto
=14 1
-ft
.a.
b.
= M(Me0- 4) - Q
2-=
=M6O-MQ -Q
12. A herd GO
rvest ti is subtracted.
hslis
(lic)
G2 = (1.4)c.
2= .'
J.
- MQ
Z.
= 2 GO
0'
= 1.4 to
(M
- 1.41) 60 = (M
known 6x6
a .known
matrix
unknown vector
4.5
a.
1.4I)-1 (1+ 1) Q
4.4 Exercises
9.
a.
Q.
Mathematical Insights
(13)
The'resu-ltping
Find G0.
We want to
17.
16
-169
b.
M10) of matrices.
very welcome.
Ott
iihcatt
M2 m
t9
I ,
-+
148 -+ kM-7
and
.-+
3x -+
tD
We can think of
5 is a -pt ilyz
Tf-
Ai
0)1'
0
0
= (m
M + I
tm
chaaw p- and q.
T5%
COT,
0
0
d.
..xs,
tinned. by T, it
becomes.-the'
,---
be critical:
4 -.6
FY)
(ro,r,t01.111-em-n1-1
(06) (1.1.1.1,1,1). to
tD
tD
Example 3.
a)
with T = QM + QF.
etc.)
adt
4.
C111111lb
Since thi
= "herd size"/T
(1,.t,r,t,T,004-1311
Since T = QM -+
-23_:hnibadli);,
-UR
171
172
'
arrima311 Hanv.esttedl"
is a maniple aff
44.
<4.
HS
p + 31.08q
7.194q
`2.072q
1.813q
3.453q
3.022q
(1,1,1,1,1,1)
-20 p + 48.63q.
shown.
easy:
p < .60846.
(17)
That's
as p increases, q must decrease and HS grows
4. p< 48.63
Since p+ q = 1 we have 1
.2914 and p < .1086:
HS
% harvest
2.4313 4:
AM
-
is ruled out.
'
./7
20
t.
173
*e.
AF
YM
YF
CM
CF
CD
C)
C)
CD
C)
C)
CD
.608
.392
.606
.394
.605
.395
.600
.400
.580
.420
.550
.450
.500
.500
6.90
14.5%
. 34%
40.9
11.8
10.3
19.6
17.2
7.04
14.2%
7.11
.14,1%
7.45
13.4%
8.82
11.3%,
10.88
.9.2%
14.3
1.8%
2.5%
39.9
518%
38.6
16.5%
34.2
27.4 %
38.7%
29.7
11.5
11.1
9.9'
10.1
19.3
10.1
8.6
16.9
164
9.7
18.5
16.2
25.1
7.2
6.3
40.3
11.6
19.2
16.4
14.4
8.6
7.5
14.3'
12.5
7.0%
12.1
10.5-
'
17j
21
go?
herd, i.e.
solve
9
cows. The first-three herds in the table above have cowto-bull ratios of 120 (= 40.9/.34), 22,-and 16; the
ether herds have much lower ratios. Thus herd O2
for
0'
1 = 1
Exercises
HO
M(H0 -.4'0)
H1
when g
is known.
and g = g 0 = g
(compare (5)]
15.
a.
b.
16.
.HQ =
(ti - I)
H.
'(18)
not exist!
(Thus thbre
system.
To make:more Pro-
Now.
(The right
two -unknowns.
cf
.22
1Th
8
,
t'
fn.
23
+ :75 1
f95 Q14
"a'
Cm}
(19b)
0.- -YF + .6
14! QF
qt.:t2' AF
'8
{.42
{YF =
CM
cF)
{CF
CF
CM1
.6 CFI'.
:48. (AF-QF) )
.cure.
= .42*(AF-QF)
assumed
2,
Then
..., 10.
C M ("To 2,
-7
'2
M (go
-0
ma2
!
M2-Qs
MQ
=t1 H
211
=H
...*
/*
10
M1GU-
0.
10
=, M
(I + m + m
- mit
.-
Pig t
T-herefoi-e,
..'i,1-pre,-eriselyreplacedbyrwribotncalvesiffti=kis to `be
.
true. After the,hafvest, there will be AF - QF adult
females and*Oey 41ill give-birth to .48(AF,--QF) new'calf
ialesand .42(AF - QF) new calf females by next. year.
passes.
= M211
logically.
- MCI
1
- MO
.11
. (20)
(I +
,
m + m2 +
,,
... +
,
M9)M
knowrr 6x6,
6x6 'matrix
'matrix
All
=,,
1.1
(il. - 2I)Iro
all.known
,'' :
unknown
'
We push ahead.
9
+ M .loolc
geometric, series? When numbers are involved, we
know how to add up such expressiohs:
+
+a +
1+ a
cc
n -1
= T---a
if
a ti 1.
'
Indeed we can
M + M2+
Put S =
Weehave_examined whether we
Exercises
5.3
a.
M10.
(I - M)S = S'- MS = I
17.
In fact, (I
b.
a.
Show that M
,(21)
b.
a,b;c,d,e:f,g,h, we get
0
c
0
0
geometr Y series'formula;
Al
= (I - M)
-1
LO
Stow that (M
on
011,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
e
0
0
0
'f
0
0
a,
Mons analogous to
410--1
-m
)
(1
M)
20.
(M10
21)46,
The
"41
4.79.)
b.
V (22)
(22)
0
0
0
0
0
o r first task:
We can multiply
i+m+m-1
dd this?
S =
-1
26.
"'
C...
It
180
27
. .
a
6 a
o
REFERENCES-
ture.
.
.
The program and-its .documentatidn are part of project EXTEND'and the Huntington
Two Computer Project.
Program.BUFLO Interactively
'
CF = 2.0
important L
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and distributed nationallY by the Program Library, Digital Equipment Corporation,
CM = 2.0
YF = 1.2
qt
YM = L2
AM = 16.8 mi.11;on.
AF = 16.8
models.
*.
,,.
the, model.
.9
0'
.
40,
.75.
'0
.75
o
0
0
0
.4,
0
0
,36
0,
.1r 1 0
O
0
0
.9
0
0
0
-0
0
.4
0
0
or'
29
181
P.
c.
d.
it
6
ACKNOWLET)GEMENTS
7.
HI
foi--
F.
G2 ="it.
H2 2
key category of
....
edition.
Thanks to:
2.
0'
daq.
'or
The
0'
I.
3.
4.
growing exponentially '(or would have beers, had not white man
interfered).
"
drastically changed.
edition.
--
a.
We are given
,r
.1
0;0, 0, 0).
mow
.0*
OP
int.
Computer printouts
5,6.
j
ANSWERS TO EXERCrSES
8.
1.
7.
4111*
Zo = Ho - (I"
9 :'
a.
G1 = MGO
= 1.12
'30.
eOr'
-184
'
a.
b.
(m - 1.12/)-1:1/
1.44
Mkt
nu:at-ions
10. Equations
G1 I. M GO
- G2 = MG) - 1.1t
sG2 sG0
,,
lead to solution
s
to 44(M
.,
...
- /)"4 4
(M
-4-
e-4- - m
Equations ti = Mt0 -
,2 = MG' G
...?
tEt,
mt5
is
G.
condense to
lead to solution
i ....
6.2.
_.s.
2Sc 7 G.& = 14
'
ea
,...,..
The mistrials- i s
(harvest is-il=33)
= P1G0
.4-
t'
1.2Q
Equations
6-
Gk. = 1.25 G0
12.
c.- t
t = Me,.
1.)-1 )32.
s
11.
11-2
..
t2
.606E4
155
171;
166
4..
65
mt4
GS =
2t0
at:
13.. EquationsG1t
le
ms2
G3
1%. as.
It19-'
=-tPli- - Met +Mi+
-1
ip-,
TM
... 1.5 ir
CD
s-
* mhti
..
MX s....
'
/t
.04
= 313)1.
= (M5 7::
= 520
have solution
0
17;.
(final 'harvest)
latZ w
MG.3
tr.
n.crITP a
Air
NC t&
K(!tic - 11:51)A9-. 9
4- mi 4- pit
condense to
4
**, Tus;
h
At
0
T-511i;
(0
32
1
J
1.
186_
$3
IP
T TABLE OF PERCENTS
C PRINWRITE
104
FORMAT( -IHOrIBAr'PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HERD')
104
WRITEIS.1021
LL.LONG*1
TABLE 2
(5,1
00 30 1(.1.LL
NyEAR. K-1
WRITE15.101
105
30
106
NYEAREISAMK,J10.101
211.12.5x,f5.1,6X,61F4.1,6X11
CONTINUE
Q11110(21
WRITE15,106)
FORNATITHO.,CONSTANT ANNUAL HARVEST IS 'F6.2' MALES,
FORMATI
GO
ENO
#
e
C
C
-c
'
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
The data cards that produce the printout of Table 3, page 36,
100
102
FORMAT
TOTAL
lx,0yEAR
NvEAR0
TOTAL
4.
O.
20
4.8
8.4
7.2
(initial herd)
ca
Zg
blank card
Li
IH1.24x.TILLION.S OF BUFFALO')
FORMAT.(
-'
NRITE 15,102)
AM
IF
5.4
wRITE(5,,1011
101
16.2
-100.,
l
DIMENSION re(6$03161,SAvE(50.71,
REA0(2.100) H.0111.0121,LONG.
6F10.4/2F10.4,121
FORMAT(
CALL EXIT
IFIHIII.LT.D)
18.
AF
CE,I
.Cm
t
-,
'
'
MIS LIr6
All of (his
code simply sets
up the initial
herd properly
Note
TOTAL.TOTAL.HILI
NYEAR.TOTAL,H*
wRITE(S,1031
211.12,4A,F7.3.613A,F7.311
103 FORMAT)
CONVERT TO PERCENTS AND S AVE 'FOR LATER PRINTING.
SAvEII.11eQ.
600r
DO ID 1.2.7
LLL -I
5
'
$AvEt1.0HaL)/ToTAL100
10
8"
SAvE(1;IVX.SAVETTTI)Y,ttstetilL-1-
MAIN LOOP
,00 2S R.I.LON9
NYEARK
TENPOH121
.754(3) - 0(1)
.9500 f 1
H(11
.75.'4141 - 0(21
.gs.H(2)
H(2)
.614(51
H(31
i
11(41.#0.6eH161
.411.T6mPO
NISI
.42TENP04.. 0
H(61
TOTAL .0
00 IS 181,6
TOT AkeTOTAL *NIL I "
WRIT (5,1031 NYEAR.TWALOI
,
15
%AR.'
..
sAve(oc,i),..p
00 20 L.2.7
fg
ct4T(.4 t 1
18,
lk
188
34
35
4%.
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TABLE 3.
Case b)
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
Case a)
YEAR
0
1
.2
.63.191
AM
18.000
17.150
16.072
14.768
14.131
67.453
72.276
78.165 14.021
85.242
14.348
31.417
93.521. 15.183
34.704
.103.11
16.567
38.344
114.141 18.524
42.365,
.126.736 21.094
46-.806
141:039 .24.322
1.713
157.210 28.257
.134
-175426 3X.854 /63.124'
195.884 38.477
69.742
218.803 '44,894'
77.053
244.425 52:284
85.431
4273.018 60.734
94.056
304.879 70.341
103.916
40.338 81,,21'^1,)47810
3
.759 93.468
126.846
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
,14
15
16
17
18
19
. 20
YEAR
0
1
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4
5
'106.0
100.0
100.0'
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
6
7
'
TOTAL
50.999
60.079
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
.100.0
100.0
15' 100.0.
16
100.0
17
99.9
18
100.0
19
100.0
20
100.0
.
YEAR
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
AF
YM
YF
16.200
5.400
4.800
18.990
5.040
4.320
21.280
4.665
4.082
23.278.
5.469
4.785
25.703
6.128
5.362
28.440
6704
5.866
CM
8.400
7.775
9.115
10.214
11.173
12.337
7.402
8.190
9.048
6.477
13.61
7.166
15.081R
7.917
16.658
8.745
18.405
9.9.95
'11.043
9.662
20:335
12.201
10.676
22.467
13.480 11:795
24.822
14%893 1`3.01
27.424
016.454
14.397
30.299
18.179
15.907' '33.476
20.085
17.575
36.985
22,191
19.417
40.863
24.51
21.453
45.146
27.088 23.702
49.879
29.927% 26.186
55.109
,
TOTAL
AM
AF. o
YM
59.999 18.000.. 16.200
5.400
60.079
18.150
5.040
'17.990
62.291' 48.022
19.330 , 4.665
65.158
17.620
20.425
5.181
68.251
17.625
.21.804
5.567
71.941 '17.919
23.367
5.882
'76.300
18.435
25.059
6.279
81.324 19.223
26.927
6_729'
87.075 20.309
28.998
7.217
93.631
21.707
31.284
7.755
101.063 23.438
33.809
8.351
109.452
25.529
9.009
36.599
28.010
118.890
39.682
9.737
129.480
30.913
43.088
10.40
141.332
46.851
11.1428'
34.273
154.574
38.130
51.008
12.409
169.341
42.531
55.602 13.493
185.788 47.524
60.677 14.690
204.084 .53.166
66.283
16.013
224.417 '59.518
72.478
17.474
246.995 66.648
79.322 9.089
CF
7.200
6.803
7.975
2
3
8'.937
5
9.776
10.795
11.944
13.195
14.576
16.104
17.793
19.658
21,719
23.996
26.512
29.291
32.362
35.755
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
39.,503
20
43.644
48.220
YEAR
C4
14.0
12.9
14.4
15.1
15.4
15.7
16.0
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.
15.9
15.7
15.6
.15.4
,99.9
6'
7
8
.
9
lb
14.1.
11
114.0
13.2
13.0.
12.9
12.812.6
12
".
13
'
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
.100.0
100.0
100.0
14 --.--100.0
15
16
17
18
19
20
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
' 8.400
'11..320
.7.775
44.082
8.635
9.278
9 804
CM
4.533
. 4.871
'5.147
7:883
8.520
9.223
10.000
10.858
11.806
12.854
14.011
15.290
16.703
34.-789
7.,307
'
..
8.1
7.1
24.1
32.8
8 ,2
23.6
23.3
33.1
8.2 .
8-2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2%
25.1
2535
2620
26.5
26.9'
14.200
15.371
14.7'
33.1
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.0
7.0
7.7
7.'
12.1
14.5
7.1..
32.9
32.8
32.6
32.4
22.2
'52,1
11.3
14.7 \
14.6
-14.5
14.4
14.3,1.
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.7
14.27'
14.1
14.0
CF
12.0
'
7.1
8.2 .
16.666
18.097
19.677
21,423
23.352
25.484
27,839
30.440
'
8.1
8.1
33.4
13.M
.33.3
'33.2
3333!114-
23.8
24.2
24.6
7.200
6.803
7.555
8.118
8.578
9.157
9.814
10.525
11.309
12.179
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.7
33.3
23.1
23.1
23.3,
-23.5
CF
10.466
11.216
12.028
12.925
13.919
15.016
16.228
17.567
19.047
20.682
22.488
24.484
26.689
29.124
t 31.816
5 494
5.888
6.315
6.785
L4.1
14.1
5.1
14.'
13.2
13.5
13.8
14.0
13.3.
14.5 ,
140.0
100.0
100.0
. 12.6
15.2
14.9
14.8
CF
12.0
11.3
13.9
13:8
13.6
73.5
TOTAL
100.0
YF
4.800
12.4
12.5
12.7
12.8
12,9
.12.9
13.0
13.0
12.9
12'.9
12.8
12.8
12.7
12:6
12.5
12.4
12.4
12.3
36
189
t-
37
10
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Case c)
YEAR
TOTAL
55.999
60.079
614391
62.863
64.226
65.717
67.359
69:126'
71.038
73.120
75.389
77.864
0
1
2'
3
a,
10
Case d)*--.
MIL'LPONS OF BUFFALO
AM
AF
YM
YF'
'18.000 16.200
5.400
4.800
19.150
16.990
5.040
4.320
4.665
19.912, 17.380
4,082
20.473 17.573
4.893
4.281
21.119 17.905
5.005
4.379
21.817 1845
5.061 , 4.428
22.522 .18.701
5.156" 4.512
23.263 19.151
5.269
4.610
24.052 19.651
5.386
4.712
24.889 20.203
5.515
4.826
25.781
20.812
5.659
4.952
26.737 .21.486,
5.818
5.091
27.764 22.230
5.994
5.244
22..1371. 23.052
6.18$_ 5.414
30.069 23.960
6.402
5.602
31.367 24.964
6.639
5.609
32.778 26:072
6.900
6.038
.34,314 27.297
7.189
6.290
7.508
35.991 28.651
6.570
'.861
6.879
37.823''30.146
39.82.8, 31.798
8.251
7.220
80.571
12
13
83.533
14
86.781
Is
90.3.44
16
17
94.257
,98.559
103.290
180.496
114.;30
18
19
20
CM
CF
YEAR
8.400
7.775
8.155
8.342
8.435
8.594
8.781
8.976
9.192
9.432
9.697
9.99
7.200
6.803
0
I
6o.o79
7135
60.491,
11
60.568
60.20;
59.493
58.417
56.928
55.002
52.610
49.715
h6.277
12
42.251
13
37.587
32.229
26.115
0.931
i,
10.670
11.065
11.501
1E982
12.514
13.102
13.752
14.470
7.299
7.380
7.520
7.684
7.854
.8.043
8.253
8.485
8.741
9.024
9.336
9.682
10.063
16.484
10.950
11.465
12.033
12.661
TOTAL
W999
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.0
14
15
16
19.174
11.329
2.495
-7.423
-18.533
17
18
19
20
AM
18.000
20.150
21.922
23.325
24.613
25.715
-Y6.609
27.304
27.795
28.071
28.125
27.944
27,517
26.830
25.865
24.603
.23.025
21.105
18.816
16.129
13.008
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
AF
YM
YF
16.200
15:989
15.430
14.720
14.006
13.222
12.343
11.374
10.304
9.122.
7.815
6.372
4.778
1.069
-i.080
-3.456
-6.081
-8.981
-12.185
-15.725
5.40o
5.040
4.665
4.605
4.443
4.239
4.033
4.808
3.555
3.275
2.907
2.627
2.250
1.835
1.376
0.868
0.308
-0.311
-0.995
-1.751
-2.586
_
YEAR
TOTAL
100.'0
2
3
4
5
' 64.
7
8
9
100.0'
100.0
92.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
1,0
tom
11
99.9
10W.0
.1
1.3
14
'15
16
17
18
19 ,
20
100.0'
100.0'
.100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1Q0.0
14.0
,
34..3
.34.4
34:5
34.6
34.7
-34.7
34.8
34,8
34.8
348
27,6
27.Z
2i.5
27.5
27.5.
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.7
27.7
27.8
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.
.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
12.9
12.8
12.,8
12.8
.124.
1247
12.712.7
12.6
6.3.
6.3'
k.3
6..3
'
12.
12'16
12.6
CF
12.0
11.3
11.6
11.6
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.3
11.3
11.2
'11.2
11.2
1122
11.1'
11.1
YEAR
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2
3
4
1,00.0.
1014.0
'6
9
10
100.0
loorp
100.0
100.0
100.0
11
100.0...
12
100.0
100.0
100.0
7
8
),
13
14
4.800
4.320
4.082
4.029
3.888
3.709
3.529
3.332
3.110
2.866
2.596
.2.298
1.969
1.605
1.204
0.760
0.269
-0.272
-0.871
-1.532
- 2.263,
CM
8.400
7.775
7.675
7.406
7.065
15,723
6.346
5.925
5:459
4.946
4.378
3.751
3.058
2.293
1.447
0.513
-0.518
-1.659
-2.919
-4.311
-5.849
CF
7.200
6.803
6.715
6.480
6.182
5.882
5.553
5.184
4.777
4.327
3.831
3.282
2.676
2.006
1.266
0.449
-0.453
-7.451
-2.554
-3.772
-5.117
CM
14.0
CF
12.0
11.3
12.6
12.2
11.7
11.1
10.6,
11'.3
10.8
10.4
9.9
9.4
8.8
8.1
7.2
6.1
4.4
10.2
9.8
9.5
9.1
8.6
8.2
7.71,
7.0
6.3
5.3
3.9
11..1
`ii.I
11.0
-,-/11.6
11.0
/
.
191
o,
3g.
39
14
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Mao
FABLE 4
Case e)
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
YEAR
TOTAL
59.999
60.079
59.591
58.273
56.175
53.269
49.475
44.730
38.965
32.099
-I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
AM
18.000
21.150
23.872
26.178
28.107
29.613
30.696
31.344
31.538
31.254
YM
5.400
5.040
4.665
4.317
3.882
3.418
AF
16.200
14.989
13.480
11.868
10.107
8.150
5.985
3.597
0.957
-1.958
2.911
2.347
1.723
1.035
YF
4.800
CM
8.400
7.775
7.195
6.470
5.696
4.320'
4.082
3.777
1
3.397
2.990
2.547
2.053
1.508
0.906
Case
CF,
7.200
6.803
6.295
4.851
3.912
2.873
1.726
...."
YEAR
0
5.661
4.98'4
4.2,45
3.423
2.514
1.510
0.402
0.459
YEAR
0
1
TOTAL
59.999
52 079
47.591
44.633
AM
18.000
9.149
d,472
-8.051
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.0
17.5
0.9
YEAR
TOTAL
100.0
0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
30.0
35.2
40.0
44.9
50.0
55.5
62.0
70.080.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.0
24.9 ,
22.6
20.3
9.0
8.3
7.8
7.4
6.9.
6.4
5.8
5.2
17.9
15.3
12.0
8.0
2.4 - 4.1
8.0
7.1
6.8'
6.4
6.0 -
..
27.0
36.4
44.7
9.o
9.6
9.8
8.o
8.2
8.5
s's;
CF
8.400
7.775
9.115
10.214
.803
7.975
8.937
CM
CF
12.0
13.0
16.7
14.0
14.9
19.1
v
CONSTANT ANNUAL HARVEST IS 12.00 MALE'S, 0.00 FEMALES (MILLIONS)
../
CM
14.0
12.9
12.0
CF
12.0
11.3
10.5
9.7
X11.1
10.1
5.6
9.1
5.1
7.9
6.4
4.4
4.5
3.8
MILLIONS QF BUFFALO
AF
YM
YF
4.800
16.200
5.400
18.990
5.040
4.3P,
4.665 t$4.082
21.280
23.278
5.469
4.785
Case b)
8.8
7.9
6.9
5.6
3.8 ,,"
..1
Case c)
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
YEAR
TOTAL.
59.999
52.079
42.191
30.863
18.446
4.627
2
3
4
as.
0
1
2'
3
4
.40
AF
16.200
12.989
9.580
6.163
. 2.310
-1.994
..YM
YF
5.400
4.800
6.040
4.320
4.665
.665
4.082
3.741" 3.273
2.759
.2.414
1.775
1.553
TOTAL
100.00
100.00
100410
100,b0
100.00
30.0
29.0
28.8
29.3.
29.3
YEAR
AM
18.000
15.149
12.172
.9:063
5.415
1.214
27.0
24.9
22.7
9.0
9.6
11.0
19.9
12.5
12:1
.14.9
8.0
8.2
9.6
10.6
13.0
CM
A.8.400
CF
7.200
6.803
5.455
4.023
2.588
0.970
7.775
6.235
4.598
2.958
1.108
CM
14.0
14.9
14.7
14.8
16.0
CF
12.0
13.0
12.9
13.0
14.0
41
193
194
TABLE
-Table.4 (coritinued)
.Case d)
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
YEAR
0
1
2
3
YEAR
0
1
TOTAL
59.999
52.079
39.491
23.978
TOTAL
100.00
100,00
100.00
AM
18:000
18.150
18.022
17.620
AF
16.200
9.989
3.730
-2.394
YM
5.400
5.040,
4.665
2.877
YF
4.800
4.320
4.082
2.517
27.0
19.1
9.4
8.0
9.0
9.6
11.8
8.2
10.3
CM
8.400
7.775
4.795
1.790
CM
14.0
14.9
CF
7.200
6.803
4.195
CF
OF BUFFALO
59.999
52.079
36.791
AF
16.200
6.989
'-2.119
YM
YF
5.400
5.040
4.800
11.665
4.082
4.320'.
CM
8.400
7.775
3.355
4'
YEAR
0
1
TOTAL
100.00
100.00
AM
30.0
40.6
AF
27.0
13.4'
YM
9.0
9.6
YF
8.0
8.2
CF
.9
7.200
10
6.803
?.935
11
12
13
14
CM
14.0
14.9
15
16
CF
12.0
13.0
17
,18
216.697 '72.803
239.423 80.445
19
20
YEAR
'
^ 100.0
'3
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
--400.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1Q0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
r.
42
TOTAL
2
4
17
18
19'
4%
.15
0
0
0
.15
0
0,
0'
.25
.20
20
70.438
3.417
3.666
4.116
4.557
2.990
3.208
3.602
3.987
4.394
5.022
5.549- 4.855
5.366
6:132
6.775
5.928
7.485
6.549
7.236
8.270
7.995
9.137
8.833
10.095/
11.153
9.759
12.323 10.782
11.913
13.614
13.161
15:042
14.541
16.619
100.0
99.9
195
15.823
17.438
19.267
21.295
23.526
25.991
X8.716
31.727
35.053
38.728
42.788
47.273
52.229
57.7Q5
63.754
17.962
59.212 15.814
65.418 21.911
72.286 24.233
79.885 26.788
88.275 29.611
97.543 32.130
1p7.783
36,175
119.095 , 39.980
131.5930 .44.184
145.400 48.828
160.655 53.958
177.507 59.625
196.126 65.886
53,.526
Case e)
AM'
16.20 14.294
48.371
18.000
21.150
23.872
0
.40
e/
and then transformed further for 19 more ye'rs using the usual
The results:
matrix M.
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
CF
/YF ,\
CM
AF
YM
AM
YEAR TOTAL
7.200
4.800 \\8.400
16.200
0 '59.999
18.000
5.400
3.240
1.080
4:050
1.260
34.229, 12.960
11.639
4.888
1.943,
2:429
39.973 13.257
11.867
5.586
2
4.984
3
5.'96
44.113
14.416:`11.731
2.933
3.352
MAR TOM,
.40
1 .566
0
.60'
0-
12.0
13.0
10.6
12.1
>
33.1
32.6
33.5
33.5
33.4
33.4
29.6
28.8
29.5
29,5
.29.4
'29.4
29.4
29.4
_33.5
33.5
33.5
29.4
ZLI
Ir
31.5
I 33.5
33.5
33.5
.33.5
33.5
3.3.5
33.5
21.4
29.4.
29.4
'
'.29.4
4
29.4
29.4
29.4.
29.4
6.0
7.5
4.8
6.6
.7.0
6.1
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.9.
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
,7 6.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.(1
6.0
6.0
Et.0
6.0
6.0 .
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.11
5.347
6.003
7.595 6.645
7.324
8.370
9.28 \8.092Vr
6:943
10.221
9.880
11.292
12.475, 10.916
13.784. 12.061
15.229 13.325
14.722
16.825
18.589 16.265
6.861
20'.538
22.691
25.070 '2f.936
23,698 24.216
30.602 26.777
CM
CF
14.0
11.8
13.9
12.9
12.6
12.8
12.8
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.0
9.4
12.2
12,7.
12.7
12.7
12.7
196
17.971
19.855
-t.
11 41.,
11.0
11.2
11.2
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
41.1
11.1
11.1
11:1
11.1
4'3
TABLE 6
Data for Exercise 16. The herd does indeed 'emain very stable.
There is some roundoff error: the harvests taken were .086 and .056
annually (males, females, in millions), rather than the .086052 and
-055948 that the table's data for herd 2 indicates.
YEAR TOl'AL'
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
18
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
0.997-
20
0.996
YEAR
0
TOTAL,
2
,3
4
5
how
1.000
1.000
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
,0,998
0.998
0.998
.0.997
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.00o
1.000
1.000
1.000
6
7
8
9
100:0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100:0
100.0
100.0
AM
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
Q.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
'0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
MILLIONS OF BUFFALO
YF
AF
YM
0.403
0.116
0.101.
0.115
0.402
0.101
0.402
/0.116
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402 , 0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.402
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.}01
0.401
0:115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
0.401
0.115
0.101
J.a
1.8
1.8
100.0;:
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
1,00:0,
1.8
100%0
1.8'-110.2
10
100.0
11
1.8
1.8
12
100.0
100.0
13
1,00.0
14
15
16
17
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
18
19
20
1.8 '21
1.8
1.8
1.8
1,8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
40.2 '
40.Z
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2 '
40.2
11.5
11.5
11.5
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
11.5
11.5
10.1
10.1'
11.5
111.6,
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.f93
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.193
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.1p2
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.152
CF
0.169
0.165
0.165
0.169
0.169
0.169
0.169
0.169
0.169
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
CM
15.3
CF
16.9
19.3,
16.9,
19.3
19.3
19.3
16.9
16.8
16.9
19.3
19.3
16.8-
CM
19.3'
11.5
10.1
19.3
-11.5
10.1
11.5
11.5
10.1
10.1
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5'
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.6
10.1
10.1
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
10.1'
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
19.3
19.3
19.3
'19.3
19.3
16.8
16.8
108-16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.9
16.9
16.9
6.9
19.3
1,9.3
169
.9
44
197
Returnta:
EDC/UMAP-
STUDENT FORM 1
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
Student:
If you have trouble with a specifiC part of,)this unit, please fill
out this. form and take it to youk instructor for assistance. The information
you give will help the author to revise the unit.
Your Name
Unit No.
Page
0 Upper
Model Exam
Section
OR
()Middle
.Paragraph
Text
Problem No.
Lower
Description
nstructor:
t4
Corrected'errors/in materials.
Gav
Problem No.
OR
\\--
193
el
t
structor's Signature
P1
1,
Return to
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton; MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 2
Unit Questionnaire'
Name
Udit No.
Institution'
Date
Course No.
Check the Choice for each question that comes closest to your persodal opinion.,
1.
,2.,
3.
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how much did you use other sources (for
example, instructor: friends, or other-Books) in order to understand the unit?
A Lot
4.
.,
5.
'A Little
N.
Not at all
How long was this unit'in comparison to the amount of time you generally spend on
a lesson (lecture and homework assignment) in a typical math or science course?.
Much'
Longer
Somewhat
'Somewhat
Longer
About
the Same
Somewhat
Shorter
Much
Shorter
Were any of the following parts of the unit confusing or distracting? (Check
as many as apply.)
P
Prerequisites
Statement of stills and concepts (objectives)
Paragiaph headints- '
Examples
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
(1.
6.
i',
Prerequis.ites
%...
,Please describe anyttiM in theunit that you did not particularly like.
*
Please describe anything that you found particularly helpful. (Please use the back of
this sheet if you need more space.)
'H
1)
LCONOMlC EQUILIRRIIIPI1
WriaP
L, I MIT!.
I NE11: MODLLS
UNIT 208
by
Philip M. Tuchinsk,
4'
7623 Challe:;wofth
Dearborn !Its., Michigan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4440!
,PART'L:
ECONOMIC,EOUI LIBRIUM:
SIMPLE LINEAR MODELS
Price Equpi6rium
2. The Purpose ea This Paper
1.
3.
4.
by Philip M. Tuchinsky
4,
PART II:
LI
1
5.
6.
2
2
7.
Modeling
Interrelated Proddcts
8.
The Two 'Product Model in Vector and
Matrix Notation
9.
Equilibrium Supply and Demand in the
Two-Product Model
10. Matrix"tevel vs. Entry Level Calculations
D and S,
Dollars
,
equilibrium
PART III:
demand
TART IV:
supply
9
.
GENERALIZATION TO n-PRODUCTS
PART V:
price domain
PART VI:
I
edC41Map/.55chapelstrinevhon.mass02160
12
13
13
15
16
Price P
S*
si7
"-
..
16
17
18
18
18
70
21
21'
24
26
.<
201
Philip M. Tuthinsky
7623 Charlesworth
Drrborn Hts., Michigan. 48127
Dr.\Tuchinsky is a computer sci,eptiht and applied matheOati ian at Ford Motor Company s Research and Engineering
Center. He formerly t
n .the Mathematical'Stiences
Department of Ohio Wesleyan University (where earlier
editions of this.paper were written).
'
ITT
built.
9/20/79
PROJECT STAFF
).Ross L. Finne
Solomon Garf
kel
Director
Associate Director/Consortium
Coordinetot.
Prerequisite Skills:
'Felicia De
Barbara Kel zewski
Paula M.-SS tillo
Zachary Ze itas
1.
W.T. Martin
Steven J. Brams
Llayron Clarkson
Ernest J. Henley
William Hogan
Donad A. Larson
William F. Lucas
Output Skills:
'
1.
General Equilibrium:
R. Duncan Luce
George Miller
Frederick Hosteller
Walter E. Sears
George Springer
Arnold A. Strassenburg
Alfred B. Willcox
'
M.I.T. (Chair)
New York University
Texas Southern University
Uniyersity of Houston
Haltvard University
SUNY at Buffalo
Cornell University
Harvard University
Nassau Community College
Harvard 'University
University of Michigit Press
Indiana University
SUNY at Stony Brook
MatheMatical Association of America
a
The Project would like to thank Kenneth R. Rebman of
California State University it Hayward and K.L. Huehn of California
Polytechnic State University for their reviews, and all others who
0
assisted in the production of this unit.
,
202
203
r
ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM:
PARTiI:
-.
Price Equilibrium
'1.
3.
momentary.
iliformafion."
eggs, etc.).
:13
(in dollars)
bill
-/
4:s 204
bLet
205
D and S,
Ddtlars
oriented advertising.)
5.
14:
actual domain
mathematical model
D = a + bP.
(2)
Figure 1.
S = c + dP
'
What can we
<
0.
Since
D and S,
Dollars.
ecp
equilibrium
There will be
price domain
Only non.
to
206
-0
267
''
Exercise 3.
> 0 give
a.
b.
P*
(3a)
S*
D*
da
d
PART II:
be
7.
1.5P
+ 5.25P.
b.
c.
the graph.
Put
4
Exercise 2.
are
D = 22
Repeat'Exercise 1 for
,
D = 30
4P
S= 6P
2.
(4)
'
2'
'6
208
209
al
.111 b12
a2
-b21
b21 422
d12 -P1
Di
al + b11P1 + 1)12'32'
c2
S2
D2 = a2
b21P1
(5)
1)2
(6)
'
22
P 2
.41
cl + d11P1 +
d12P2.,.
-D
d21P1
IS
.1
=,c2
21
b22P2
si
D2
d22P2'
Define
1,
S2
(7)
-
The a's, b's, c's and d's are all known real constants.
In the context of our large cars--small cars exatule, we
,
v..
increases (i.e.,
(&)
Compare (2).
D = a.+1)P
S = c
dP.
n.
22
> 0.
'c
S = D.
(.9)
.
-L''
'
.a.
'8.
is the value
P'*
IT.I:
c + dP*
a + bP*.
(Si 4s1
(10)'
210
.8
.211
to.
I-
equations to calculate D* =
I,
(11a)
P* = (d-b)_r (a-c).
Of course,' D* anli.S* in (11.b) are equal, a4 we should
,expect fromthe way woatalcVlated P*.,B-*--and S.
A little
matrix algebra will show this:
.
multiplication by the'matrix
inverse of d-b here very naturally replaces multiplication
*1k
Exercise 4.
D* = a + b(d-b)-1(a-c)
= (d-b)(d-b)-1; + b(d-b)-2(a-c)
= 12 - 1.5P- + P
1
D2 = 20e+ 2P
P2
= d(d-b)-1; - b(d-b)-1:
+ Ii(d-b)
= -5 1- 4P
1
+ 5P
'
b(d-b)
-1
c.
After the.can9eLlation:
by
a.
'
+ d(d-10-1(g-c),
show that
S* = d(d-b)
-1'"
a - b(d-b)
We get:
-1
c
also.
D* = a + b(d-b)
(a-c)
-1
(a-c)
S* = c + d(d-b) -1 (a-c).
44
Hmm .
in fact,
d -b
da - be =
da
be
d-b
_1 bia
fd
d- b
_1
bjG
212
= d(d-b)
-1
b(d-b)
-1
c,
not dealOt all, but who would ever write (da-bc)/(a -b)
ad-cb
d-b
(d-b)
-1
level:
(ad-bc) = (da-bc)(d-b)-1
Prove that
d(d=b)
-1
= (d-b1 Id
/)
*4
Prove that
b(d-b)
-1
= (d-b)
Ok
= S* = d(d-b)
- b(d-b)
-1
If we actually use this to calculate D* = S* we will compute one matrix inverse and
k
four matrix multiplications.
We don't have to work that
b(d-b)-lc
(da-i5c)
hard:
D *
c=
S* = a + bkd-b) -1 (a-c)
.16
ms
" D* =,S* = dl
b4
la
214
=.2
)c,
qt)
d(d-b)-1(a-c)
If
215
12
a.,
PART III:
11.
GENERALIZATLON TO n-PRODUCTS
4nd b
1,425
b1,7514
a're'all zero. A
lj
D
(13)
Si,
1'
for j = 1, 2, ..., n.
ra
b21 b22
b2n
c1
d11 d12 .: a ln
function:
D2
P + b P +
11 1
12 2
D2 = a2 + b21P1 44b22P2 +
iv
2n n
+bP
nn n
(14)
+ d P + d P +
11 1
12 2
+ d
= c
+ d
n2 2
nl
n2
nn
,1
P
ln n
ln n
_Dn
+ b 'P
+ b
+ dnnP
nl dn2
nn
Please compare this to (5) and (2), which are simply the
special cases n = 2'and n = '1.
Di
1
D2
D =
Dn
S =
n_
s-
as their prices
rise, demand foK large cars decreases.and supply increases.
P.
13
2/6 ;
Thus-
and d
1,2'
1,425
1,7514 will all be positive while the
other dij are zero.
D1 = al + b
217
we
01'
b
1
a2
21
b
b
12
...
22
bin
2n
ak
b=
a =
(16)
11
,41114
economic study.
bnl bn2
bnn
PART IV:
dln
dll
d
,c
21 ,22
13.
2n
Makdng'a Start
nn
4 a + bP
(17)
S= c + dP.
12.
balance.
One of the
price = f(supply,demand).
as the price
increases/decreases, the supply should inorease/decrease
while the demand decreases/increases. This wording
suggests that supply and demand are influenced by price:
solution:.
.1
*
= (d-b)
6-
--C.
lk
)
(18)
S*
d(d-b)-1a
* and thecomponents
of D* and S* does depend on the dimension n:
the entry
T,Areally calculatei P'* *P
'
218
'
15
219
4.4
h(P) = 0
15.
Hindsight is Perfect
Now that we have the Model of Part III and see that
the modelt of Parts I and II are just the special
cases,
n = 1 and n = 2, we know that'the.n-product
model (17)
and its solutions (18) are what we were'after when
'
'-
B.
we
began!
PART V:
16,
Total Demand
In the one-product model (2):
get
D i= a + bP
S =c + dP
'
la
.
221_
S* + AS* = D* + AD* =
d(a+Aa)-bc
d-b
a+Aa )-c
a-c
TT
d -,
b
a.
b.
(a+Aa)-c
a-c
d -b'
a7F
Aa
UTE'
Free Supply
17.
Again, in (2),
we have predicted
Exercise 9.
S = c + dP
from
[44:1 ],
causing an equilibrium
Calculate
AP *.
a-(c+Ac).
Exercise 10.
Repeat
thus AP* =
Ac
rg.
Exercise 11.
demandlevel from 9* = D* fo
with (3b)
E* = D* =
da - bc
d - b '
drop.,
we have
222
ig,
.47
223
ff%
Exercise 13.
s
D and S,
Dollars
.6
Exercise 14.
equilibrium
demand
Exercise 15.
b.
c.
S* = 1)*
--,
supply
Price P
price domain
PART VI:
Figure 3.
18.
N.1
P*.
S.
ine at P
0
1""Ps'Pd]'
af we needed to now_S and a for all P in the full
price domain (Ps,Pdl, we woul be stuck with these
2,24
to '$(P), ,
,
21
\ 22
f-)
225.
a
Exercise 16.
(21).
S'OWD(12
D and S,
:Dollars
6(P1) = S(Y1) 4
Exercise 17.
)S(P )
0
u )-D'(P )
'(P
S,)-01(P
0
0
solving f(x)
close to the
root.)
.better approximation
of P* than our initial approximation Po was. Theory (we
1
is
close to P.
0111o
Figure 4.
curves.
taking
(2), with
a = D(P0)
- PolP(P0)5
b = Di(P0)
changes.
c = S(P0) - PoS1(P0)
1(1)0)*
19.
PO
S.1(P0).7D'(P0)'
and P
226
227
D and S,
Dollars
D(P)
PART VII:
1.
P* - 4 dollars/item,
2.
3.
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
S* = D* =46 dollars.
= 3.2 dollars/item,
a.
S* = D* = 17.2 dollars.
and d > 0.
Figure 5.
Twq lines with a > 0, b < 0, c < 0, d > 0 yet S*= D* < 0
can be easily drawn:
D and S,
Dollars
D(P)
S(P)
1
1
Price P
Ps
110
Pd
D(Pl.= a + bP
S(Ps) = c + dP
Figure'6.
> 0
= 0
25
223
=t>
d'
a -
> O p
4*
ad 2 bc > 0..
26
0 from (3b).
Since D* > 0 we
i',
when total
at
:.
4,5.
P * '=
. t
12.
6.
S* = c + d(d-b)
-1
rl
S*7= D* = [2;7.5].
[25 5],
(a-c)
= d(d-b)
= d(d-b)
-1
c-- b(d-b)
-1'
-1'
c + dZd-b)
a - d(d-b)
c
and
= d(d-b)
7.
-1
d(d-b)
-1a
'
-1
- b(d-b), c.
= (d-b)
-1
-1
--"'
(a+Aa) - b(d-b)
-1'
S* = D* = d(d-b)
-1'
a -yd-b)
-1
c.
Subtraction gives
4>
4>
(d-b) [d(d-b)-3](d-b)
(a-b) [(d-b)
-1'
d] (d-b).
13,
14.
(d-b)d = d(d-b)
t>
- bd = d
r'N
- db
P*
AP* = (d-b)
Ac).
(a
4> bd = db.
subtraction gives
8.
AP*
-b) -1Ac.
41
From (llc),
=$d(d-b)
Since
- b(d-b)
S* = D* = gd-b)
Aa.
---
(c+Ac)
while
P* = (d-b)(a-c),
P* = (d-b)
-1
a - b(d-b)
-1-'-
c.
Thus
.
-1-'
Ac.
d(a+Aa)-bc' da-bc
d-b
dAa
d-b
at
230)
231
27
.16
te.
28
17.
S(P)
for P.
= x
x
1
f (x)
r(x)
is exactly (21).
'a
232
S.
29
Return to:
EDC/UMAI
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 1
Student: If you have trouble with a specific part of this unit, please fill
out 'this form and take it to your instructor for assistance. The information
you give willehelp the author to revise the unit.
Your Name
Unit N
Page
Section
1.11313cr
OR
OR
()Middle
Paragraph.
Text
Problem No.
Q Lower
Description of Difficulty:
Model Exam
'Problem No..,
(Please be specific).
233
InstrUctor's Signature
Please use reverse if necessary.
Return el):
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 2
Unit Questionnaire
Name
.
Unit Ho.'
Institution
Check the
1.
Date
Course No.
.121)!.ce for each question that comes closest to your personal opinion.
Sample solutions were too brief; I could not do the intermediate steps
'Sufficient information was given to solve the problems
Sample solutions were too detailed; I didn't need them
3.
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how much did you use other sources (for
example, instructo;t friends, or other books) in order to understand the unit?
'A Lot
4.
Nat at all
A Little
'
How long was this uiit in comparison to the amount of time you generally spend on
a lessdn (lecture and homework assignient) in a typical math or science course?
Much
Longer
5.
Somewhat
Somewhat.,
About
_the Same
Longer
Somewhat
Shorter'
Much
Shorter
Were any of the following parts of the unit confusing'or distracting? (Chea
as many as apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement of skills and concepts (objectives)
Paragraph headings
Examples
Special Assistahpe Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
6.
Were any of .the following parteof the unit particularly helpful? (Check as many
as apply.)
Prerequisites
'Statement of skills and concepts.(objectiVes)
Examples
Troblems1
ParagEaph headings
TablePf Contents
Special' Assistance Supplement (if present)
ther, please explain
Please describe anything in the -unit'that you did not particularly like.
sr
Please describe anything that you found particularly helpful. (Please use the back of
this sheet if you need more space.).
234
by
Philip*M. Tuchinsky
Department of Mathematical Sciences
Ohio Wesleyan University
'Delaware, Ohio 43015
P'LLICATIONS PROJECT
'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
f
111
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1:2
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM:
-1:3
2.
1
1
LEONTIEF'S MODEL
2.1
Ay Philip M. Tuchinsky
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
.......
2
3
3
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.2
p. 571..
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
12
5.1
5.2
5.3
I
edo/umap/55chai)el st./,newton,mass.02160
235
12
13
13
5.4
5.5
6.
15
REFERENCES
15
17
7.
18
8.
22
236
Philip M. Tuchinsky
Department of Mathematical Sciences
Ohio Wesleyan University
Delaware, Ohio 43015
12/28/77
PROJECT STAFF
Output Skills:
1.
Define/explain the one-product company as an nput-output
process unit.
2.
Define meaning of entry aii of Leontief 'matrix.
3.
Dilcuss an application leaaing to large sets o(linear
sirailtaneous equations.
4.
Calculatelequitibeium production.levels for a multi - sector
Leontief economy.
-5. Calculate (I-A)l approximately using geometric)
for
matrices.
-1
6.
Explain why (I-A)
will have entries > 0 if matrix A has
.
entries > O.
,/
fr
*/
'
Ross L. Finney
Solomon Garfunkel
Felicia Weitzel
Barbara Kelczewski
Dianne Lally
Paula M. Santill'o
Jack Alexander
Edwina Michener
e3.4.,
Coordinator
Associate Director for Administration
Coordinator for Materials Production
Pallect Secretary
Financial Assistant/Secretary
Editorial Consultant
Editorial COhsultant
7.
Dli6ss money as simply one more product in an economy.
.8,
Discuss "economics of scale" vs. "constant returns to scale" and
.
43.
Director
Associate Director/Consortium
W.T. Martin
Steven J. Brams
Llayron Clarkson
James D. Forman
Ernest J. Henley
66nald A. Larson
William F. Lucas,
Frederick Hosteller
Walter E. Sears
George Springer
Arnold A. Strassenburg
Alfred B. Willcox
MIT (Chairman)
New York University
Texas Southern University
Rochester Institute of Technology
University of Houston
SUNY at Buffalo
Cornell University
Harvard University
University of Michigan Press
Indiana University
SUNY at Stony Brook.
Mathematical As'sociation of Atherica
Solomon Gatlibnkel
....Other
Related Units:
a
237
238
INTRODUCTION T.
Economics in 1973.
it in some detail.
A sensible economic questipn: how much ofeach product should be produced to closely satisfy the total demand
for the product by all users? That is, how can we match
are involved.
1.1
1.3
demand.,
"
Consumers 'and Conihnies 'Bor*Til"-a COMplex ,Econc10
The
companies' are
e
;
4
elaborately intetitIatath, Whe
2.
LEONTIEF'S MODEL
steef!'
to the Oh ic.
230
We assume that
woducZ.
dollars worth of
i
-'240
2.4
calculatethexvalues
needed to produce a "final demand
i
i
i2
N.
(2)
x. = a
+a 12 x 2 + ... +a x + d
in n
x
il
i)
The
2.5
Next, we need
all
2
a21
1?
22
will be zero.
ij
th
do
ant
n2
nn
a
1=1
ij
> 0.
A
(4)
d
i
A)--Ix
241
O ',
Or
( 5 )
x.
A ki
x = Ax + d
'
242-
In fact (I - A) -1
must exist for our given matrix A. (This is true for any
matrix where a.,
ii
Ei a.
ij
<
1.)
>
--
a/
-.
_.%
( 6)'.
(I- A)-1
in (5):,
di
V',
'
411I
The input of
their labor.
The data above is not the Leontief input output array we have
studied, butillNe Can calculate the Leontief matrix from it
440
any realism.
there some way to calculate (I,- A)I 1 easily? See
A = (181//;(0)
1/3360]
1.
and t =
.26]
Exercises
b.
(I - A)x' d
Calculate (I - A)
1_,.
d.
(11
Is
Section 3.
2.7
(.121
2.:
+FROM/TO 4
Agriculture
Manufacturin g
Households
Total
AGR1CULT.
4
20
243
TOTAL
10
-20
18
30
20
30
20
10
6,
'8
MFG.'
Each "company"
produces its product (which is still labor in the case of thehouseholds) so as to supply the other two companies and create
t.
244
I
1
CONSUMPTION
,
AGRICULT.
+FROM / TO 4'
MFG.
INVESTMENT
HO.
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Households
18
8 `
Savings
17
20
30
.20
12
Total
20
30
20
TOTAL
12
(r-A)
82
I-A.)
b.
leontief model.
c.
Solve (I
An Example*
3.3\
0airtaate-iI
A) -1 -anct:ttretr-get-X -from x
Show your,calculations.1
Answers to b, c, d shoUld alt by the same.
.2
Thig exercise is
A =
3.
HOW TO CALCULATE- (I
A)
- 1
EASILY
.2
.2
.1
so that I -A =
%1
1.1392
(I-A)-1
4-a
1-should make you think of" -- geometric serie,p!7-You recall
I+A =
+ a + a2 t a3 +
17
(8)
.1
1.2
0
1.1
.007
0
A3 =
.010
= (1 - A)-1,
A
.0017,
4..
+A +A 4
.1392
.7-
'
=2
/0005
1.13
0
.24
r thus
.0017
0
.2524 .
246
.283
1.2496
.0612
.12621
0
1.1387
.171
.04
14.13
.25
.0012
0
:26
1.24
1.137
3
thus I+A+A +A =
.007
thqs,I+A+A =
.03
E1.1387
.005
.0016
:0052
0
.0024
I +OA
.02
.018
.008
.016
-245
0
1
.06
.04
.04
0
.04
.2
..03
1).
1.1
.2
'
.1266
A
1
.9
(7)
'-:1
-1
.8
.2848
1.25
.0633
.2532
-.2
0
-.2
and,
,3./
.9
.125
0
.0'56 1.137
.278
1.248
./1
3.6
Using A =
3.
'
(.3
.6
.4 1
.4)
a.
approximate. (I-A)
Exercises
'
b.
-1
10/31
p r i n t s
A 2
etc.
approximated.
3c
promised.
c.
(9)
(I + A + A2 +
4.
lim A
15.
because products
of small%positive numbers get smaller. To say
Within .005?
'
(Exercise 1, continued)
= 0
(I + A)
(I + A + A2) CI
(I + A + A2 + A3) a
etc.
-1
6
=
+ A + A2 + A
'14
(Exercise 2, continued)
3
,
247
4.
4.1
11,
248
10
14'
involves a,1
dollars of
-.,
a2i
+ anj <
+d 2
=,(1,1,. .,1)
dn
03
a..
tj
i=1
Thus the
(13)
(a01,a02,...00n)
(1,1.7.,1) -
(1,1,1,...,1) A = u
(I-A) t
/1
a0
(a01,. ,a0n)
=,
(I- A)
'/
x-
lz
ao, xi
jEl
"" aft)
x.2
1.1
3
4,=
xn
4.2
=u
dnJ
.1.,
Here a
d
d
=1
1:.
u = (1,1,1,...,1)
alj
First, no-,
(a01, a02,
5.
a0n)''
5.1
u,'
(I -A) il:T) 1
cancels .
C
c1
f 4* d; +
+d
-"t
+ d
+ d
x > d.+ d
1
+.
and public.
dn
a0
AP
We will now prove that equality must \told in (12),
x = di + d2 +
+ dn., if we use production levels
ef's
abor
traditional companies.
."
We will
/20
12
to equate supply and demand (i.e., to study general equilibrium) tend to )e so theoretical that no useful numbers
__can be calculated from them; one can instead use them-to
to
nightwork done on
,
,
5.3
e.
--
our economy.
25.1
13
'p"
25
14-
Theuseofconstanttechnologicalciata,theaihas
j,
companies.
Froth 1929
He was
chief of the Russian Economic Subdivision of the
eral government hgs been a ma %r sponsor of Leontief's research and employs a massiv
Government agencies of mo
including the Scandin
5.5
ern Europe, the USSR and Many developing nations use such
models.
Such
models.
Since the
10:
253
45
254,
16
The author
--
--
employmeri.
--
Look up "Leontief"
6.
10.
46
REFERENCES
v-
" Walter
'
9,
Advanced References:
1. 1.
'Input-Output Economics
Scientific American,
ctober, 1951.
2.
7.
Exercises:
3.
Th6bYugoslavian Economy,
4.
d as in Exercise 1.
a.
17
255
The
through 8.
7.
total
In [8]
C.
ov,
.25c
1'
Convergence wil l
Input (WM Table fog the I uppttarbin Economy 1961 (In Million: of Owns)
htanu
Desionalrun
Orlon
1.64duulasliams
2 Agrisuliute
3 I ',vestry
4 Construstton
S Transpori and .
and fOrestr;
3.566
5)0
1.235
6.656
137.391
220
26,189
39,900
20,508
32.946
6.407
466
166.311
11,114
14.292
2.453
31.624
39.256
9.028
959
237
130
2.423.135
641 .106
54.222-
149.(.66
4ei'.748
42.677
525.599
11.459
60.257
1,060.309
203.281
30,673
4.036.258 1.412.663
116.610
CM
746
10 Osprwalion
Personal !maims:
12 As untolation
isamast
13 Subtotal (9 121
14 IAA fCJN: tn./
8.939
2,100
Others
37.904
3.997
1,299
11
9 Sibtutal 4101
43.704
Subtotal
(1 -8)
9 9.
9,326 2.397,665
31113
44
370
403
12.299
5.579
10.714
894
207,375
130,783
7,069
2.849
1,613
614
277
68.406
46.290
8,561
1.063.-s
'
76
703
1.25'3
859
378
760,834
88.759
196.447
469.021
193,833
74.009
58.484
12.749 3.880.'59
21,300
16,112
120.266
2,096
173,067
54.785
94.313
2,106
300,200
16,090 1,430,961
202.9.60
134.187
340,115
34.764
37,$7V2.045.179
866.34
477.1111
551.122
133.965
68,815 7.662.899
38,621
....,
'
'
118.369
1.522
71.643
Slost,
I5 Imports
,9
52
and
(falls
253.527
16.086
6 Thine
II
9.
230.1941
/....,8 Others
8,
Sawa
Trade
4,5114
.79,122
81 371
1,849.873
Communisal ..... s
Exercise 7.
1 (3) ;
3.
and
cahoots
construction (4);
2.
Transport
Con
struchon conununo
fasturatig
37.598
.2.090
146.113
1.122
119,822
.,
1).9'13
669,171
20.247
866,348
9.588
497,365
551,122
133,965
51,671
845,261
78.403 8,539.931
Q.
s.
b.
c.
Solve
Destination
........
Ns
se to
Gross
Stos.1,
Insestment
eonsumptton
J.
Expoits
r higin,
10
. .
hlanufaoiirini
AgIliulture
forest'',
'
1782252
6
9
4 Constiuction
5
Transport and'-......)
Conunu nilations
Trade
Services and
Crafts
8. Others
9 Subtotal (1.10
681
8,835
655,773
9103
. 6.733
39,485
2,645..
196,945
Consutnpttsin
13
552,553
72.637.
3.501
26.4
General
Consurnoton
1;
II
' 463.62d
6.106
1,204
Personal
-..--
1.168,940
109.758.
51.571
'
1,008
796.742
960,817
731,979
20.423
14
15
162.802
24,0*
1,124
150,151
19,1
306,870
10,694
10,190
Ata,
2,231.814
v..,
16
1.123.619
756,005
21,547
23.748
23,748
:'s
Subtotal
-(10:14)
Total Consuntpoon
(13-14)
2,318,747
835.560
31.063
679,901
.
169,998
.323.177
Total
Output
(9+16)
17
1.596.30
119.822
866.348
289,990
420,339
497.365
551,122
133,965
11.626
20.651
61,710
65,559
30.841
1.----......
12.113
711.403
278,834
2,510,645
4,673,272
8,559,831
'
Za..,J ra Stutot hem (1966j 'Itautobno Odndu Provrednoh Detainetio Juandavoe u 1992 GodonCrIntersndustry
turns of the 1 usorlas k onum) on 1902") Beograd
25
'
4,716.412
8.
(J4
I.
Transport
Destinaiiiin
Mani,.
factunng
Agriculture
forestry
Origin
I. Manufactut
2. Agriculture
299
47,216
33,143
3.654
7,680
1.393
992
104,452
85.882
4,222
50
195
86,083
2.316
1.320
6
498
13.481
16,428
2,635
301.
93,935
63,040
73
79
7.102
88
56.352
2.829
414
370
.1.849
662
1,379,403
337.640
24.183
191.970
113.764
40.901
101,306
13,362
20,729
388,407
1.971
45,332
7.933
55,435
34,500
41,358
7.24,9
il'54,695
4,391
56,380
77,250
28,967
53,622
50.085
139,197
45,267
21;'676"1.046.196
2,238,915
824,086
100.453
307,960
241,707
242,042
-207,344
38,392 4,260,899
1,851
443.691
91.566
683
30
8.086
630,132
...___.
8,208
9,"38
1.158
4.912
84,275
40
1,349
8,446
915,652
101 136
Increase in
Gross
Stocks
Insestmen
10
Exports
12
119,406
10.549
4. Construction
S. Transport and
B. Subtotal (1-8).,
276.257
70.250
7,544
4,946
$8,688
25,628
1,986
18.989
2,301
281,797
5,953
1,113
272,000
1,010 ,
7. Services and
1
Crafts,
S. Others
242.012
2.558
'20',344
546,614
135,732
.2,
.2
.4
.6
.4
.2
.15
.05
4-.2
d ='
,.
2
b.
.8
-.2
- .4
.4
-.05
.8
aI
sumptson
sumption
-14)
13
14
15
General
Con
Total Con
438,903
419,447
17,830
132,724
8,625
1.168
19.136
428,0%1
18.998.
74,599%
16.615
120,135
30]
[20
={7313;:i
2
12,294_
Subtotal
(10-14)
Total
Output
(9 +16)
16
17
1,249,08
514,824
2.684.457
915,652
19,1361
27,655
291,562
161,136
307,990
91,214
132.429
115.85
179,002
<242,042
'15.810
6,238
118,184
10,397
123.069
11,119
207,344
40,950
584,768
441.61$
1,177,447
212,610
1.390.057
2.552.176
4.749.364
30
20
as expected.'
I
11.
249.793
102.374
4.159
Mr). Beograd.
3/20
1/20
4/20
40.950 4,749.364
242
and
c as the solution x =
Persona:Consumption
426
2,584
6/30
18/30
6/30
151,444
806,071
%-
'
480 o'
4
A =
a,
249 793
307,993
Origin
6, Trade
20
Consumption
Communication*
4/20
8/20
8/20
"
2.
29.831
3. Forestry
results.
1,851
2.6114.457
I. Manufaciunng
2. Agriculture
[2300)
The "production.totals" in
6.021 2,197,188
4'
Niko=
x =
"
19.843,
156,018
16 Tout (13-15)
has solution
11
Precisely.
5.166 1.435,370
10
400,828
j168
1427
b.
Subtotal
21,919'
10,437
26,
Sto.14
Imports
Others
Crafts
14, I/wax in
IS
and
15.685
10,845
10 13epreetation
1f Personal Income
II Subtotal (9-121'
199
50,030
4.922
9.5ub4ul (1-8)
12 Accumtilation
(saingsl
1,485
5,377
15.462
123,354
Trade
=
SerRa
and
49.133
268,853
1,019
1.081.250
.
3. Forestiy
4-Gonstruction
S. Transport and
Communications
6. Trade
7 Semites and ,
Crafts
8 Others
Con
strut:lion CommuOi
cattuns
(-1 -1
input-01door Table for the Yugoslavian Economy 1958 (ot Minions of Dinars)
19240941191-
Interindustryltelatsows
Abe
I
.260
21
259
22
4
3.
b.
5.
Reproduction
Res'ults:
d:
117.014399j
21.843199
e830053
1:664265
1.660107
3.324373'
IS
1.666110
1.6461.6
0.832573
3.331257
29.876499
'No
0.833157
3.33282
19.99800-,
29.994555
2.999707
19.999974,
?9)999931
..
261
29..999983
262
-p
24
231
6.
7.
fp 17.102386
ANO LEAOS TO OUTPUTS
19.184608
28.278700
18.920162
Manufacturing
Agriculture
Forestry
4. Construction
5. Tyansport and Communications
6 Trade
7.
8. Others
Total
Total Output
Final Demand
20th Round
1st Round
2nd Round
3rd Round
10:h Round
2,318.747
835,560
31.063
679,901
289.990
420,339
65,559
32,113
1c91,c9e
4.201.567
1.418,674
100,006
848,359
4,483,704
4.115.489
1.596,030
4,673,272
6,775,199
1,226.465
76.903
814,776
409.701
492930
104,519
56,310
458,548
524,941
120,686
68,182
7,742,963
1.512.349
110,812
859,071
479,915
539,248
127,933
73,751
8,186,783
119,786
866,321
497,296
551,074
133,941
78,385
8,558,322
19.997815
/9.995388
19.99710
264
29.998281
19.998921
26
25
133,965
78,403
8,559,831
4,7i .412
1,5
,394
119,822
866,148
497,365
551,122
19.984272
29.966800
19.979172
263
Yugoslavia, l962
19.957799'
1,.666634
have not
29.910913
19.944112
1.666551
114.1276991
[17.607299
12.222199)
Industrial Sector
1.666571
k
R turh to:
/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
New n, MA 02160
STUDENT FOgii 1
Student:
If you have troublt with a specific part of this unit, please fill
out this form and take it to your instructor for assistance. The information
you give will help the author to revise the unit.
Your Name
Unit No.
Page
0 Upper
Model Exam
Problen No.
Section
OR
OR__
()Middle
Paragraph
Text
Problem No.
0 Lower
Description of Difficulty:
(Please be specific)
;r
VO.
Instructor:
26';
1
Instructor's Signature
Return to:
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 2
Unit Questionnaire
.1%
Date
`Unit No.
Name
Course No.
Institution
Check the choice for each question that cbmes closest to your personal opinion.
How, useful was the amount of detail in the unit?
1.
2.
Sample solutions were too brief; I could not'do the intermedtate steps
Sufficient information was given to solve the problems
Sample solutions were too detailed;_Ididn't need them.
(for
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how much did'you use other sources
unit?
example, instructor, friends, or other books) in order to understand the
Not at all
A Little
,Somewhat
A Lot
3.
generally spend on
How long was this unit in comparison to the amount of time you
'sciende course?
a lesson (lecture and homework,assignment) in a typical.math or
Much
Sociewhat
Abaut
Somewhat
Much
Shorter'
Shorter
theSame
Longer
Longer
4.
'
(Check
Were any of the following parts'of the unit confusing or distracting?
as many as apply.)
5.
Prerequisites
Statement of skills and concepts (objectives)
Paragraph headings
Examples
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
particularl,helpful?(Check as many
Were any of the following parts, of the unit
as apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement of skills and concepts (objectives)
Examples
Problems
-Paragraph headings
Table of Contents
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
6.
particularly like.
Please describe anything in the unit that you did not
266
1,
umap
UNIT 210
ti
by
Philip Tuchinsky
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
LAMINAR FLOW
1
by Philip Tuchinsky
2.
POISEUILLE'S LAW
2
3.
4.
top of fluid t
5.
fi
6.
area
vR2
10
aka
8.
DISCRETE SUMMATION
11
9.
(,
10.
collect
flow
here
CALCULATION OF VISCOSITY
14
11.
EXERCISES
15
,e
12.
REFERENCE
13.
ti
268
7623 Charlesworth
Dearborn Heights, MI 48127
III
be built.
9/1/78
APP(. CALC/eNGINEERING
abroad.
PROJECT STAFI
Ross L. Finney
Solomon Garfunkel
Prerequisite Skills:
1.
Calculation of the integrals fxdx and fx3 dx
2.
Knowledge that lc f(x) dx.= cff(x)dx
3.
Recognition of an integral as a limit of Riemann sums.
4.
Comfort with summation results like 1 + 2 + 3 +
+ n
n(n+1)/2.
Felicia WeitzelZ
Barbara Kelczews1ti
5.
Solomon Garfunkel
Dianne Lally
Paula M. Santillo
Project Secreta7
Financial Assistant/Secretary
MIT (Chair.man)
0'1978 EDCiProject
All rights reserived.
259
Director
Associate Director/Consortium.
Coordinator
AssOciate Director for Administration.
Coordinator for Maerials Production
270
r
.
.
.
Poiseuille.
result about viscous fluid flew has
many other applications.
We can use it to study!the
flow'of air in the windpipe, oi,l in a pipeline,
water
in a pipe system, grain flowing by.pipe,into the hold'
of a ship, etc. The assumptions involved .in
the result
make it more applicable to some of these problems than
LAMINAR FLOW
4
through--
ad
"
7
4
-flow
:_
Figure
r.
2.
.Y
(1)
- r2)
(cm7Sec.;)
:
pressure change PI
P2 down the length of
' the 0.pet'(dyneicie)
=
.
a*with their
Variables will ie.given
cm-gram-second (cgs) Units
to help us understand their physical
as ephysical
system.
POISEUILLE' S LAW
meaning.
.,.
4ny system of
11.
r'
.5
27
0-1
I.
in final vs.
Poiseuille.
fluid in at higher
pressure PI
fluid speed
is v(r)
o-
'name is disputed:
But the
Reference:
Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, 1975 edition, vol.II,
-T- p. 62.
t
Figure' 2.
4.1
3.
d)
r only.
Ives
'
xer)
1.) 7'
/ (R2
2j
the flow is
where g'4. 980 cm /sec/sec is the gravitational
use- (1) .
f)
273
J
4r
4.
We
(Notice
'
in
We are
-.-
AA(cm) 2 '(shd
'
) will flow out of the pipe through AAin the.one:stcond. This stack has, volume v(r)..(AA).
A
area AA
0
Figure 3.
Summ ar
(2)
5.
engineering
ot.
276
to ring.
What value will approximate the constant
velocity in the jth
:
Pick any point in that ring;
say, pick a point that is tj
its out from the cebter
with r.
Them vil
is a typical speed
3-it, 3
)
for the )
ring and (2) says that
<
<
.1
(0 < r < R)
v(t.)[ir.2-.Iir. 2]
J
J
J-1
< r1 < r2
1
Lo
< r
n-1
< r
= R
[r
j-1'
ri.
)
..(3)
F =
v(ti) [Irrj2
j=1
is
Irj_1].
'
In fact,
r.
r
7
6.
has area
IT(r)2
Ar. = r.
rj_i
7
8
es*
7 "1
,Co
278
Then
7.
n r it- nr.
33=t,
= n(r.
.3-1 + Dr.);
3
rj_i2
(At.)
4'
f(x) dx.
hr.).
3
= 1.
3v(t.)(2nr.
6
n -0- m, and all' subinterval widths 66.r.
shrink to
=
j1
f(t.)[x.
3
j-1
f(x) dx
a
I 'f(t.1Cg(x.) -: g(x.
j=1
R
f
r--P (R2
2
- r2)
2r14 dr
t
i= n(r. +r.
3
3-1
3-1.
)(r.'3
3-1
f(x) dg(x)
a
8k.1,
)1
nR
j"
J'
'
r3 -1)
we havefroil (3)
v(r) d(ler,2)
0
(4)
j=1
As .n
we get
co, t j
,.
)(r. -r.
).
3-1
P'
(R 2
-'r2)
/.
n(r + r) dr
o
,-
_ 1R v(r) (2nr) dr
as before.
9.
279
ig
280
10
ti
To
develop this idea, we should let all the rings
*
have that fixed finite thickness Or. Thus r0
0 = 0.Ar,
ri
r2 = r1 + tr = 2tr, etc.; the n+1 partition
points are r = jAr, j= 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Let's
If f
b
j
'
( 5)
j=1
F =
--
.*
2nr dr,
Pn
4kL
(R2
ri
- j2(Or)2)(2j
1)(Ar)2:
j=1
124W1
j2)(2j
(n2
j=1
1)
Then
Plr,(4g).4
[ 2Et;
3) + z 0.246 2r12
n2E 1].
There
(j 3)
= 13 + 23 +
() 2) =
-
8.
+n3 -
j =1
DJSCRETE SUMMATION
1 2
2 2
+n2
n(n+1)(2n + 1)
j=1
j= 1+ 2+ 3+
+ n
n(n +l)
2
'
j=1
After
1 =
= n.
j=1
et
n-
,pcstimes
12
11
.281
of
282
41.
F . 141_
(6)
112(n+1)(n-1)
htil*:Pn(1
n+1
.11;11
T il
As,n + co,
-1
2
\
When we Want to compute a sum, we often
use the
integral to approximatein
a prOblem (like our curyent
f
one) where n + co does not make sense.
If n is in fact
4
very large, only.a small error is made. To do the ,
actual sum for large n would'be cumbersome; by
letting
n
0, we gainiall theNcalcuIational
power of the integral
calculus and save the algebra that led to (6).
I
',1
..
R
v(r) d (Tri2)
--4
13.11
SR L
R4
v(r) =
Pn
T" (R
- r 2 )?
10.
CALCULATION pF VISCOSITY
(a' 4.
,a beaker.
9.
INTEGRATION;
LaW,contains'lobal information:
the
speed of fluid flow at a specific spot in
the pipe
is v(r).
Our result (21 that v,AA is the -total flow
through a bit of area AA where v is the (almost)
I-
10F = 10
8kL
ITR413
we calculate.
13
14
231
:284
.10
c)
3.
area
nR2
value V.
a)
collect,
'flow
here
,b)
. Figure
5.
f v(r) 2yr dr
v
R
1.
c)
(112
r2) 2nr dr =
yll`P
,,
.
8KI.,
4.
2.
1.2 nr dr
0
EXERCISES
a)
Repeat with
larger valUes of n.
b)
veloLty fs
V (y
, 4
-r4)rr
4.
+ b
.."(L
12.
REFERENCE
to'
ft
285
8(3
a
Or
.
16
.13.
1.
VOW
First convert
IR
to -2274-ra
ZnP
r dr
0
2:
b)
c)
(R 2PR2
Kr,
Prz'
r2 dr.
44.
a)
27r dr = 3nPR"
727
If th
vipg at the same speed;
at air ivants in t e cross
- sectional circ14
of radius R, that constant.speed
would of
course be the average of the Poispuille's
Law speeds:
From (2), using AA .=47R2,,
c).
:21( 7E1:
At r = 0, v(0)
= V .=
R2 . 2V
..
=f
("\f
17
287;
.%
Return to:
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newtoni, MA 02160,
STUDENT FORM 1
Your )ame
^
Unit No.
Page
Upper
Model Exam
Problei No.
Section
OR
OR
()Middle
Paragraph
Text
Problem No.
Q Lower
Description of Difficulty:
Instructor:
(Please be specific)
ft
o,
11^
)1
3
'Instructor's Signature
Y.
Return to:
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.'
Newton,\MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 2
.
Unit Questionnaire
Name
Unit No.
Institution
Date
Course No.'s..
Check the choice for each question that comes closest to your personal opinion.
1.
2.
Sample solutions were too brief; I-could not do the intermediate steps
Sufficient information, was given to solve the problems
Sample solutions were too detailed; I didn't need-..them
3.
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how Mich did you use other sources (for
example, instructor, friends, or other books) inarder to understand the unit?
(A Lot
4.
Somewhat
1 Little
Not at all
How long wad:ths unit. in ,comparison to the amount of time you'generally spend on
alesson (lecture and homework assignmt in'a typical math or science course?
%
..,
Much
4
it
Longerifi
Somewhat
Longer
5.
III
About
the Same
._...
Somewhat
Shorter
Much
,..
Shorter
Were any ofithe following parts.of the unit confusing or diatracting? (Check
as many ablapply.)
,
Prefequll!tes
Stat'tient of skills and concepts (objectives)
Paragraph headings
o
Examples
SpeLial Adsistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
6.
.#
Were any of the following parts of the unit particularly helpful? (Check as litany
as apply.)
_____
Prerequisite*
Statement of kills and concepts, (objectives)
Examples
.
Problems'
/
,
Paragra
headings'
74able of ontents
rSRecial Adsistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
Please describe anything in the unit that you'did not particularly like.
Please dfecrihe anything that you found particularly helpful. (Please use the back of
this sheet if" you need, more space.)
2q9
.()UMAP MODULE?"
MODULES AND
MONOGRAPHS IN
UNDERGRADUATE
MATHEMATICS
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
"tr
"Co
'CA
ed
CC`
er
:3-.
r
The Human
Cough
by Philip Tuchinsky
,o-r
trj
CT1
N m N ct.
>,
>,
r'r
err
JYr
,
-0
4
.
.0
QS
.
.
sL
err
0
911.
.0
ts1
fZ
ts4
Co
.3
co. --3 Birthauser Boston Inc.
381/Green Street
Cambridge, MA 02139
IV
7/30/80
Prerequisite Skills:
1.
Differentiation of polynomials.
Interpretation of dy/dx = 0 and the Second Derivative Test for
identifying maxima and minima.
3.
Operations on inequalities.
4.
Basic curve sketching as taught in calculus.
'Educational Objectives:
1.
To see how a physical assumption may lead to a, choice of domain
for a function.
' 2.
To see an application of maximization of a unction on a closed
interval domain.
3.
To interrelate biology, physics, and calculus.
Related Units:
Viscous.Fluid Flow and theIntegral CalculdS (Unit 210)
UMAP Editor for this Module:
ti
Solomon Garfunkel
:2 9 1
A*
Philip Tuchinsky
7623 Charlesworth
Dearborn Heights, MI 48127
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
LAMINAR FLOW
4.
5.
PERFECT ELASTICITY
6.
'
7.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEAT
8.j
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
A
,
41
fl
292
Ii
THE HUMAN COUGH
.1:
ei.
Wh
To
increase the speed of the airflow, your body also contracts the.windpipe during a cough, making a nafrarer-,
channel
for the air to flow through.
-
For a given*amount,
2.
circular cross section, andapply.the differential calcu4, using the following notation:
1,
293.
P
1
`P
in
3.
LAMINAR FLOW
See Figure 1.
Tn 1840, French physiologist Jean Poiseulle* established that the speed of the
*1797-1869.
arteries.
. -t
central axis
Figure 1.
The air in the trachea is assumed to flow in
thin concentric cylindrical layers called Laminae.
Inner
layers move'faster than outer ones, which are slowed by
friction with the tracheal wall.
T1)
F = cPR
cm /sec,
9:1
295
4.
(3)
(Vt)(nR )
nR V
cm /sec:
'V =
(4)
F
--7
-t-TR
T.
PR
nR
riR
2
,
wfitYt ci = c/n.
-...
5.
PERFECT ELASTICITY
Ra -
That ig,
R = aP,
fact for
4
296
Rn
(6)
0
2a
0 < P < --
R <
Natural Length
a.
Unstretched:
b.
Stretched
Figure 2.
A spring stretched beyond its natural (unstressed)
length by a force of magriitude f.
ti
297
4
'114
That is,
f
k(x-x0),
tracheal wall
is proportional
298
r
6. WHAT RADIUS R MAKES V THE LARGEST?
We'can use '(5), the f5rmulqfot-.perfect elasticity,
.
..
t
'
110-R
(1).,
c i(
= c (R -R)12
0
cm/sec.
.
Here c
= c /a and R
are constants.
0'
"N
Exercise 2.
Show that V = c (R
a.
R)R2
'41
result:
c.
.
< O.
Inperpret this
Carefully explain how you know that V has 'its absolute Maximum
at R = 2R0/3 when
when R is restricted to the domain [IR0,R0].
O
'.
This' agrees
:a
Exercise 3..
a.
b.
7.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
O
8.
R
1.
0 <P <
0 #
2a
(multiplication by a)
0
<-.> 0 < R0 - <R T (substitution from (5)).
The left ha'f, 0 < R0 - R,
half, R
0,
Ro
R < -2
is equivalent to T. < R.
'
a
0
a.
b.
dV
wif
= 10-1)R 2
d2v
maximum.
300
c.
i.
0
eridpo into -
c R
2
3
0
endpoint R0
3
c2 Ro
ke
3.. the polynomial f(R) = (120-R)R2 has a double root at R = Q, and
a ingle root at s12 = R0.
a
f(R)
Max
inflection
min
R0/3
R0/2. 2R0/3
301
.
1
UMAP
ODULE 215
MODULES AND
MONOGRAPHS IN
UNDERGRADUATE
MATHEMATICS
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
',
...
tb
..2
..2
-i
,..
0,
-i
u-.
u...e
..1
>, 0 >,
-)*
err
0 > 0
:0.
'7. Aca
,1
'C--
-C-"17)
I =Il
c4
Applications of Calculus
to Social Science
[t ]
*6
'Cr ,
NJ
14
O
V)
LA
.41
"V
E.
51
":1
7.
'S
.6
ti
--I
vf
A 4A 4
.0
'
:0-
C:D
by Philip Tuchinsky
a) >,
err, IX err
0'
.--.
. = . .. =
,
Zipf's Law
and His
Efforts to Use
.
Infinite Series
in Linguistics
1
0, -1
tzi -3
tO
'
tii
CD N m N CD N
t21
..1
elV
IA
ICO
tO
to
>P>P>
A
...:
.
.
30n4
.
.
81
.Intermodu
,Descript%on Sheet:
Classification:
IV
2/4/80
Prerequisite Skills:
1. Definition of infinite series, and its sum.
2. Partial sums.
Output Skills:
1. Use partial fraction? to explain the summation of E1 /k(k+1),,
2. Calculate relative errors to measure quality of match-up between
two sets of data.
3. Carry out a word-count study on any lengthy text in any language.
4. Convert item-count study data into rank-frequency data.,
5 Use log-log paper to graphically test whether rank- frequency data
obeys Zipf's Law.,0
6. Give an example of pure, apparently,Impractical research that has
practical implications for a sophisticated system like human language.
Solomon Garfunkel
C-
82
by
Philip Tuchinsky
TABLE OF CONTENTS
'
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
!
8.
EXERCISES;
9.
15
SOURCES
17
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
19
10.
*11.
304
10
'
83
a.
j=1
t"
are, of course,
n
a.
j=1
for n = 1, 2,
....
3,
Although
00.
hen we
partial sum a + ar
1
ar2 +
A classic
The n-team
+ arn-1, simplifies to
- rn
- 1-r
(as you should be able to prove).
,form, we can see what happens as n
In this simplified
00:
for r such
while Irl
>
1- r
'
(What
84
'series played an interesting role,in the linguistics.research of deOrge Kingsley Zipf i the 1920's and 1930's.
We will examine'.that application and the later research
about artificiall languages that has made Zip#'s work obsolete.
2.
k=1 k(k+1)
1.0
17/"'
/77
k(k+1) V: v71.
k=1
k(k+1)
T77
IT
IT
(n-1)n + n(n+1)
1)
fl
7)
1)
Tj
1)
0-.17T
0.7
(1
t____J
cancels
=
cancels cancels
cancels
n+1
306
I$
Of icourge
n+1
.
and thus
,74)
(1
k(k-44)
1.
oz'
3.
once or twice.
4.3,N),
N),
.
and%so on
_
j(j+1)'
(1st modelL, n
I.
30
as
86
4.
Model's prediction
of number of words
that appear
exactly j times
n = actual ? of
words appearing
exactly j times
16,432
- 2,194
3
4
14,9:9c
4,776.
906
637
483
371
298
10
2.22
Source:
2,492
1,495
.997
4,285
4,9
712
534
415
332
272
Relative
error
9.0%
4.4%
13.6%
16.3%
10.0%
11.7%
10.6%
11.9%
11.5%
22:5%
IF
RE
The
.
.
153?- 4831
51
483
= .10559 = 10.6%.
\
= 29899
72--
308
2491.58,
87
= 7,
The
'S.
'
-7
6
Psychol-
It also contains.
Zipf offered
situations analogous' to writing or language usage where
behArior obeYing a law .of least effort did lead to the
-
31 o
89
6.
most-repeated word has rank 1 apd frequency fl, the secondmost-repeated word has rank 2 and appears.f
times, and
so on.- Zipf's Law, also found empirically, is that
'r.f = constant
i.e., that the rank and corresponding frequency are inversely related. Ai an example, Table 2 gives various
TAB4
Frequency
rk products
(f)
10
20
30
40
2,653
1,311
926
50
100
200
300
400
556
265
133
84
62
500
50
26,530
26,220
27,780
28,680
27,800
26,500
26,600
25,200
717'
2"4,800
25,000
26,000
24,000'
24;000
.4,000
24000
5,000
10,000
20,000
29,899
1,000
2,000
3,000
26
12'
ir
2
1
1
ti
25,000
20,000
- 20,000
29,899
Source:
311
c.?
90
1 in Section 8.*
7.
On ordinary graph
On
log-log graph paper (see Figure 1), the axes are labeled
with values of r and f but, because of the special spacing
of points along these axes, we are really plotting y = leg f
(The "steps"
t9
312
10000
41000
10
10
100
1000
10000
'RANK
e
9.
3106
9
:4,
92
8.
EXERCISES:
th
....
Specifically, let's
try to calculate nl, the number of words that appear
exactly once (i.e., that have f = 1).
<
< r < K.
.0'
314
411
93
ft (1, 2) becomes
with f = 1, is
k
7- 177
nl
the numerator?
Exercise
k/r for r
Assume that f
a) Show that fe
re
k
(Fa
1, 2, 3, ....
for any 3.
..111-
.
V
315
94
Wait.
values N/j(j+,1) art also 10-15% too large for fhe actual
nj of Ulysses in Table 1 (except for j
= 1, 2).
We could
nd
nj = j(p+1)
n.
however,
k
, r
TTITT)
But the 2
nd
j(j+1)
mallest
eir
own formula.
that the 2
nd
TABLE 3
true
n.
n.
__1_
:1
16,432
4,776
2,194
1,285
906
637,
483
3 -
8
9
10
1
,
298
222
12,937
'4,312
2,156.
1,294
862
616
462
359
rd
3
model*
pfedicted
RE
n.
21.3%
9.7%
1.7%
34,4'9
6,900
2,957
1,643
1,045
'1.6%,.
287
235
4.9%
3.3%
4.3%
3.2%
3.7%
5.9%
724
531
406
320
259
\
*All
31 6
RE
109.9%
44.4%
34.8%
27.9%
15.3%
13.7%
9.9%
9.4%
7.4%
16.7%
.
95.
Exercise 2.
....
with ranks
j
b)
< r <
+k 1/2
- 1/2i'
(3rd model)
nj
(j - 1/2)(j + 1/2)
j,'show that
for any j.
It leads us
'
to ask:
a
Exercise 3.
n.
j -1
s in the book'under
n Exercise 2,
formula,
PO
2 j+ 1
Eni
SinceExercis%,..3tellsos.that.
N, we know we
cannot use the 3 rd model for all j, based on k and N from
Ulysses. sAs with the 2nd model, for low j the predicted
values are far too large. Table 3 shows a very, pior fit
44
317
"sr
96
between this model and the Ulysses data; for much larger
values of j the fit may be much 'better.
So it goes!
a trouble-free model.
Exercise 4.
lian_one,proof that
co
1
is a convenient series.
Exercise5.
Assume rf = k and decide
toreplacefe0-1,flbyf.j.,miatruleforri.fol lows?
a better model than the ones we have discussed?
equivalent of Table 1 for this 4
th
model.
Is it
Prepar4the
, 1(00.1)
Ex/se 6.
k ,1001,
k
,+
2.3
1 .2
I..
"47
13
n=1 (2n +
(2n - '4
+
1.3
4.* 1 +
3.5
5.7
n1
=
2n - 1)(2d + 1)
*Thanks go to
Glessner of Central Washington University
for suggettIng Exercises 6 and 7.
31 8
97
Exercise 7.
we
.1
-17
35 -57
't.
and use the same "sum up two terms at a rime" method (as displayed
9.
(4n + 1)(4n + 5)
Zipf and his colleagues had examinedthe structure of language and the process of writing or,
How much
repetition. ("redundancy") should be included as- a check
computers,
5'
319
98
In 1953-54,
Benoit Mandelbrot showed that the number-frequency, rank
frequency and oiler patterns .found by Zipf will always
,
patterns\
My most
recent reference, in Mathematics and Psychology, edited
.
40)Y George A. Miller., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1964,
includes 'Otis quote from Barbel Inhelder and jean Piaget
on page 249:
.
4
320
99
10.
SOURCES
The work of Zipf and his colleaguels well summarized in G.K. Zipf, Human Behavior and the Principle of
Least Effort, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1949,,
Chapters 2, 3, and 4.
The mathematics used by Zipf to relate his_rankfrequency law to the number - frequency -law for rare words,
Languages12 (1936)
321
'T.
0:
100
Information,
Learning and Tracking, Free Press ol Glencoe, Illinois,
1960.
Part I (by Luce) is "The Theory of Selective
their...)
322
'11.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
k
< j+r
< r <
Thus a total of
.k
j(j +1)
z
,,i
+
1. "
Similarly 7
7 .1
k
_--< r<
k
1
and
3.
.2-
LJ
(j '-
I) (j
1.
+ 1-)
%..
j 7 7
1.1
r:
1.)
_or
nj
J2 y
4
"n
CUT - 377)
W-2')
*L-
[(in- 1)/2
(2n + 1)/2
172
(2n +1)/2
But E n. = 2k >> N
makes Zipf's model also only* partially useful.
A
4.
5.
323.
Then
or.
JT
-j+1
j(j+1)
for j = 1, 2, 3,....
.1
J(J+1)
'
nj+1
+ .does
not h elp
nj
6.
k(k+1)
4.1
7W (7W77I
n=1
2h +'1
Nta.
ce`
4n
1
L.
n= 1
7.
2n ((2n -
1)
(2n +1)1
..n1
=
(2n - 1) (2n + 1)
First we 'show
1
1.3
375
111 411
3(1
5)
n=0
n=0
4n + 3
377
111
7(3
Ill+ 1 1
11(9
(4n + 1)
1-1)
(4n + 5))
1
8n + 6
4rTrS (4n + 1)(4n+ 5)
2
.1
(4n +
1)
(4n +5)
al
20
324
>p>
lzb
170
-2
..
o,
"
"
I>
Curves'and their
Parametrization
by Nelson L. Max
VN
ce,
..
f...-...1
CD
...
). m >,
l'A.
1,1
N1
..
=
CD
er
0
ca N
...,
>,
er
'?"
e.,
0
Introductory TopolOgy
Author:
Nelson L. Max
Qepartment of Mathematics and Statistics
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, ,Ohio 44144
Review Stage/Date:
Classification:
IV
6/30/80
INTRO TOPOLOGY
Prerequisite Skills:
1.
Understand the representation of points in the plane by
Cartesian coordinates.
2.
Understand the trigonometric functions of sine and cosine, and
the measurement of angles in radians.
3.
Understand thl,natural logarithm function.
4.
Sum the geometric and harmonic infinite series.
Output Skills:
1.
Define a parametrized curve, image of a curve, orientation of
a curve.
2.
Given the image of a curve, write the equation
one or more
parametrized curves which trace the image with a given orientation.
3.
Given the image of a curve, describe ail its possible orientations.
Other Related'Units:
The Alexander Horned Sphere (Unit.232)
II
.,
by
Nelson L. Max
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
,Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
TABLE OF CONTENTS
..
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONTINUOUS CURVES
5.
6.
EXERCISES
7.
MODEL EXAM.,...
13
15
(
8.. ANSWERS
TO QUESTIONS IN TEXT
,
17
9.
10.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
17
18
C
32;
1.
/-
'
We can
328
a%
yr
,/
If we imagine the pencil as making
curve every second, these chits will show
of on the
ow the curve
has`beentraced. In particular, thelr'spacing will indicate the speed of the moving point. Here the point is
speeding up as it moves to tie right.
p
2.
x(t) = cos,(
t);
329
CP
1
tt
(:iri tj;
y(t) = sin
t).
46
t);"
330
= 1
1, for
0 < t < 6
t.
-y(t) =
t2
They are
closest together at the top and bottom, indicating that
st
QUESTION A:
331
.44
All the
different parametrizations of the circle have the same
image.
3.
lb
.0
332
QUESTION 13:.
A mathematial
$
6
333
(t,
x(t)
1,
1 < t <
0,
0 < t <
t -.1,
1 < t <
y(t) =
y
10,
ti
(0,0)
(1 , 0)
QUESTION C:
2
CONTINUOUS CURVES
is
..t
"0
ti
'334s
81,,,
.-.
--,
0 <
<
1 <
<
x(t) =
t+1,
1
y(t) = 7 t
i
1
..,
-1.
..:
...re'
..
8
--.......
II
"33-
...
I'
'4:
S.
definition of curve.
- Example 1
L7
of le,
y = t sin(2n ln t)
41
9'
336
a
illp
-1
-1.
-1
-3
-2
to t = e
-1
-2
.
+ Le
ti
Problem
-1
to
-2
It is the
hyperbolic spiral
= t
cosh)
y = t sin(1).
AB and BC, are both longer than OB, while CD and DE are
both longer than OD...and so forth.
10
337
,
4
-fj
= 0
3n
cos
so that,
n
Sn
7n
t = 2,
2
-s,
2-'2 '
3-,_ 7,
3n
2)
t21
It = 3j: y t-sj
2
= -3 , so .0B, = 3.
11
333
n
the graph of y = t tin (1.1,,with
the poiRt.
B' = [3, :T
giving the y coordinate of the oint B,
i.e., the length of OB.
Similarly D'= (5,, i gives the
Below
)
2is
which diverges.
[.;_i
= 4 1
Example 3
Other Examples
33j
O
The snowflhe ecuzme also has infinite length between any two of its points.
er
6..
1.
EXERCISES
13
340
C.'
2.
',.
oe
3.
Find the equations for the parametrized curve which traces this
equilateral triangle at uniform speed in a'counter-clockwi,se
direction, starting at the vertex (0,0), 'in the time interval
r\
ti
r
a
14
7;
MDDEL EXAM
b)
c)
A marathon course.
d)
e)
A figure eight.
f)
2.
OP
The path of the tip of a ,second hand on a wall clock.
----
15
-3 4
1.
1'-
4.
5.
(x,y)
ID <
x < 1, 0 <
y < 1, x2 = y31.
A
'
16
4
343
I
8.
A.x(0,...71,-t- 3
X7,7=
y(t)
B.
0<t<1
72
x(0.=
< t < 2
It3 -t,
0
2<
t < 3
3 <
t < 4
9.
i.
infinitely many.
2.
Sixteen.
3.
(Possible answers)
x(t) = 1 - t,
x(t) = t,
t-1,
y(t) =
1
4-c,
< t < 2
2<
<3
3. <t4
=it
ANSWERS IQ EXERCISES
y(t) = (1-02;
x(t)
Y(t) = t4;411/t5
x(t) = iF,
At)
4.`
(2t,
x(t) =
3-c,
=t
0
0 < t < 1
1
< t < 3
y(t)
/(c-1),
3(3-0,
6 < t <
1
<
c < 2
2 < t < 3.
177
*344
10.
1.
oriented curve
a)
image
d)
parametriFed curve
b)
c)
image
e)
oriented curve
parametrized curve
f)
2.
.
1 + 2t,
2 + t
A(c) I
b 7
0 <
<
<
<
:11 (t-1)
3.,
5.
Possible answeri
x{t) = t, Y(t) = t2/3
0 < t <
x(t) =
0 < t <
y(t) = t2
<
Y(t) =
2< t< 3
9 <
<
t'<
18'
34 5
-tt
umap
UNIT 231-
DATE
MODULESANDMONOGRAPH8INUNDE
MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIO.NS
Nelson L. Max
Department of Mathematics'and Statistics
'Case Western Reserve University
THE ALEXANDER HO
by Nels
ED.SPHERE
L. Max
ABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
2.
3.
4.
'
..... ..... A .
5.
PROBLEM
.4. .
,0
.
10
a
SOLUTION
b.
11
t
t
dl
41%
INTRODUCTORY TOPOWGi
.346
347
1
/,.
Titlit
7
UMAP Unit 231
Author:
Nelson
Max
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Case Western Reserve'University
AL
Cleveland,,Ohio 44106
Review Stage/Date:
111
6/20/77
Olassification:
INTRO TOPOLOGY.
)toss L. Finney
Solomon Garfunkel
Director
Associate Director /Consortium
'
Coordinator
-Associate Directdr for. Administration
Coordinator for Materials Production
Project Secretary
'
Finaneial/AdMinistrative secretary
Editorial Consultant
0
Editorial Consultant
Editorial Consultant
Prerequisite Skills;
1
1,
Parametrization of simple closed curves.
2.
TopoIogical*defimi:Fions of connec edness, o Pen .and closed.,
sets, continuous (unctions, hom
rphisms.
Felicia Weitzel
Barbara Kelczewski
Dianne Lally
P4ula M. Santillo
Output Skills:
Edwina Michener
1.
Louise Raphael,
2.
Jack. Alexander,
Other.RelatedUnits:
.1%
Curves and Their Parametrizations (Unit 216)
t'Steven,..t Brams
O
0
Ilayron't arkson
'' James D. Forman, ,
Ernest J. Henley
Donald A. Larson
1 William F. Lucas
Frederick Mostelier
Walter E. Sears
George Springer
Arnold A. Strassenburg
Alfred B. Willcox
'4"
MIT (Chairman)
*
New York University
Texas Southern University
Rochester Institute of Technology
University*of Houston
SUNY.at Buffalo
Cornell University
Harvard University
-University of Michigan Press
Indiana University
SUNY at Stony Brook
Mathematical Association of America
348
34.9
S
00
ar)
In this unit we will describe
the image of a homeomorphism from the standard sphere into three dimensional
space, whose exterior is not homeomOrphic to.the exterior of'a standard sphere. It.is called the Alexander
non-empty.and open, and in particular, gs(S 1 ) is the complete frontier of both A and B.
The previous set, A, is
called the interior of the curve, and the unbounded
one,
B, is called the exterior.
(See Figures2.)
,2.
The
INTRODUCTION
then
f(a) = f(b), for a < b, if and only if a
= 0 and b = 1.
(See Figure 1.)
,
Figure 2
regions.
Figure 1
If S
of S
350
351
,.
t
Ficiure 3
.
Figure 4
In this section, we
00'
CO3, C
10 '
To do this, wp
,Figure 5
3
rf
s'
353.
."
,
Figure 7d
Figure 6
We can rotind'the
corners of our surface to mike
anew function g which is
smooth (Figure 7), except at
the points which belong to an infinite
number of the
discs Ci.
These exceptional points are'called utii
points.
If we take any infinite binary expansion,
say
uncountable.
11C into R
demonstration tha
B is not homeomorphic to
topol gical property. A set X
'is called simply connected if every closet
curve in
X (calle,da loop in X for (short) can be shrunk
continu:
ouslyin X until its ima
is a single point.
1Jg1le
Let C = ((x,y,z) cR 3 Ix 2 +y tz 2
(<1) be the interior
of the unit sphere S2.
Then we could pull Calong as'we
pda,out S2, so tile' functiong
can be extended to C,
giving a homeomorphism of thei closed ball s2
3
the round ball C.'
D uses_:.,he following
-sequence of discs C0
exterior
D of S
in R
is simply
connectod,'because ever loop L can be pulled off the
sphere and collapsed to a single point P.
A number of
intermediate positions are shown in Figure 8:
,/
Suppose the loop L is parametrize() by
a continibus
function f(s) from JO 1) to'X, and that
the shrinking
lihmotion takes place f r t in the
time interval (0,1)
354
4
.355
J.
Figure 9
in
Figure 8
The
t(s) foil
F(s,0) =
b.
c.
= P for all S.
It is said
c-
a.
5.
alf s,
is a closed loop in D.
Since D is
simply connected, there is a homotopy F which
shrinks
the loop h -1 of in D to a point P.
Then hof will shrink
the loop f in Y'to a point 4(.P),
'Since this works for
any loop4:in Y, Y is simply connected.
the.
It must fratisfyb
a.
Then h-lof
terior D of S to the.exteq.or Y of T.
Than, knowing
4c Iris simply connected, we could
prove Y to be simply
connected d2)iopIows. Let f parametrize a closed. loop
.
ODA)
357.
Figure 10
The exterior K
the exterior of K.
6.
PROBLEM
Figure 14
358
9.
359
10
STUDENT FORM
Return to:
EDC/UMAP
55 Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
Student: If you have trouble with a specific part of this unit, please fill
out this form and take it to your instructor for assistance. The information
you give will help the author to revise the unit.
YoUr Name
Unit No.
Page
Upper
OR
OR
()Middle
Model Exam
Problem No.
Section
Paragraph
Text
Problem No.
Lower
Description of Difficulty:
(Please be specific)
Instructor:
(2)
Assis
u
-5 learning and problem-adrAng
skills (not using examples from this unit.)
el"
361
Instructor's Signature
.Please use reverse if necessary.
Return to:
EDC/UMAF
5'
Chapel St.
Newton, MA 02160
STUDENT FORM 2
Unit Questionnaire
Name
Unit No.
Institution
Date
Course No.
Check the choice for each question that comes closesito your personal opinion.
1.
3.
Except for fulfilling the prerequisites, how much did you use other sources (for
example, instructor, friends, orother books) in order to understand the unit?
A Lot
4.
Somewhat
Not at all
How long was this unit in compariicin to the amount of time you generally spend on
a lesson (lecture and homework assignment). in a typical math or science course?
Somewhat
Longer
Much
Longer
5.
A Little
About
the Same
Somewhat
Shorter
Much
Shorter
Were any of the following parts of the unit confusing or distracting? (Check
as many as apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement of skills and concepts, (objectivep)
Paragraph headings
Examples
Special Assistance Supplement (if present)
Other, please explain
)
6.
Were dny,of the following parts of the unit particularly' helpful? (Check as many
rs apply.)
Prerequisites
Statement of akills and concepts (objectives)
Examples
Problems
Paragraph headings
Table of Contents
(if present)
Special Assistance Suppl
Other, please explain
,,
Please describe anything in the unit that you did not particularly like.
Please describe anything that you found particularly helpful. (Please use the back of
this sheet if you need more space.)
0
'
3F2
I-
MODULES AND
MONOGRAPHS IN
UNDERGRADUATE
MATHEMATICS
AND ITS,
APPLICATIONS
>
>
p
TA
tics of
TA
"CA
(20
>
0:1
0:1
Sirtle
.Kin
Reactant'
Reactions
-4"
fv.
,t
t<>
"*.r
trf
trl
co N co N co N
A
>,
CD
>, CD >,
.-..
'r
irr
o
trr
err
>0
:3"
F
CD
1.0
il
0>
.....
./. q
1.1
s o
x
00
.-..
i-
e
O
td
.4
e
-s
',.
1.1
q
4
1.1
I
0 s- o
x=x
-c..
.)
t '-
-11
4..4 - 4 - . 4 -.4 - 4 4- 4
.r.)
.2
ti
t
i
-I
i 4
I
I
R
Co
-F.200
tA
,-i
. Co '-i
Birkhauser Boston Inc.
Co
+ ...1 I
-.....-
c
R.
.c.,
300 :000
,300 sec.--7
1500
I,
iii---345 sec.Y
1.
363
Brindell Horelick
Department of Mathematics
University of Maryland Baltimore County,
Baltimore, MD 21228
and
Sinan-Koont
1
Department of Economics
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 01003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
REACTION ORDER
2.1 Oefinitions
2.2 Zero-order Reactions
2.3 First-order Reactions
2.4 Second-order Reactions
2.5 Statement of the Problem
1.1
2.
3.
3.1.
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.
HALF-LIFE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.
Solving for,a(t,
The Difficulty
Solving the Difficulty
An Example
Definition
Formulas for Half-Life
Zero-order Reactions
5
6
6
6
s
7
7
8
9
10
11
11
11
12
13
Second-order Reactions
13
MODEL EXAM
15
Author:
Brindell Horelick
and
Sinan Koont
Departmefft, of Mathematics
Departffient of Economics
Univeesity'vf Marylind
Baltimor County
Baltimore,Jlaryland 21228
University of Massachusetts'
Amherst,'Massachusetts 01003
Review Stage/Date:
.Classification:
It 7/2/79
0
APPL OALC/CHEM-KINETICS
.
4
,
...
References:
'
*
,.
Bares, J., Cerny, C., Fried, V., and..J. Pick (1962). Collection of
emblems in Physical Chemistry. Addisop Wesley, Reaking, MA.
Capellos, C., 8nd B. Bielski (1972). ,Kinet4c Systems. Wiley..
interscience,'NY. .
i
Frost, A.A., and R.G. Pear%on (1961). Kinetilv and Mechanism. (2nd
ed.) John Wiley and Sons, Inc.NY.
A
t
Laidler, K.J. (1965). Chemical Kinetics.) Mcicaw7Aill, Inc., NY.
Stevens, B. (1970).
Chemical Kinetics.
Chat. an and Hall,:London.
Weston, R.E. Jr.,.and H.A.
C
(1972).
al Kinetics:
Prentice-Hall,;Englewood Cliffs, NY.
i
Prerequisite Skills:
1.
Be familiar with the Cuftsian coordinate sistem.
2.
Understand that aqr) describes the rate of Change
3.
Be able to integrate
...
ft a'(t)
. .
alt).'
"
-...
Jo. 1-6-cidt
4.
'
.
t,
'
..
Output Skills:
1. Be able to describe single reactant Irceversible'teactions, including definitions of rate constant, reaction order, band half - life.
2: Be able to find explicit.formulas for a(t) and for. the
half-life
for a reaction of order n.
3.
Be able to determine the reaction order and rate constant of a
reaction, given data on a(t), provided the reaction is of order
'AI
0,
1, or 2.
1
3 6 541
'
1.
1.1
arly
writing:
A- -I, Si
Bn
i 13
t = 0 we have a certain'concenpAtii4n a,
of ,A (measured,
TABLE I
.
51
(seconds)
-206
454
751
1132
1575
2215'
9.73
7.79
6.08
4.17
.
.
(a)
a(t)
(mm Hg)
..
14-)0
l.''''. 0
(minutes)
13.3f
11.49
50
38
10
30
(b)
40
.
a(t)
(mm Hg)
55'
21
1.5
1
'
(seconds)
120
180
.6705
5825
240
330
530'
600
...
(c)
.--.
a(t)1a,
1.
512
41'95
.310
.(
;a.
.2965
gene:
Part C6)
C H
2
NH 3'
'
/-
s.
3.67
10
- --
- - - 4- - - - -
1....
...
.1
/-
1
1
I
I
500
'
1 170 sec
K--------
,4-.1
1500
1000 .
)1
0-,,
t (5")
12000
'-
1220 sec
--4.
1200 sec
'
Figure. 1.
4-
a (t
mm Hg)
50
.J
-40
'
1--
.>
20
A
'1
lb
'
:'
I1-I
'
t.
I.
I
, 20
.6
t
:t7 . 5 min
Figure
2.'
40
Dec
---
"
-
1 (b) )t.
-
..
j
`36
1'
06,
.
.
-1
,6
'51
min
-,,.
.....d
Z..2 gi nil
'4
:*
,
..
..
,.
"
`r
. .
....
51
;
fa
.
:!*
At
... ...X
L...,-
--t
,
0.2
3I
0 '
10
k---e)-345 sec----0
;400 sec
-Figure 3.
decrease
to 5.mm Ng.
fiom
1)
figures the measured
time intervals are approximately
',
.
1.3
Questions
rl
.
1.-
.'
''
...
reactions?
4._
4
*!
1.4
themical Kinetics
'
"'
rates.anc'
is concerned wIt
withh the
k/
Chemical kinetics,
Tiechapisms ofchemical
4
69
At
reactions..
V$
2.
2. Definitions
o
DV
In other words
a'(t) = -k(a(t))n
where k
i-s
integer.
370
'or
2.2
to
Zero-order Reactions
)
J
Setting n = 0 in Equation
a'(t) =
(2)-
gives
-kt;'
First-order Reactions
In this cote, we have
011.
a"(t) = -kia(t).
''(3)
a
2.4
1
a '(0=---a(t)
A
'
Second-order Reactions
4
II
a2(t).
3.
3.1
Solving for.a(t)
(S)
kot.
First-order reactions:
Starting with Equation
(3), divide both sides by a(t) (whichAis never zero):
(b)
r.
a' (t)
at
ft
a(t
dt
Aft
= -k,t
k I dt:
t
In a(t)
.0
.1
'
In a(t),= -,kLt
In ao
_p-k t
40
(6.1
A1
d7-e
r.
*k
;*
es
:: '44"7.1
.
(c)
Second-order reactions: In Equation (4) we
diVide each sidb by a2 (t), 'and conclutle that
&
a'
t)
k
II
a2 (t,)
It
n ft)
- dt
-It k
0 a2 (t)
1)
-7
II
d, t'
0
t
it
10
-kIIt
10
aokiit +
a
t)
III
t +
ao
ac,
a
a(t)
(7)
at) k
t + ,1
Exercise 1
Assume to reactions
a'-(t)
-k a (t)
b' (t)
- kI I b2 (t)
40
b0), and
their initial rates are the same [e(0) = b' (.0)]. Prove that
a(<t)"< b(t)
3.2
The Difficulty
111,
of course' not
..;
373
and -(.7).
is a straight line).
3.3
Solving the.Difficulty
The method_starts with solving Equations (S), (6J,
Ta0
(8)
(9)
(10)
- k0
kII
t >
kI =
t >
4 (AT
>
0.
data point (t, a(t)) to, the right side'of Equation "p8)
mental.error.
the
374
3.4
An-Example
nearly constant
(r..- 5.8
* TABLE 11
-t
sec
51
2,06
14.58
13.32
8,82
8.30
454
751
1132
1575
49
9.73
7.79
6.0664.17
7.80
7.06
6.40
5.68
2215
mmHg
a(t)
ao - a(t)
e
15. k
10)
mm Hq
sec
4.90
In -z-1-5:-a x 10'
sec
. 47(17
.)' 1135
mm
Hig
sec
5.96
5.86
5.9;
5.79
5.81
5.75
5.79
4.03'
4 15
4.52
4.83
5.46
4 22
.7.82
A'
9
Exercise 3
Determine the reaction order and rate constant from the data
given in part (b) of Table I.
Exercise 4
' Determine the reaction order
'
%,.
.10
11
S
4.
4.1
HALF-LIFE
Definition
1/2
A..
a(t) =,
a0._
In Section1:2 we determined graphically the halflives 8f various athountg of three reactants, and "discovered
that for two of the reactants t1/2 did not seem toldtpend
uppn the initial amount,,, but for the third tedct,artAir
did.
Let us. see if this phenomenon can shed a little
t, = TFT,a,
e
(12)
(Zero-order)
'
2.
TFii-s7oraer)
t1/2
(13)
(Second-order) ..
4
II
Exercise 5
,
Exercise V
We define tv
used up.
That
3.
as the time required for.w
3,
Find t
of
a reactant tq'be
as a function of ao for
3/4
11
'\.
376.
. Exercise
t3
Find thp-ratio
/4
Exercise 8
secorild:order4
t
CR4
acetaldehyde
CO
methane
carbon monoxide
TAB* III
Half-life and 3/4-Life Data for the
Reaction CH3CHO + CH4 + CO
(Exercise 8)
i&
ao(mm Hg):
(seconds)
t"
34
.1
421),.
225
184
38,5
572
665
1135
1710.
1920
(seconds)
.
.
Exercise.9
,.
3/,
an example of
with x = 34.)
(In
Show that in
4.3
Zero-order Reactions
ts
12
377
01
the half-life.
To help your'self understand and remember
this, think of a very large.number of marbles, from which
= 10).
The more there
o
are originally, the longer, it will take to remove half of
them.
4.4
First-order Reactions
For a first-order reaction
half-life is independent
of initial amount!!
t,
is-a constant. The more'of A
(11
o
there is, the leis time it takes for'one half of it to
decompose! Although this May seem paradoxical we invite
you to consider the fact that second-order reactions
Equation
(13) says that the more molecules there are, the more
likely they will collide, and the faster the reaction VIC
proceed.
Exercise 10
2N 05 4 2A20, +
02.
) at 45 C:
\h.
13.
.3'78
.40
od,
t
(seconds)
concentration
of N20,
181(_
319
, 526
867
1198
1.36
1.11
1877
2-345,....3144.
2.33
2.08
1.91
1.67
(mole/ir
.72
.55
.34
Determine the reaction Oder and the rate constant, as well es the
half -life t
be used up?
14
loo
14
5.
MODEL EXAM
.
For some reactions the reaction order is found
1.
to be fractional.
of a
1/2.
o
.
';'
x)a
.P'
independent of a
Is this tx
3.
(moles/1)
2#
.10.0
3.98
2.$1
1.82
1.44
-10
1.19
41.
si
.
T5-
<.
33o
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
1.
a (t)
= a
13
2.
[2 a2 kur t
a'(t) = -kia(t)
2.
b'(t) = - kIlb2(t)
3.
a(0) = b(0)
4.
a'(0) = b'(0)
at
(
is:
d (a(t) 1
dt CT51)
b2(t)
^:
ki
(14)
and a(0),
d 13(0
CIF
kIlb(0) 1
TF)
tkII
(
klIa(t)(1
b(0)1.
;TOT
b(0)1v
TM) c
0.
381
41.
Reaction order =
3.
min-1.
k = 9.4 X' 10
Reaction order = 2
4.
aok
5.
4.1 x
% mole-1sec -1
t,
2a02k3
3a0
6.
te, =
Zero order:
,First- order:
t3
Second-order:
7.
In 4.
1/4
aol,c/I
Zero-order:
First-order:
Second-order:
__Second - order.
10.
104
z 3360; sec'
4
k2 t2
a(t) =a0 -
kt +
0
.x
1-
a k
0
ic/
- x
11
1-4
3.1
f
k =
sec
-1
Order = 2.
1
t
*,
382