Atomicnumberorprotonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.

MassNumberornucleonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusofanatom.
Isotopesareatomswiththesamenumberofprotonsbutdifferentnumbersofneutrons.
Therelativeisotopicmassisthemassofoneisotopeofanelementcomparedto1/12themassofthe12Cisotope.
Therelativeatomicmassistheaveragemassofoneatomcomparedto1/12themassofthe12Cisotope.
FirstIonisationEnergyistheenergyrequiredtoremoveonemoleofelectronsfrom1moleofgaseousatomstoproduce1
moleofgaseousunipositiveions.
FirstElectronAffinityistheenergyliberatedwhenoneelectronisaddedtoeachatomin1moleofgaseousatomstoform1
moleofgaseousionswithauninegativecharge.
Electronegativityisthepowerofanatomtoattractbondingelectrons.
Oxidationislossofelectrons.RememberOILRIG
Reductionisgainofelectrons.
Oxidisingagentisasubstancewhichremoveselectronsfromanothersubstanceanditselfisreduced.
Reducingagentisasubstancewhichgiveselectronstoanothersubstanceanditselfisoxidised.
Disproportionationissimultaneousoxidationandreductionofonespeciesinachemicalreaction.
Metallicbondistheelectrostaticattractionsbetweenthepositiveionsandaseaofdelocalisedvalenceelectrons
surroudingthepositiveions.
Ionicbondistheattractionbetweentheoppositelychargedionsformedbytransferofoneormoreelectronsfromoneatomto
another.
Covalentbondistheattractionofthenucleiforthesharedpairofelectronsbetweentwoatoms.
Sigmabondisthecovalentbondformedbyheadonoverlapofatomicorbitals.
PiBondisthecovalentbondformedbysidewaysoverlapofatomicorbitals.
ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theorystatesthattheshapeofamoleculeisdeterminedbytherepulsion
betweentheelectronpairsinthevalenceshell.AccordingtotheVSEPR,theelectronpairswillarrangethemselvessoasto
beasfarapartaspossible.
Polarisingpoweristheabilityofapositiveiontoattractelectronsawayfromanegativeion.
DipoleDipoleForcesareintermolecularattractionsbetweenmoleculeswhicharepermanentlypolarised.
HydrogenBondistheelectrostaticattractionbetweenahydrogenatomwhichisbondedtoaveryelectronegativeatomand
anelectronegativeatomofaneighbouringmolecule.
VanDerWaalsForcesareintermolecularforcesofattractionwhicharisefromtemporary
dipolesinmolecules.
StandardEnthalpyOfFormationistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofthesubstancesisformedfromitselementsattheir
naturalstatesat298Kand1atmpressure.
StandardEnthalpyOfCombustionistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofanelementorcompoundiscompletelyburnedin
oxygenat298Kand1atmpressure.
StandardEnthalpyOfNeutralisationistheenthalpychangewhen1moleofwaterisformedfromthereactionbetweenan
acidandabaseat298Kand1atmpressure.
HesssLawstatesthatthetotalenergychangeresultingfromachemicalreactionisdependantonlyontheinitialandfinal
statesofthereactantsandisindependentofthereactionroute.
Bondenergyistheenergyrequiredtobreak1moleofbondsfromgaseousmoleculesintogaseousatoms.

Activationenergyistheminimumenergyrequiredbycollidingparticlestostartoffareaction.
Acatalystisasubstancewhichchangestherateofachemicalreactionwithoutitselfundergoinganychemicalchangeatthe
endofthereaction.
Homogenouscatalystisacatalystinwhichthephysicalstateisinthesamephaseasthereactants.
Heterogenouscatalystisacatalystinwhichthephysicalstateisinthedifferentphaseasthereactants.
Increasetheconcentrationofreactantswillincreasetheratesincetherewillbemoremoleculesperunitvolumeresultingin
anincreaseinthecollisionfrequencybetweenthereactants.Thisleadstohighernumberofeffectivecollisions.
Increaseinthetemperaturewillincreasetheratesinceathighertemperaturetheparticlesgainmorekineticenergyresulting
anincreaseincollisionfrequencyathighertemperature.Inaddition,moremoleculeshavekineticenergygreaterthanor
equaltotheactivationenergy.Consequently,thenumberofeffectivecollisionsincreases.
Acatalystoperatesbyprovidinganalternativerouteofloweractivationenergyforthereaction.
Geometricisomersarecompoundswithdifferentspatialarrangementduetotherestrictionintherotationaboutthedouble
bondinanalkene.Ingeometricisomers,twodifferentgroupsateachendofthedoublebondcaneitherbeonthesameside
(cis)oronoppositesides(trans)
Opticalisomersaremirrorimagesthathavethesamegeometricandstructuralformula,butcannotbesuperimposedonto
oneanother.
Crackingisaprocesstobreaklongalkaneintoashorteralkaneandanalkene.Hydrogenmayalsobeproduced.Thermal
crackingrequirestemperaturebetween400Cto900Candhighpressurewhereascatalyticcrackingrequiresazeolite
catalystandatemperatureofabout450C.Thepurposeofcrackingistoformextragasolineandtoproducealkeneswith
highercommercialvalue
Homolyticfissionisthebreakingacovalentbondinwhichoneelectrongoestoeachatomtoformfreeradicals.
Heterolyticfissionisthebreakingacovalentbondinwhichoneatomtakesbothelectronsformingnegativeandpositiveions.
Afreeradicalisahighlyreactiveatomormoleculewithanunpairedelectron.
Anelectrophileisanelectrondeficientspeciesthatcanformanewcovalentbondbyacceptinganelectronpairprovidedby
thecarboncompound.Example:positiveionsuchashydrogenionornitroniumionandapolarmoleculewithad+charge
Anucleophileisanelectronrichspecieswithalonepairofelectronsthatcanformanewcovalentbondbydonatingapairof
electronstotheelectrondeficientcarbonatom.Example:negativeionswithatleastalonepair.