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NUPUR RASTOGI
Senior Technical Leader, Aricent
This paper discusses LIPA and SIPTO with focus on Long Term
Evolution (LTE) networks. The first part introduces the key features
of LIPA and SIPTO, and establishes the separate use case for each.
Although both features provide IP traffic offloading and look similar
at a glance, each caters to a unique use case. In the second part
we detail the possible network architectures for these features
and then provide solutions based on these architectures for LTE
networks. In this part, the impact on various network elements
has also been discussed, with particular focus on the EUTRAN
the Home eNB (HeNB) and the eNodeB (eNB). LIPA and SIPTO
are still under evolution in 3GPP, although Release 10 provides
a complete solution for some network architectures. The third
part of this whitepaper gives a 3GPP work split and a glimpse
of the road ahead: Release 11 work items and study items. The
paper concludes with a brief overview of Aricent offerings for
LIPA at HeNB and SIPTO at HeNB, and eNB, which is compliant
with the Release 10 specifications.
LIPA
the data path, thereby increasing the speed and reliability. It should
be noted that only the user trafficnot the signaling loadis off-
loaded. Also, the specifications do not rule out (even for LIPA)
IP Traffic to Core
Key benefits mobile operators get from LIPA include the following:
Mobile
LIPA Traffic
Residential/Local IP Network
SIPTO
SIPTO allows cost-optimized handling of Internet traffic and is
mobile device can use Local IP Access in its own network as well
Key benefits that mobile devices get from LIPA include the following :
> Mobile devices may be billed differently (at a reduced rate) for
accessing the local IP network.
The key benefits that mobile devices get from SIPTO include:
The key benefits that mobile operators get from SIPTO are:
LIPA Traffic
S11
L-GW
MME
Core Network
L-S5
UE
S-GW
HeNB
S1-U
these mechanisms:
Bypassing one of the core network nodes (e.g., SGSN in
3G), thereby reducing the number of hops on the data path
P-GW
S5
CN Traffic
Figure 2: LIPA breakout in the residential/enterprise
network with collocated L-GW
HeNB Subsystem
L-S5 Interface: The L-S5 interface between the L-GW and the
S-GW is based on the GTP-c protocol. This interface must support
The MME should not use the gateway selection functions when
select the L-GW. To enable this, the HeNB must transfer the
elements.
between the HeNB and the L-GW for the offloaded traffic
No Radio Connection
User Plane tunnels between the L-GW and the S-GW are
set up for LIPA bearers (even though they are used only for
the S-GW over the L-S5 interface, and transferred by the S-GW
user plane and HeNB control plane. This tunnel is used for
the P-GW. The L-GW serves as the P-GW for providing LIPA
The L-GW provides support for the SGi interface with the
residential/enterprise IP network.
information provided:
Content of Communications (CC), which is based on
plane. The packets received from the HeNB user plane are
SGW
> Maintain the L-S5 interface with the L-GW and support the
necessary procedures as previously discussed
> Charging
Charging information in the EPS network is collected for
each UE by the S-GWs and P-GWs, serving the UE. The S-GW
This section shows call flows related to LIPA, and lists the
UE
HeNB
L-GW
MME
Serving GW
HSS
LIPA service for each possible LIPA APN at each Closed Subscriber
Group (CSG). Subscription information is maintained for HPLMN
MME
The MME supports the following additional functions:
7. RRC Connection
Reconfiguration
8. RRC Connection
Reconfiguration
Complete
LIPA PDN connection, the MME includes the S5 PGW TEID for
UE
HeNB
L-GW
MME
Serving GW
4. S1-AP: S1 UE
Context Release Command
to trigger paging.
5. RRC Connection
Release
Figure 4: S1 Release
HeNB
L-GW
MME
Serving GW
3. Radio
Bearer
Establishment
Figure 7 and Figure 8. Some call flows are also produced toward
the end to provide an understanding of the role of each Network
UE
HeNB
L-GW
MME
Serving GW
1. Downlink Data
SIPTO Traffic
2. Dummy packet
P-GW
3. Downlink Data
Notification
4. Downlink Data
Notification Ack
5. Paging
MME
S11
RAN
Core Network
S5
UE
S-GW
eNB
S1-U
P-GW
S5
CN Traffic
Figure 7: SIPTO Breakout above RAN - macro network
HSS
The HSS maintains the subscription data, indicating when an
choose the S-GW and the P-GW, which are located close to
at the HSS.
SIPTO Traffic
P-GW
S5
RAN
UE
HeNB
MME
Core
Network
S1-MME
SeGW
S1
HeNB
S-GW
GW S1-U
P-GW
S11
S5
CN Traffic
MME
UE
eNodeB
old MME
new MME
new S-GW
old S-GW
P-GW
The S-GW and the P-GW may be collocated with the HeNB-GW.
The eNodeB in all the figures in this section have been replaced with HeNB when SIPTO is performed using a femtocell.
UE
eNodeB
MME
Serving GW
PDN GW
> An L-GW can access one or several PDNs, and one PDN can
be accessed via multiple LHNs
SIPTO Traffic
S5
3. Delete
Session
Request
4. Delete
Session
Response
L-GW
UE
S1-MME
MME
S11
Core
Network
RAN
Sxx
S5
HeNB
SeGW
S1
6. Delete
Session
Response
HeNB
GW
S1-U
P-GW
S-GW
CN Traffic
7. Deactivate
Bearer
Request
8. RRC
Connection
Reconfiguration
9a. RRC
Connection
Reconfiguration
Complete
10a. Direct
Transfer
It may be noted that this solution looks similar to the LIPA solution
10b. Deactivate
EPS Bearer
Context
Accept
with the collocated L-GW and may reuse some of its principles.
The separation of the L-GW from the HeNB necessitates the
definition of a new interface between the two entities. This interface
is still to be defined and is being referred to as the Sxx interface
in the specifications.
Sxx Interface
The Sxx interface routes the user traffic directly between the
L-GW and the HeNB. The Sxx interface may define user plane
the user-plane tunnels only on the Sxx interface. When the Sxx
The next section describes the work split related to LIPA and
include:
> Procedures for setting up the Sxx user-plane tunnels and the
definition of the Correlation ID to map traffic from the SGi
interface to the HeNB user plane and vice versa, as defined
for the collocated L-GW solution.
> Mechanisms for the MME to select the correct L-GW based
RELEASE 10
Release 10 has standardized a solution for LIPA with the
collocated L-GW, which was discussed in section 4.1. The
limitations of this solution are:
> Handover from one HeNB to another only supported for the
HeNBs within a local network, so methods that determine
which HeNBs should be made aware of the neighboring HeNBs
within a local network have to be identified and exact handover
procedures have to be defined.
ARICENT OFFERINGS
Aricent, as part of its IPR, offers LIPA support in its HeNB software
framework (comprising Layer 2 and Layer 3 with Call Control).
The LIPA support is offered through implementation of a collocated
L-GW as per section 4.1. Please note that a number of requirements
arise on the IP backhaul (SGi) interface for support of DSCP,
QoS and Traffic Shaping (for both outgoing and incoming traffic)
and NAT support, which the platform transport is expected
to provide.
Aricent eNodeB Framework IPR also supports SIPTO requirements
above RAN with no modifications in the current offerings.
The upgrade for support of Release 11 advances for LIPA and
SIPTO@LN with stand-alone L-GW are part of the future Aricent
IPR roadmap.
RAJIV GUPTA
is Director, Technology at
Aricent has more than 15
years of experience in product
development and software design
for LTE eNodeB, UMTS Small
cells and UE, UMTS Data offload
solutions and carrier grade high-
availability solutions.
rajiv.gupta@aricent.com
NUPUR RASTOGI
is a Senior Technical Leader at
an MRA session, and vice versa. Such mobility may help use
nupur.rastogi@aricent.com
10
REFERENCES
ABBREVIATIONS
[1]
3G
APN
CAPEX
CApital EXpenditure
CC
CSG
[4]
Content of Communication
Closed Subscriber Group
DHCP
DSCP
eNB
eNodeB
E-RAB
EPC
[7]
3rd Generation
3GPP
EPS
E-UTRAN
GPRS
GTP-C
GTPU
GW
GateWay
HeNB
Home eNodeB
HPLMN
Home PLMN
HSS
IE
Information Element
IRI
L-GW
Local GateWay
LIPA
Local IP Access
MRA
L1
Layer 1 (Phy)
L2
Layer 2
LHN
LHN-ID
LHN IDentity
LI
Lawful Interception
LTE
MME
NAT
OCS
OFCS
OPEX
OPerational EXpenditure
PCC
PCEF
PCRF
PDN
P-GW
Packet GateWay
PLMN
QoS
Quality of Service
RAN
RAT
SGSN
S-GW
Serving GateWay
SIPTO
Tunnel IDentifier
UE
User Equipment
VPLMN
Visited PLMN
WiFi
Wireless Fidelity
WLAN
11
INNOVATION
SERVICES
FOR THE
CONNECTED
WORLD
The Aricent Group is a global innovation and technology services
company that helps clients imagine, commercialize, and evolve
products and services for the connected world. Bringing together the
communications technology expertise of Aricent with the creative
vision and user experience prowess of frog, the Aricent Group
provides a unique portfolio of innovation capabilities that seamlessly
combines consumer insights, strategy, design, software engineering,
and systems integration. The client base includes communications
service providers, equipment manufacturers, independent software
vendors, device makers, and many other Fortune 500 brands. The
companys investors are Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co., Sequoia
Capital, The Family Office, Delta Partners, and The Canadian Pension
Plan Investment Board.