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Materials
Standards
SBHS400
SBHS400W
SBHS500
SBHS500W
SBHS700
SBHS700W
Pages
27
Strength
Standards
HT690
(Tensile strength 690 N/mm and over)
HT780
(Tensile strength 780 N/mm2 and over)
(Tensile strength 950 N/mm2 and over)
HT950
SM400C
(Yield point 215 N/mm2 and over)
(Yield point 235 N/mm2 and over)
SM400C-H
2
SM490C
(Yield point 295 N/mm and over)
(Yield point 315 N/mm2 and over)
SM490C-H
2
(Yield point 335 N/mm and over)
(Yield point 355 N/mm2 and over)
SM520C*
SM520C-H
(Yield point 430 N/mm2 and over)
(Yield point 450 N/mm2 and over)
SM570**
SM570-H
2
(Yield point 215 N/mm and over)
(Yield point 235 N/mm2 and over)
SMA400CW
SMA400CW-H
2
(Yield point 335 N/mm and over)
(Yield point 355 N/mm2 and over)
SMA490CW
SMA490CW-H
(Yield point 430 N/mm2 and over)
(Yield point 450 N/mm2 and over)
SMA570W**
SMA570W-H
2
SN400
(Yield point variation 120 N/mm )
SN490
(Yield point variation 120 N/mm2)
(Yield point variation 100 N/mm2)
SA440
SN400
(Yield ratio=Yield point/Tensile strength 80%)
SN490
(Yield ratio=Yield point/Tensile strength 80%)
SA440
(Yield ratio=Yield point/Tensile strength 80%)
LY100
(Yield point 100 N/mm2-grade steel)
LY225
(Yield point 225 N/mm2-grade steel)
Steel plates having high strength and excellent toughness in the range of thicknesses surpassing
those specified in the Specifications for Highway Bridges
Pages
High-strength steel
10 11
12 13
14 15
16 17
2
Materials
Standards
Cold forming
89
Pages
18 19
Steel having PCM lower than standard ones specified in the Specifications for Highway Bridges
Steel applicable to large heat-input welding
Z15, Z25, Z35 (Steel having guaranteed reduction of area in the thickness direction)
20
21
22 23
Materials
Standards
Pages
Weathering steel
SMA400W SBHS400W
SMA490W SBHS500W
SMA570W SBHS700W
24 27
Steel that prevents dull gray surface and cracking due to galvanizing
28 29
SUS304
(0.1% offset proof stress 235 N/mm2 and over, tensile strength 520 N/mm2 and over)
SUS316
(0.1% offset proof stress 235 N/mm2 and over, tensile strength 520 N/mm2 and over)
SUS304N2 (325 N/mm2 0.1% offset proof stress 440 N/mm2, tensile strength 690 N/mm2 and over)
Stainless-clad steel (base metal: carbon steel + clad material: stainless steel)
Titanium-clad steel (base metal: carbon steel + clad material: titanium)
Maximum difference in thickness 25~30 mm, maximum taper gradient 4 mm/m, total length 6~25 m
ST1770 (tensile strength 1,770 N/mm2 and over), ST1960 (tensile strength 1,960 N/mm2 and over)
30
31
32 33
34 36
SBHS
(Steels for Bridge High Performance Structures)
Scope
SBHS (Steels for Bridge High Performance Structures) are high-performance steel
plates (JIS G 3140) for use in bridge construction. These steels were developed as a
result of a joint industry-academia research project and with the primary object of reducing the construction cost of steel bridges.
In terms of strength, toughness and weldability, the performance of SBHS exceeds
that of 490 N/mm2-, 570 N/mm2-conventional and 780 N/mm2-grade conventional steel.
A good understanding of the high performance offered by SBHS and their effective
application will enable the user both to produce rational bridge designs and to conduct
more streamlined member manufacturing.
Features
As steel plates produced using TMCP technology, SBHS high-performance steel plates
for bridge construction make high strength compatible with high weldability and workability. (For TMCP technology, refer to pages 36~37.)
Weld-crack Sensitivity Composition PCM (%)
TMCP
600
Greater Contribution
toward Reduced Steel Weight and Construction Cost
Practical
Reduction
SBHS500
Conventional rolling
Heat treatment
500
Conventional
steel
Favorable weldability SM570
(Elimination or reduction
of preheating)
450
400
0.15
(Kanto Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
: Technoangle No. 38, October 2005)
Reduction
550
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strength
Workability
Weldability
Corrosion
resistance
Strength
rating
SBHS400
SBHS400W
Conventional
steel
SM490Y
SMA490W
SBHS500
SBHS500W
Conventional
steel
SM570
SMA570W
SBHS700
SBHS700W
Conventional
steel
(HT780)
Yield point
(N/mm2)
400
335
500
430
700
700
685
Constant
yield point
Excellent
toughness
Lowering of preheating
temperature
Weathering
steel spec
HBS
G3102 (HT780)
Material Characteristics
Chemical Composition
Grade
Unit: %
Si
Mn
Cu
Ni
Cr
Mo
0.15
0.55
2.00
0.020
0.006
0.006
SBHS400W
0.15
0.15~0.55
2.00
0.020
0.006
SBHS500
0.11
0.55
2.00
0.020
0.006
0.006
SBHS400
SBHS500W
0.11
0.15~0.55
2.00
0.020
SBHS700
0.11
0.55
2.00
0.015
0.006
SBHS700W
0.11
0.15~0.55
2.00
0.015
0.006
0.60
0.05
0.005
0.006
0.60
0.05
0.005
0.006
Yield Point or Proof Stress, Tensile Strength and Elongation, and Charpy Absorbed Energy
Yield point or
proof stress
(N/mm2)
Grade
SBHS400
SBHS400W
SBHS500
SBHS500W
SBHS700
SBHS700W
Tensile
strength
(N/mm2)
490~640
Elongation
Thickness
(mm)
Test
specimen
6 t 16
JIS No. 1A
15 and over
16 < t 50
570~720
780~930
JIS No. 1A
19 and over
t < 40
JIS No. 4
21 and over
6 t 16
JIS No. 5
19 and over
t < 16
JIS No. 5
26 and over
t < 20
JIS No. 4
20 and over
6 t 16
JIS No. 5
16 and over
t < 16
JIS No. 5
24 and over
t < 20
JIS No. 4
16 and over
V notch
Direction perpendicular to
rolling direction
40
*Average value of three test specimens
Welding Materials
Standards of Welding Materials
Welding method
SBHS400,SBHS500,
SBHS700
SBHS400W,SBHS500W,
SBHS700W
JIS Z 3211
JIS Z 3214
Solid wire
JIS Z 3312
JIS Z 3315
JIS Z 3313
JIS Z 3320
Gas metal
arc welding
Submerged
arc welding
Steel grade
Joint tensile
strength*
(N/mm2)
(C)
(J)
SBHS400(W)
47 and over
SBHS500(W)
47 and over
SBHS700(W)
15
47 and over
Test
temperature
Charpy
absorbed energy**
JIS Specication
Welding position
SMAW
JIS Z 3211
All position
E57J16-N1M1U
Flat, Horizontal
G57JA1UC3M1T
GMAW
FCAW
SAW
CO2 gas
Ar + 20%CO2 gas
CO2 gas
JIS Z 3312
JIS Z 3313
Deposited metal
JIS Z 3183
Wire
JIS Z 3351
Flux
JIS Z 3352
Symbol
All position
G57JA1UMC1M1T
All position
T57J1T1-1CA-G-U
Flat, Horizontal
T57J1T15-0CA-G-U
Horizontal fillet
T57J1T1-0CA-U
S58J2-H
Flat
YS-M5
SFCS1
Yield Strength
Relation between Yield Strength and Steel Weight
For plate girder bridges, steel products with yield strengths of 500 N/mm2 and under
are effective for economical design. This type of steel is also effective in reducing the
plate thickness of heavy-gauge steel members.
Range in which the effect of improved
yield strength on steel weight reduction is slight because of such critical
factors as fatigue and deflection restriction that work adversely on steel weight
reduction.
Bridge C
(span: 69 m)
900
800
500 N/mm2
Determined due to
deflection restriction
700
600
Disregarding of
deflection restriction
Bridge A
(span: 53 m)
500
400
Disregarding of fatigue limit
300
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
For long-span suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, steel products with a
yield strength of 700 N/mm2 are effective for economical design.
* T. Konishi, S. Miki et al: Possibility for Economical Design of Steel Bridge by Use of High-strength Steel, Proceedings of
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, No. 654/1-52, July 2000
800
700
SBHS700
HT780
(conventional steel)
600
500
400
300
SBHS500
SM570 (conventional steel)
SBHS400
Steel with constant yield point
SM490Y
(conventional steel)
200
6
20
40
60
80
100
Toughness
Toughness of Base Metal for SBHS (Example)
SBHS toughness is higher than that of conventional steel and, further, is guaranteed in
the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction. SBHS manufactured according to
weathering steel specifications have the same toughness as mentioned above.
200
SBHS400
SBHS500
at 0C
at 5C
SBHS700
150
at 40C
100
50
0
300
SM570
(conventional steel)
at 5C
HT780
(conventional steel)
at 40C
SM490Y
(conventional steel)
at 0C
400
500
600
700
800
900
Symbol
490 N/mm
grade
SMA490W
SM490Y
SBHS400 (W)
Conventional steel
(SM570)
570 N/mm2
grade
25 < t 40
40 < t 50
50 < t 100
0.27 (80C)
0.27 (80C)
0.29 (100C)
0.24
0.22
0.27 (80C)
0.29 (100C)
0.24
SBHS500 (W)
Conventional steel
(HT780)
SBHS700 (W)
780 N/mm2
grade
t 25
Standard PCM
(SM490Y)
(preheating
(SMA490W)
temperature)*
PCM requiring no preheating
Conventional steel
2
Classication
0.22
100
120
50 (t75)
* Standard PCM, preheating temperature standard (Japan Road Association: Specications for Highway Bridges, 2012 Ed.)
** Standard minimum preheating temperature (Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority, Steel Bridge Manufacturing Standards, May 1993)
60
SBHS500, SBHS500W
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SBHS700
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Workability
Workability of SBHS500
Dimension of -girder Used in Workability Test
Plate
thickness
30
Dimension (mm)
Application
section
Upper flange
30
500 6900
Web
20
2920 6900
Lower flange
50
700 6900
Stiffener
12
SBHS500
Width Length
3000
2920
Steel grade
50
10
SM490Y
6900
300
unit (mm)
Manufacturing of -girder
Application section
Comparison with
SM490Y
Cutting
t = 50 mm
Boring
t = 50 mm
Boring accuracy
t = 20, 50 mm
Web
t = 20 mm
Upper flange
t = 30 mm
Lower flange
t = 50 mm
Assembly welding
Butt welding
Fillet welding
Distortion
straightening
Site welding
Cut-surface roughness
Web-Flange
No preheating
Stiffener
No preheating
Press straightening
Roller straightening
Web
t = 20 mm
Upper flange
t = 30 mm
Lower flange
t = 50 mm
Excellent Similar
In spite of being 570 N/mm2-grade high-strength steel, SBHS500 has workability similar to that of SM490Y.
6
20
FCAW
Steel grade
SBHS500
Conventional steel
50
(20)
40
SBHS500 t=20 mm
50
(20)
40
50
Welding condition:
No preheating, heat input 0.57 kJ/mm
0.20
PCM
(90) (90)
45 50 45
140
350 (7t)
unit (mm)
0.22
Weld length
20 mm
50 mm
Assessment
result
No
cracking
No
cracking
General
50 mm
80 mm
and over*
and over
Provision in Specifications
for Highway Bridges
60
Welding
method
Welding
side
SAW
1st side
and
2nd side
Layer No.
Electrode
Heat input
(kJ/mm)
Interpass temperature
(C)
2nd layer to
final layer
3 grades
200 and under
250 and under
300 and under
30
50
6
14
unit (mm)
90
10
T
200
300
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
200
300
600
550
500
200
300
700
650
600
550
500
Joint impact
650
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
200
550
700
Example 4
(plate thickness: 50 mm)
200
300
700
650
600
550
500
300
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
200
200
300
600
650
Example 3
(plate thickness: 45 mm)
700
500
Example 2
(plate thickness: 50 mm)
Joint tensile strength (N/mm2)
Joint tension
Example 1
(plate thickness: 40 mm)
300
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Weld metal
Bond
HAZ 1 mm
200
300
Confirmation of appropriate
weld joint performance at
an interpass temperature of
300C and under (conventional
steel: 230C and under*)
*Required performance of weld joint described in HBS
(Standards of Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority)
SBHS500 50mm
SBHS500 40mm
SBHS500 50mm
SBHS500 100mm
300
250
SAW
GMAW
GMAW
GMAW
9.1
3.6
3.7
3.4
kJ/mm
kJ/mm
kJ/mm
kJ/mm
200
150
100
47J at 5C
50
0
WM
Bond
HAZ
1 mm
HAZ
3 mm
HAZ
5 mm
High-Strength Steel
Scope
The thickness of plates to be applied can be reduced and structural weight can be
decreased through the use of high-strength steel. Many application advantages
such as longer spans, efficient transport and erection, and also efficient fabrication
and welding are brought about.
Material Characteristics
Standards for High-Strength Steel
Standards
HBS G3102
WES 3001
HT70
HW550
HBS G3102
WES 3001
JIS
G3128
HT80
HW685
SHY685
WES 3001
HW885
900
HT780
800
700
Stress (N/mm2)
Strength ratings
600
SM570
SM490
500
400
SM400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
Strain (%)
25
30
Thickness (mm)
Strength (N/mm2)
Yield point
Tensile strength
Allowable stress
SS400
SM400
SMA400W
t 40
235
400
140
40 < t 75
215
400
125
75 < t 100
215
400
125
t 40
315
490
185
SM490
40 < t 75
295
490
175
75 < t 100
295
490
175
SM490Y
SM520C
SMA490W
t 40
355
490
210
40 < t 75
335
490
195
75 < t 100
325
490
190
t 40
450
570
255
SM570
SMA570W
40 < t 75
430
570
245
75 < t 100
420
570
240
HT690
t 100
590
690
355
HT780
t 100
685
780
HT950
t 100
885
950
Application Benets
Trial calculation example based on AASHTO (composite plate girder)
Conditions: Simple girders having 33 m span
30,031
7@3,920=27,440
1,308
241
1,283
Weight (kgf/m)
8 lanes
51
22
3,048
200
300
400
500
600
Yield point (N/mm2)
700
800
900
1,473
11
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
38
660
Unit: mm
Application Examples
High-strength steel of 690 and 780 N/mm2 grades is in wide use in long suspension,
cable-stayed, truss and other bridges.
Grades
Thickness
(mm)
16
25
32
40
50
100
SS400
SM400A
SM400B
SM400C
SM490A
SM490B
SM490C
SM490YA
SM490YB
SM520C
SM570
SMA400AW
SMA400BW
SMA400CW
SMA490AW
SMA490BW
SMA490CW
SMA570W
Bold line: Steel with constant yield point (-H) can be applied.
(Specications for Highway Bridges-Part. Steel Bridges, Japan Road Association)
Material Characteristics
The thickness range of steel with constant yield point is 40~100 mm. The steel guarantees the yield point specified for conventional JIS materials with thicknesses not
more than 40 mm and the steel designation has the suffix -H in addition to designation in JIS.
Comparison of Yield Point between Steel with Constant Yield Point and Conventional JIS Materials
Yield point or proof stress of steel with constant yield point (N/mm2)
10
Designation
Thickness (mm)
40 < t 100
Designation
SM400CH
SMA400CWH
SM490CH
Thickness (mm)
16 < t 40
40 < t 75
75 < t 100
SM400C
SMA400CW
SM490C
SM520CH
SMA490CWH
SM520C
SMA490CW
SM570H
SMA570WH
SM570
SMA570W
400
SM520C
(conventional JIS steel)
350
SM520CH
(steel with constant yield point)
355 N/mm2
355 N/mm2
335 N/mm2
325 N/mm2
300
250
16 mm
20
40 mm
40
75 mm
60
Thickness (mm)
100 mm
80
100
Application Benets
The allowable stress of the steel with constant yield point conforms to the values
listed in the table below regardless of thickness, based on the yield point guarantee
in the table at left. Steel weight reduction provides an economic benefit and complexity in design can be avoided through the use of steel with constant yield point.
Conventional
JIS steel
Thickness (mm)
SM400CH
SMA400CWH
SM490CH
SMA490YC-H
SM520CH
SMA490CWH
SM570H
SMA570WH
40 < t 100
140
185
210
255
Thickness (mm)
SM400
SMA400W
SM490
SMA490Y
SM520C
SMA490W
SM570H
SMA570WH
t 40
140
185
210
255
40 < t 75
125
175
195
245
75 < t 100
125
175
190
240
11
Material Characteristics
Mechanical Properties of JIS-SN400 and 490, and SA440
Standards
SN400B
SN400C
16 < t 40
235 to 355, incl.
40 < t 100
215 to 335, incl.
SN490B
SN490C
16 < t 40
325 to 445, incl.
40 < t 100
295 to 415, incl.
SA440B
SA440C
80 and under
80 and under
Elongation (%)
No. 1A specimen
16 < t 50
22 and over
No. 4 specimen
40 < t 100
No. 1A specimen
16 < t 50
21 and over
No. 4 specimen
40 < t 100
No. 4 specimen
20 and over
No. 5 specimen
26 and over
24 and over
23 and over
Notes
Omission of the standards for SN steel with thicknesses of 16 mm and under
Applicable thickness of SA440: 19 mm to 100 mm, incl.
Yield ratio = (Yield point or proof stress/tensile strength)100
12
Application Benets
Steel with Narrow Range of Yield Point Variation
Yield point
N/mm2
In the case of using this type of steel in building construction, the entire building
structure can be expected to show the designed plastic deformation behavior.
SA440
540
445
440
355
325
SN400
No upper limit
SM490
No upper limit
SS400
100 N/mm2
SN490
120 N/mm2
120 N/mm2
235
Yield point range
Mechanism to be supposed
Plastic hinge
Seismic force
Seismic force
Plastic hinge
u
y
y/u 80%
Stress
u : Tensile
strength
y : Yield point
y y
Elongation
u : Uniform
elongation
y : Yield strain
Small
Plastic deformation sphere
Plastic hinge
13
Material Characteristics
Steels of 100 and 225 N/mm2 yield point grades are used for seismic dampers of
building structures.
Mechanical Properties
Designation
(%)
LY100
80 120
200 300
60
LY225
205 245
300 400
80
Elongation
Test
specimen
JIS Z 2201
No.5
(%)
50
40
Chemical Composition
Designation
Si
Mn
LY100
0.01
0.03
0.20
0.025
0.015
0.006
LY225
0.10
0.05
0.50
0.025
0.015
0.006
Stress ( N/mm2)
400
225 N/mm2 yield point grade steel
300
100 N/mm2 yield point grade steel
200
100
14
10
20
30
Elongation (%)
40
50
Application Benets
Comparison of earthquake response between a structure equipped with seismic
damper and a conventional structure is shown below.
Seismic force
Seismic force
Conventional Structure
plastic hinge
seismic damper
Energy absorption
by seismic damper
Application Examples
Building seismic damper application is shown below.
Buckling-restrained
brace
Buckling-restrained brace
Stud-type
shear panel
Wall panel
Wall panel
15
Ultrathick Plate
Scope
Application of ultrathick plates allows construction of larger-size structures. When
ultrathick plates are used for bridge structures, the structures can be simplified due
to reduction in the number and sectional area of structural members applied.
Material Characteristics
Examples of specified maximum thickness of steel plates in several specifications or
standards, and major application examples in steel structures are as follows:
Ultrathick plates for steel superstructure
of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Standard
(HBS G3107, Draft)
Thickness
mm
300
200
100
50
500 N/mm2
grade
600 N/mm2
grade
JIS
Honshu-Shikoku
Bridge Standard
700 N/mm2
grade
800 N/mm2
grade
Penstock
t =150 mm,
200 mm
WES
1000 N/mm2
grade
Tensile strength
A standard covering ultrathick plates with thickness over 100 mm for bridge applications is prepared Ultrathick Plates for Steel Superstructure of the Honshu-Shikoku
Bridge Standard (HBS G3107, Draft). This standard prescribes ultrathick plates for
main tower base plates, splay saddles, tower links and other suspension bridge
members.
Application Examples
In the United States and Europe, steel plates with thickness over 100 mm are conventionally used in bridge construction.
Unit: mm
16
40150
3,200
340
22,600
1,200
12,600
1,200
Application Benets
The application of ultrathick plate allows not only compact structural sections but
also a reduction in the number of main girders to be applied and the elimination of
stiffened girders. The end result is a large numerical reduction in the fabrication
processes of bridge members.
The sections plastic deformation can be expected, and therefore deformation
capacity becomes large.
17
Material Characteristics
Cold Bending
The section of steel products in which strain occurs due to cold bending poses the
problem of toughness decline, and accordingly the Specifications for Highway Bridges prescribe that as a basic rule the inside bending radius should be more than 15
times the thickness.
However, where sufficient toughness can be secured for the section of steel products subjected to cold bending, the Specifications stipulate cold bending within the
inside bending radius more than 5 times the thickness. Practically, cold bending restrictions are eased for steel plate for which the following conditions are guaranteed.
vE 150J*
vE 200J*
t
R15t
R5t or 7t
18
Wakkanai
Rumoi
Abashiri
Asahikawa
Otaru
Sapporo
Obihiro
Tomakomai
Muroran
Kushiro
Absorbed energy
Monbetsu
Nayoro
Conventional steel
Nemuro
Hakodate
Source: Guidelines for Design and Construction of Steel Highway Bridges in
Hokkaido, Research Committee on Steel Highway Bridges of Association for Civil Engineering Technology of Hokkaido
60
40
20
0
Temperature (C)
20
40
Application Examples
Cold Bending of the Corner Section
19
Material Characteristics
Low preheating steel is designed with a low cracking parameter of material, and
therefore preheating temperature during welding can be lowered.
Preheating temperature
to prevent cracking (C)
150
100
Conventional steel
0
0.20
0.25
0.30
Application Benets
Application of low preheating steel (low PCM steel) allows considerable lowering of
the preheating temperature.
Example of Effect of Lowering of Preheating Temperature in Submerged Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Steel grade
SMA400
SMA400W
SMA490
SMA490Y
SMA520C
SMA570
SMA490W
Thickness (mm)
PCM
t 25
Standard PCM
(preheating temperature)
50 < t 100
0.24 (50C)
0.22
0.26 (50C)
0.24
40 < t 50
25 < t 40
0.26 (80C)
0.27 (80C)
0.22
0.27 (80C)
0.24
0.29 (100C)
0.22
Standard PCM, standard preheating temperature (Specications for Highway Bridges, Japan Road Association, March 2012)
20
Material Characteristics
Charpy absorbed energy
in welds (heat-affected zone) (J)
Conventional steel
50
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
Application Examples
Application of steel for large heat-input welding allows greater reduction in the number of welding passes.
Improved
welding efficiency
Example of large heat-input welding joint (1 pass, heat input 150 kJ/cm)
Material Characteristics
Lamellar tearing is a phenomenon of cracking parallel to the
surface of steel plates and can occur in welded joints subjected
to tensile stress like cruciform, T- and corner joints. Non-metallic inclusions (mainly MnS) and root cracking can become the
initiation site of lamellar tearing.
Although lamellar-tearing resistance can be directly confirmed
by the Z-window type restraint weld cracking test, it is generally
evaluated by the reduction of area measured by the through-thickness direction tensile test and S (sulfur) content in the steel.
Lamellar tearing-resistant steel that guarantees the value of the
reduction of area is specified in WES 3008 (Japan Welding Engineering Society Standards) and JIS G3199 (Japanese Industrial
Standards), in which the non-metallic inclusions contained in the
steel decreases and alloy segregation diminishes.
Tensile stress
Lamellar tearing
70
60
50
40
Z35
30
Z25
20
Z15
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
S content (%)
22
18
20
22
24
10 -3
S content (%)
Z15(S)
Z25(S)
Z35(S)
To be applied according
to agreement between
the user and the supplier
Application Benets
For welded structural members in which lamellar tearing is suspected, the use of
lamellar-tearing resistant steel and appropriate welding procedure can preclude
lamellar tearing.
Application Examples
Locations Where Lamellar-tearing Resistant Steel can be Applied
Beam-column connection
in main tower
23
Weathering Steel
Scope
Weathering steel can dispense with painting because of its characteristics that the
development of rust is controlled steadily with the lapse of time. As a result, maintenance costs can be significantly reduced.
Porous
Anti-ion-penetration
Easy
and fragile
ion penetration
Ordinary steel
FeOOH
Crack
FeOOH
Fe3O4
Protective rust layer
FeOOH
Base metal
Base metal
Material Characteristics
Weathering steel for bridge construction is specified in JIS JIS G3114 Hot-rolled
Atmospheric Corrosion Resisting Steels for Welded Structures (SMA series).
Hot-rolled Atmospheric Corrosion Resisting Steels for Welded Structures (JIS G 3114)
Designation
245 and over 235 and over 215 and over 215 and over 205 and over 195 and over
245 and over 235 and over 215 and over 215 and over
365 and over 355 and over 335 and over 325 and over 305 and over 295 and over
365 and over 355 and over 335 and over 325 and over
460 and over 450 and over 430 and over 420 and over
Tensile
strength
(N/mm2)
400 540
0C
0C
490 610
0C
0C
570 720
-5C
Reference: In general, "W" steel is used unpainted or with rust stabilization treatment, and P steel is used painted.
24
salt can be eliminated and unpainted weathering steel can be applied. (Airborne
salt measurement method: the dry gauze method specified in JIS Z2381 or the
method specified by Public Works Research Institute)
Area
Sea of Japan
coastal area
Okinawa
Okinawa
Plate Thickness Reduction Forecast Curve (Airborne Salt Level: 0.05 mdd or lower)
Forecasted plate thickness
reduction/surface (mm)
10
0.1
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
The curve in the above figure shows the range of forecasted plate thickness reduction,
based on the horizontal exposure of test specimens between main girders at 22 locations nationwide for 9 years. (The exposure results have also been proved by the
results of 17-year exposure tests.)
25
Application Benets
Merits of Weathering Steel
Reduction of lifecycle costs: Repainting can be eliminated.
Mitigation of environmental burdens: Unpainted steel can be applied.
Environmental harmonization: The attractive stabilized rust that over time forms on
weathering steel surfaces harmonizes well with the natural surroundings.
Painting (C5)
Weathering steel
(supplemental rust controlling surface treatment)
Weathering steel (unpainted use)
Lapse of years
Application Examples
Unpainted Weathering Steel in Bridge Structure (Japan)
26
Completion
Distant view
Close-range
view
27
Material Characteristics
Dull Gray Surface due to Galvanizing
Dull gray surface due to galvanizing concerns galvanizing temperatures and the
amount of Si included in the steel (see figure below).
The figure shows that control of Si amount to 0.02% and under or 0.15~0.25% will
improve the dull gray surface of the steel product during galvanizing.
Good
Evaluation
points to assess
Bad
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Si (%)
Application Benets
When galvanizing is adopted as a corrosion protection method for steel bridges,
maintenance costs such as repainting are greatly reduced, thus leading to the reduction of the life-cycle cost (LCC) of steel bridges.
20
18.1
15
10
Model 1:
Conventional bridges
Model 2:
Bridges
of minimized maintenance
5.6
5
2.0%
1.5
1.0
0
0
25
50
75
100
Years
125
150
175
200
Model 2
60 years
200 years
15 years
Repainting
15 years
Zinc spraying
Slab
RC slab
40 years
PC slab
Slab maintenance
Partial maintenance
after 20 years of service
20 years
Support
Steel support
30 years
Rubber support
Expansion device
Conventional specification
10 years
20 years
Pavement
10 years
Modified asphalt
15 years
Water-proofing layer
10 years
15 years
Water-proofing layer
replacement
Paint water-proofing
(pavement cycle)
10 years
Paint water-proofing
(pavement cycle)
15 years
Galvanizing
130 years
70 years
200 years
50 years
100 years
(K. Nishikawa: A Concept of Minimized Maintenance Bridges, Bridge and Foundation Engineering, Aug. 1997)
Application Examples
A Bridge Constructed Using Galvanized Members
29
Absorbing of water
and others
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
1030
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Passive film
O
Stainless steel
Material Characteristics
There are three kinds of stainless steel, which are used as structural materials:
SUS304 (SS 400 grade strength)
SUS316 (SS 400 grade strength+High corrosion resistance)
SUS304N2 (SM 490 grade strength)
StressStrain Curve
Stress
N/mm2
800
Density
SUS304N2
600
SUS304
SM490
400
10
20
30
40
Strain
%
SS400
50
60
7.93
7.86
1.01
72
19.5
3.69
No
Yes
cal /g / C (0~100C)
0.12
0.116
1.03
17.3
11.7
1.48
Thermal conductivity
102 cal/cm/sec/ C(100C)
3.89
11.9
0.33
Youngs modulus
Etf /cm2
1970
2110
0.93
Modulus of rigidity
Gtf /cm2
758
840
0.90
0.3
0.3
1.00
Specific heat
200
0
0
Poissons ratio
Application Examples
In building construction, excellent corrosion resistance and
decorativeness inherent to stainless steel are attracting much
attention and thus stainless steel is finding increasing use
as structural members. In addition to building construction,
stainless steel is steadily being applied for bridge construction in Europe, the US, and Asian nations.
30
Clad Steel
Scope
Clad steel refers to the product produced by joining steel with different kinds of metals in a layer state. The aim of clad steel is to reconcile excellent function and economy that are not obtainable from a single material.
Stainless steel, titanium and other corrosion-resistant materials are used as the
cladding material for steel, in which strength is borne by steel, thus realizing an extremely economical material.
Cladding material
Base metal
Application Examples
Stainless-clad Steel
Titanium-clad Steel
31
LP Steel Plate
(Longitudinally-proled Steel Plate)
Scope
LP steel plates are produced by changing the thickness in the longitudinal direction.
Longitudinally profiled steel plates have become available due to recent developments
in plate rolling technology.
Application of LP steel plates allows cost reduction by eliminating welds and reducing structural weight.
LP steel plates have already been applied in the construction of more than 100
bridges in Germany and France, and are finding increasing applications in shipbuilding and bridge construction in Japan.
Material Performances
Production Process
25 30 mm
4 mm/m
10 15 mm
100 mm
625 m
1.5 m
32
Application Benets
Rationalized
Equal
Thickness in Joints
Resisting moment
in the case of
equal-thickness
steel plate girder
Resisting moment
in the case of
LP steel plate girder
Filler plate
20,000
Moment by
external force
t = 40
t = 30
(mm)
Application Examples
An illustration of application of LP steel plates in girder flanges is shown below.
33
Ulsan
Yi Sun-sin
Akashi Kaikyo
Bosporus No. 2
George Washington
1770
Humber
New Port
Bear Mountain
1570
Manhattan
Honshu-Shikoku
1370
Kanmon
Williamsburg
1170
Verrazano-Narrows, Forth-Road
Bosporus No. 1
Brooklyn
1800
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Years
Material Characteristics
Cable Section
In producing steel wire with 1,770 MPa and 1,960 MPa
strength grade, low-alloy steel with higher levels of C and Si
was adopted as the base material, which improved the tensile strength by 200~400 MPa over the 1,570 MPa grade.
1,770 MPa and 1,960 MPa high-strength wire not only
possess high tensile strength, but also demonstrate toughness and fatigue strength, and also exhibit handling efficiency during cable erection that are similar or superior to those
of 1,570 MPa grade wire.
Wire
Strand
Cable
Main
chemical
compositions
C (%)
0.90 ~ 0.95
0.12 ~ 0.32
0.80 ~ 1.00
1.00 ~ 1.20
0.60 ~ 0.90
0.60 ~ 0.90
0.30 ~ 0.60
1570 ~ 1770
1770 ~ 1960
Elongation (%)
Coils (3d)
No. of twists
2
34
0.80 ~ 0.85
Si (%)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Galvanized
wire
0.75 ~ 0.80
Mn (%)
Proof stress (MPa)
Mechanical
properties
1960 ~ 2150
No breakage
No breakage
No breakage
14
14
14
300
300
300
No peeling off
No peeling off
No peeling off
Application Benets
2.0
6.6 m
1.0
1500
2000
2500
3000
3.0 m
T.P+283 m
3500
14.0 m
1.2
0.852 m
1.4
0.8
T.P+320 m
1.6
6.8 m
14.0 m
1.8
Sag-span ratio1/10
Weight of suspended
structure: 15.3 tf/m
(excluding cables)
Sag-span ratio1/8.5
2.2
1.122 m
Application Examples
For Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, 1,960 Mpa steel wire is adopted for the catwalk ropes in
addition to 1,770 Mpa steel wire for the main cables.
35
Is TMCP?
TMCP refers to the Thermo-Mechanical Control Process a steel plate rolling process
based on controlled rolling followed by controlled cooling. Application of TMCP
technology not only allows a greater reduction of the carbon equivalent (Ceq) and the
weld crack sensitivity composition (PCM), two important parameters for weldability,
but also enables the production of high-strength, high-toughness and other high-performance steel plates.
700
600
Conventional
rolling
500
400
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
TMCP
Equipment
Controlled cooling
Cooling equipment
Roughing mill*
Finishing mill
Reheating furnace
*In certain plants, roughing mill is not used.
36
Features
Because TMCP steel plates feature low carbon equivalent and high fracture toughness
through proper application of controlled rolling and cooling, these plates offer the
following features:
Features
Hv max
98N
400
100
TMCP steel
mm
t = 1280
Conventional steel
t = 2582
mm
Preheating temperature
to prevent cracking (C)
450
350
300
250
75
50
RT
200
Weld condition:
D5016 4 17 kJ/cm
No preheating
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.42
Ceq = C + Si / 24 + Mn / 6 (%)
Feature
Conventional
steel
TMCP
steel
of Microstructure
TMCP steel plates have fine ferrite and pearlite structure, compared to conventional steel plates.
TMCP
(controlled rolling + controlled cooling)
Conventional rolling
37