Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 407 (1998) 423—427

UCLA-KIAE focusing permanent magnet undulator for SASE

experiment
N. Osmanov!, S. Tolmachev!, A. Varfolomeev!,*, A.A. Varfolomeev, Jr.!, P. Frigola",
M. Hogan", C. Pellegrini", R. Carr#, S. Lidia$
! Coherent Radiation Laboratory, Russian Research Center **Kurchatov Institute++, Moscow 123182, Russia
" Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
# Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, CA 94309, USA
$ Lawrence Berkely Laboratory, CA 94720, USA

Abstract
A description of a new 2 m undulator is presented which was specially designed and manufactured for a SASE mode
FEL experiment. It is a one section two plane focusing permanent magnet construction. The uniform period length is
2.06 cm, total number of periods is 98. The peak field on the axis is 5.4 kG for a 5 mm gap. ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
All rights reserved.

PACS: 41.60.C; 07.55.G

Keywords: Magnet; Undulator; Construction

1. Introduction mechanical fabrication of some small undulator

A new pure permanent magnet undulator with
total length of 2 m has been specially designed for
the SASE FEL experiment at Los Alamos acceler-
ator and constructed in a short time due to well-
organized collaboration of some groups from dif-
ferent institutes. Basic specification and mechanical
fabrication was done by UCLA. The Berkeley-
Stanford group made permanent magnet sorting,
electron trajectory simulation in the undulator and
* Corresponding author. E-mail: varfolom@lki.msk.ru.
components. The main part of the work was done
by the Kurchatov Institute team which included
common undulator design with mechanical draw-
ing, control of the fabrication of mechanical com-
ponents and, assembling and testing of the undula-
tor. Wire technique measurements were made
together with the UCLA team. All assembling
and testing work was done at UCLA.
A peculiarity of this work was to build a cheap
undulator using Sm—Co permanent magnet blocks
available from Los Alamos group as a result of
disassembling of old undulators using a mechanical
frame construction similar to that used earlier for

0168-9002/98/$19.00 ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

PII S 0 1 6 8 - 9 0 0 2 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 6 2 - X VII. OPTICS/UNDULATORS
424 N. Osmanov et al. /Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 407 (1998) 423—427
1 m undulator construction [1,2]. However, analy-
sis and testing of mechanical models did show that
the above construction cannot be copied but
should be improved and namely reinforced to be
more rigid for providing the desired field uniform-
ity along the total length of the undulator. So a new
mechanical design was needed to make the con-
struction more strong for getting the required toler-
ances along the whole 2 m length. For providing
the specified magnet focusing, a new special scheme
was suggested for quadrupole focusing. Another
reason to change the construction was to provide
space for the focusing magnets as well. New
Nd—Fe—B permanent magnet blocks were used for
this purpose with some stronger magnets than the
wiggler magnets.
2. Undulator design
The undulator was designed as a pure permanent
magnet construction including the focusing system.
The basic undulator parameters are given in
Table 1. A drawing depicting the cross-sectional
view of the undulator as it was designed and ma-
chined is shown in Fig. 1. Two side bodies are made
from aluminum as solid pieces. They have shelves
of calibrated thickness which were very fine toler-
ated for flatness along the total 2 m length. As
a result the supporting shelf surfaces are plane
within 0.001A. They define the position of the wig-
gler magnets and the undulator gap value which is
5 mm.
Sm—Co magnet blocks with the dimensions
5]5]35 mm3 had orthogonal narrow slots cut on
the square ends which were used for mounting
magnet blocks similar to that of Ref. [2] by mesh-
Table 1
Main undulator parameters
Number of periods N 98
Period length j (cm) 2.06
8
Gap g (mm) 5
Field amplitude B (kG) 5.4
0
Undulator parameter K 1.05
Total length (m) 2 Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of the undulator: 1 — focusing mag-
Gradient of focusing field (G/mm) 15
ing its ends with vertical teeth on special rails.
Horizontal slots were used for locking blocks by
splints (see below). Conventional Halbach magnet
configuration with four magnet pairs per period
provide the specified period length of 2.06 cm. Two
covers can keep the bodies in the right position.
They also contain focusing permanent magnets. All
mechanical components, i.e. side bodies and covers
were tested on a granite table before assembling.
The respective shimming of the covers was used to
correct the piece shapes.
Two basic body sides and one of the covers were
assembled first after which the wiggler magnet
blocks were inserted in the assembly. The magnets
were placed in the vertical slots and held from
popping out by sliding thin strips of brass horizon-
tally. Additional magnet holders were also used to
press the wiggler magnets for the alignment of their
positions along the shelf surface. The same proced-
ure was repeated for wiggler magnets being inserted
in the other side of the undulator.
Each cover has two 5 mm wide slots cut along
the cover for keeping the focusing magnet blocks.
The focusing scheme is illustrated by Fig. 1. The
arrows show the magnetization direction of these
Nd—Fe—B magnet blocks. The four magnet rows
provide quadrupole focusing of the e-beam in the
wiggler x—z plane. Average field gradient on the
undulator axis was found to be &15 G/mm.
nets, 2 — wiggler magnets, 3 — basic body, 4 — special rail,
5 — covers, 6 — focusing magnet supports, 7 — diagnostic window.
 N. Osmanov et al. /Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 407 (1998) 423—427 425

Fig. 2. Results of Hall probe magnetic field measurements on the undulator axis with one-half of the undulator.

Special matching was done for the exit and en-
trance parts of the undulator. The B field schemes
y
for four side cells can be described as 1, 1, 3, 1.
4 2 4
3. Undulator magnetic fields
Preliminary measurements of the undulator
magnetic fields were made with the Hall probe
when only one side of the undulator was assembled
as was mentioned above. Magnetic field strength
measurements on the outer side of the wiggler mag-
net array did show that the magnetic field flux is
well screened and directed into the undulator gap
area. It was a good control of correct magnet block
assembling. Fig. 2 shows the field measurement re-
sults for the inner side of this magnet array at
a distance of &2.5 mm from the magnet array
surface. These results give the field strength on the
undulator axis provided by the single-side magnet
array. The strength and uniformity of the field are
completely agreed with the simulation results ob-
tained earlier with the given set of magnets assem-
bled along with a scheme which was found by
special sorting of magnets. Direct measurements of
the total magnetic field of the undulator has given
on the axis a peak field of 5.4 kG.
After the complete assembling of the undulator
the field was tested by the wire technique. It was
shown by the Kurchatov Institute group [3—7] that
Table 2
Pulsed-wire parameters
Pulse length (ms) 12
Reception rate (Hz) 0.03—0.05
Pulse amplitude (V) 35
Wire length (m) 5
BeCu wire diameter (lm) 50
Tension weight (g) 165
Acoustic velocity (m/s) 286
it can be successfully used for long undulator mag-
netic field testing including focusing fields with
rather high precision. This time the wire perfor-
mance was a combined one. The electric pulse gen-
erator was standard of Hewlett-Packard type. Wire
position sensors were used of the type described in
Ref. [8] based on two orthogonally spaced red
solid state lasers and two high speed solid state
detectors. Main parameters of the pulsed wire per-
formance used for the second integral measure-
ments are presented in Table 2.
The wire technique was used for assembled un-
dulator field measurements in both cases with fo-
cusing magnets and without focusing magnets, re-
spectively. On-line with the pulsed wire wiggler
field corrections were made by attaching small
dipole magnet pieces to both the outer sides of the
wiggler magnet arrays. In Fig. 3, the final results are
presented obtained as the second integrals of the

VII. OPTICS/UNDULATORS
426 N. Osmanov et al. /Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 407 (1998) 423—427

Fig. 3. Second integrals of the wiggler fields after magnet corrections are made. The wire “enters” along z-axis. Quadrupole defocusing
effect in y—z plane (for the wire only) is evidently seen.

undulator fields. It is seen that the deviations of the

wire in the x—z plane on the whole undulator length
are limited by the value comparable with wiggling
amplitude of the wire. The same will be for the
electrons entering along the undulator axis at the
point x"y"0. When the wire is not parallel to
the z-axis at the undulator entrance (Fig. 4) the
deviations are larger but due to the focusing effect
they are limited. At the undulator exit the wire is
turned and directed to the axis. Concerning the y—z
plane (y-motion in Fig. 3) the wire does not feel the
focusing or defocusing fields only within a small
area around the z-axis. If some larger deviations
take place the wire shows very strong defocusing
due to the quadrupole used which is focusing in the
x—z plane and defocusing in the y—z plane, respec-
tively [7]. The quadrupole focusing (defocusing)
strength depends on electron energy c in a manner
different from that of the sextupole focusing
Fig. 4. Second integral of the wiggler field for non-parallel to
strength. The defocusing strength for the wire in the z-axis entrance.
y—z plane prevails over the sextupole focusing one
for the wire [7] but for the real e.b. the given
sextupole focusing is larger than the defocusing 4. Conclusion
quadrupole strength. Hence the wire data on de-
focusing in the y—z plane should be corrected. Ac- The manufactured and tested 2 m focusing
tually, 2D focusing for e.b. will be provided. permanent magnet undulator is adequate to the
 N. Osmanov et al. /Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 407 (1998) 423—427
specifications and can be used for the SASE FEL
experiment as it was required.
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VII. OPTICS/UNDULATORS