Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
A. Analog-to-digital converters:
1. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) change the analog electrical voltage coming
from the microphone into numbers.
2. Sampling is the first step in this process by noting the size of the signal at
regular time intervals, and totally ignoring the value in-between these sampling
points.
3. Quantization error (QE): Error resulting from trying to represent a continuous
analog signal into discrete, stepped digital data. The problem arises when the
analog value being sampled falls between two digital steps. So, the analog value
must be represented by the nearest digital value, resulting in a very slight
error.
4. In other words, QE is, the difference between the continuous analog waveform,
and the stair-stepped digital representation.
5. For a sine wave, QE will appear as extra harmonics in the signal. as wideband
noise Quantization noise
6. Factors affecting QE:
- dynamic range of ADC (is the largest voltage that can be accurately digitized)
- number of bits of ADC.
7. Solution: to reduce quantization error:
- the more bits the better, as HA will be able to handle a greater dynamic range of
signals without adding excessive noise of its own.
- reduce the ADC voltage range,
GMWF
GMWF
maximum input frequency (f1). That is one reason why you may see that the
sampling rate is more than twice the maximum input frequency.
12. To avoid aliasing, it is wise to sample at two times the Nyquist rate (i.e., four times
the highest frequency in the analog signal of interest)
13. The waveform would be represented by the numbers (called the code) The
sampled waveform has now been digitized.
14. Binary Number System:
In our base decimal number system, each place can represent 10 different
values (0 through 9). In the base 2 or binary number system, each place
can represent only two values: 0 or 1.
Another example:
15. each of these binary places is referred as a bit, and hence 1100010 is a seven-bit
binary number. The word bit is a contraction of the words binary digit. Because
we need to convey negative and positive numbers, the numbers can be arranged
so that the first bit represents the sign of the number.
GMWF
First, it is convenient for computers, because they can most efficiently represent
signals as either on or off and these can easily be thought of as the two values
of a binary digit.
Having only two values makes a signal almost incorruptible when it is stored,
transmitted, or used in any way.
GMWF
mixed up with the signal and would pass to HA wearer. Note that this
advantage applies only to noise generated internally within the digital part of
HA, not noise picked up by the hearing aid or created within the microphone,
pre-amplifier, or ADC.
Once sound has been represented as a series of numbers, we can modify the
i.
These blocks are connected together in a fixed order i.e. it can process
sounds in only the way represented by that particular block diagram.
ii.
advantage:
- could be updated by a new software without buying a new HA
- super-flexible aid, in which the aid wearer can switch between
different signal processing schemes (each with its own block
diagram) using a remote control.
GMWF
Signal Delay:
-
Any delay in the amplified sound path, even including the very short delay found in
analog HA can disrupt the resulting gain-frequency response of the complete
system for people with mild or moderate losses.
The acoustic (non-delayed, via open fitting) and amplified (delayed) sound paths
will partially cancel at particular frequencies but add constructively at frequencies
intermediate to these. The resulting series of peaks and troughs in the frequency
response is referred to as comb filtering.
Some filtering methods delay low frequency sounds to a greater extent than high
frequency sounds.
when the low frequencies are delayed with respect to the high frequencies,
differential delays as small as 5 ms can be detected. Delays around 10 ms are
disturbing and delays of 15 ms affect the intelligibility of incoming speech.
GMWF
C. Digital-to-analog converters:
After the digital signal processor has altered the sound the modified numbers must
be converted into an acoustic signal. This conversion is the job of the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) combined with the receiver.
To minimize power consumption, digital HA use a different solution. The multiple bits
that comprise each sample are converted into a single bit that changes at a rate many
times higher than the sample rate. The converter is referred to as a digital-to-digital
converter.
The high-speed serial output from this converter is fed to the receiver, which averages
out the high-speed variations in the digital signal to produce a smooth analog signal.
The digital-to-digital converter and the receiver thus combine to make up the digitalto-analog converter.
GMWF
3. Number of bits:
The greater the number of bits, the greater the number of analog voltage levels
that we can represent.
4. Current consumption:
The current consumption, and hence battery life and feasible battery size,
depends on:
* the instruction rate,
* the voltage at which the integrated circuit operates, and
* the technology used to make the integrated circuit.
5. Processing delay:
Digital HA required less power and volume than analog HA performing operations of
similar complexity.
The only significant disadvantage of digital HA is the longer delay between the input
and output as mentioned.
GMWF