Note 5 A

Aug-Nov.
2015
CE 5630
ADVANCED DESIGN OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Module 3
Behaviour of PSC Flexural Members

Devdas Menon
Professor, Dept of Civil Engg
IIT Madras
CE 5630: Course Outline

Review of basic concepts, background to code
formula8ons, and advanced theory in the following
topics:
1. Introduc8on, Basic Proper8es, Durability, Design Philosophy (8 hrs)
2. Behaviour & Design of RC Flexural Members (12 hrs)
3. Behaviour of PSC Flexural Members (6 hrs)
4. Behaviour & Design of RC Columns (5 hrs)
5. Serviceability Limit States (4 hrs)
6. Limit analysis of RC members (5 hrs)
7. Special Topics (5 hrs)
2
Module 3A
Behaviour of PSC Flexural Members
A. Analysis of members under exure

B. Basic design requirements of PSC exural members

Geometric Proper8es
+
Ac
As
A = gross cross-sec8onal area

Ac = area of concrete
As = area of non-prestressed reinforcement
Ap = area of prestressing tendons
4
Ap
Geometric Proper8es
=
A
At
At = transformed area of the sec8on

= Ac + (Es/ Ec) As + (Ep/ Ec) Ap
3A. Analysis of Members under Flexure

Introduc8on
The analysis of members under exure refers to the
evalua8on of the following.
1) Permissible prestress based on allowable stresses
at transfer.

2) Stresses under service loads. These are compared
with allowable stresses under service condi8ons.
6
Analysis of Members under Flexure

Introduc8on
3) Ul8mate strength. This is compared with the
demand under factored loads.
4) The en8re load versus deforma8on behaviour.
The analyses at transfer, under service loads and
factored loads will be presented separately. The
evalua8on of the load versus deforma8on behaviour
will not be covered.
7

Assump8ons
The analysis of members under exure considers the
following.

1) Plane sec8ons remain plane 8ll failure (known as

Bernoullis hypothesis).
2) Perfect bond between concrete and prestressing
steel for bonded tendons.
8

Principles of Mechanics
The analysis involves three principles of mechanics.
1) Equilibrium of internal forces with the external loads.
The compression in concrete (C) is equal to the tension
in the tendon (T). The couple of C and T is equal to the
moment due to external loads.

Principles of Mechanics
2) Compa8bility of the strains in concrete and in steel for
bonded tendons. The formula8on also involves the rst
assump8on of plane sec8on remaining plane aaer bending. For
unbonded tendons, the compa8bility is in terms of deforma8on.

3) Cons8tu8ve rela8onships rela8ng the stresses and the strains
in the materials.
10

Varia8on of Internal Forces

In reinforced concrete members under exure, the
values of compression in concrete (C) and tension in
the steel (T) increase with increasing external load.
The change in the lever arm (z) is not large.

11

Varia8on of Internal Forces

In prestressed concrete members under exure, at
transfer of prestress C is located close to T. The
couple of C and T balances only the self weight. At
service loads, C shias up and the lever arm (z) gets
large. The varia8on of C or T is not appreciable.

12

w1
w1
z1
z2
Reinforced concrete
C 2 > C 1 , z2 z 1
13
T1
w2 > w1
w2
z1
C1
C1
T1
w2
C2
z2
T2
Prestressed concrete
C2 C1, z2 > z1
Variations of internal forces and lever arm
C2
T2

The analysis at transfer and under service loads are
similar. The methods are explained only for service
loads. A prestressed member usually remains
uncracked under service loads.

The concrete and steel are treated as elas8c materials.
The principle of superposi8on is applied. The increase
in stress in the prestressing steel due to bending is
neglected.
14

There are three approaches to analyse a prestressed
member at service loads.
a) Based on stress concept.
b) Based on force concept.
c) Based on load balancing concept.

The following material explains the three concepts.
15

Based on Stress Concept

In this approach, the stresses at the edges of the sec8on
under the internal forces in concrete are calculated. The
stress concept is used to compare the calculated stresses
with the allowable stresses.

16


The following gures show the stresses in a simply supported
beam under a uniformly distributed load (UDL) and prestressed
with constant eccentricity (e) along its length.
CGC
CGS
A simply supported beam under UDL

17


Stress proles at a sec8on due to internal forces
M
CGC
18
Internal
forces in
concrete
P/A
Pey/ I
My/ I Resultant
(stress (stress (stress
stress
due to P) due to P.e) due to M)
prole


The resultant stress at a distance y from the CGC is
given by the principle of superposi8on as follows.
P Pey My
f =
A
I
I
For a curved tendon, P can be subs8tuted by its

horizontal component. But the eect of this renement
is negligible.
19

Based on Force Concept
This approach is analogous to the study of reinforced concrete.
The tension in prestressing steel (T) and the resultant
compression in concrete (C) are considered to balance the
external loads.
The force concept is used to determine the dimensions of a
sec8on and to check the service load capacity.

20


The stresses in concrete calculated by this approach are
same as those calculated based on stress concept. The
stresses at the extreme edges are compared with the
allowable stresses.

21


The following gures show the internal forces in the sec8on.
ec
e
T
Internal forces at prestressing

(neglec8ng self-weight)
22
Internal forces aaer

loading


The equilibrium equa8ons are as follows.
C =T
M = C.z
or, M = C(ec + e)
23


The resultant stress in concrete at a distance y from the CGC is
given as follows.

C Cec y
f =
A
I
24


Subs8tu8ng C = P and Cec = M Pe, the expression of stress
becomes same as that given by the stress concept.
P Pey My
f =
A
I
I
25

Load Balancing Concept
Example 1
e
PSC beam with parabolic

tendon
L
Free body diagram of

prestressing steel
+
e
wup=w
26

concrete

Load Balancing Concept
Example 2
PSC beam with Singly Harped
tendon
P
W

prestressing steel
+
P
P
Wup=W
27

concrete

Based on Load Balancing Concept
This approach is used for a member with curved or

harped tendons and in the analysis of indeterminate
continuous beams. The moment, upward thrust and
upward deflection (camber) due to the prestress in the
tendons are calculated. The upward thrust balances
part of the superimposed load.
28

a) For a Parabolic Tendon
e
wup
L
Free body diagram of concrete
M
Bending moment diagram
29

a) For a Parabolic Tendon
The moment at the centre due to the uniform upward thrust (wup)
is given by the following equa8on.
w up L2
M=
8
The moment at the centre from the prestressing force is given as
M = Pe.
30


The expression of wup is calculated by equa8ng the two
expressions of M. The upward deec8on () is calculated from
wup based on elas8c analysis.
8Pe
L2
5w up L4
=
384EI
w up =
31

b) For Singly Harped Tendon

P
P
Wup
M
32

For Singly Harped Tendon

Wup L
M=
= Pe
4
4Pe
Wup =
L
Wup L3
=
48EI
33

c) For Doubly Harped Tendon

P
P
aL W
up
Wup
34
M

For Doubly Harped Tendon

M = Wup aL = Pe
Pe
Wup =
aL
a ( 3 4a 2 ) Wup L3
=
24EI
35

a parabolic tendon is shown
A concrete beam prestressed with
Example A.1
in the gure. The prestressing force applied is 1620 kN. The

uniformly distributed load includes the self weight. Compute
the extreme bre stress at the mid-span by applying the three
concepts. Draw the stress distribu8on across the sec8on at
mid-span.
45 kN/m
145
7.3m
36
At end
750
CGC
500
At mid-span
Solu8on
a) Stress concept
Area of concrete, A = 500 750

= 375,000 mm2
Moment of iner8a, I = ( 500 7503) / 12

= 1.758 1010 mm4

Bending moment at mid-span, M = ( 45 7.32) / 8

37
= 299.7 kNm
Solu8on

Top bre stress
(fc )t
P Pe
M
= +
y top y top
A I
I
1620 103 1620 103 145
299.7 106
=
+
375
375
3
10
10
375 10
1.758 10
1.758 10
= 4.32 + 5.01 6.39
= 5.7 N / mm2
38
Solu8on

Bolom bre stress
(fc )b
P Pe
M
=
y bot + y bot
A
I
I
1620 103 1620 103 145
299.7 106
=
375 +
375
3
10
10
375 10
1.758 10
1.758 10
= 4.32 5.01+ 6.39
= 2.9 N / mm2
39
Solu8on
b) Force concept

ec
e
C
P
Applied moment M = 299.7 kN-m

Lever arm z = M / P
= 299.7 103 / 1620 = 185 mm
Eccentricity of C, ec = z e

40
= 185 145 = 40 mm
Solution
Top fibre stress
(fc )t
C Cec
=
y top
A
I
1620 103 1620 103 40
=
375
3
10
375 10
1.758 10
= 4.32 1.38
= 5.7 N / mm2
41
Solu8on

Bolom bre stress
C Cec
+
y bot
A
I
1620 103 1620 103 40
=
+
375
3
10
375 10
1.758 10
= 4.32 + 1.38
(fc )b =
= 2.9 N / mm2
42
Solu8on
c) Load balancing method

Eec8ve upward load, wup = 8Pe / L2
= 8 1620 103 145 / 73002
= 35.3 kN/m

Residual load wres = 45 35.3
= 9.7 kN/m
43
Solu8on
Residual bending moment

Mres = 9.7 7.32 / 8
= 64.6 kNm

Residual bending stress
(fc)res = 64.6 106 375 / 1.7581010
= 1.38 N/mm2
44
Solu8on
Total top bre stress (fc)t = P/A (fc)res

= 4.32 1.38
= 5.7 N/mm2

Total bolom bre stress (fc)b = P/A + (fc)res

= 4.32 + 1.38
= 2.9 N/mm2

45
Solu8on
The resultant stress distribu8on at mid-span is shown below.

5.7 N/mm2
2.9 N/mm2
46

The analysis of exural members under service loads involves
the calcula8on of the following quan88es.
a) Cracking moment.
b) Loca8on of kern points.
c) Loca8on of pressure line.
47

Cracking Moment

The cracking moment (Mcr) is dened as the moment due to
external loads at which the rst crack occurs in a prestressed
exural member.

48
Cracking Moment (con8nued)

Considering the variability in stress at the occurrence of the
rst crack, the evaluated cracking moment is an es8mate.
Nevertheless, the evalua8on of cracking moment is important
in the analysis of prestressed members.
49


For Type 1 (full prestressing) and Type 2 (limited prestressing)
members, cracking is not allowed under service loads. Hence,
it is impera8ve to check that the cracking moment is greater
than the moment due to service loads.

50


The stress at the extreme tension ber of the beam
corresponding to the cracking moment (Mcr) is equal to the
modulus of rupture.

The modulus of rupture is the exural tensile strength
measured by tes8ng beams under 2 point loading (also called 4
point loading including the reac8ons or middle third loading).
51

Cracking Moment (continued)
The modulus of rupture (fcr) is expressed in terms of

the characteristic compressive strength (fck) of
concrete by the following equation (IS:456 2000 and
IS 1343: 2012).
fcr = 0.7 fck
Here, fcr and fck are in N/mm2.

52


Based on the stress concept, the stress at the bolom edge
corresponding to Mcr , is equated to fcr.
CGC
yb
Mcr
Pe
Internal forces in
concrete
53
fcr
Resultant stress
prole

Pe Peey b M cr y b
+
= fcr
A
I
I
M cr y b
Pe Peey b
or,
= fcr +
+
I
A
I
f I PI
or, M cr = cr + e + Pee
y b Ay b
This equa8on expresses Mcr in terms of the sec8on and material

proper8es and prestressing variables.
54

Kern Points

When the resultant compression (C) is located within a specic
zone of a sec8on of a beam, tensile stresses are not generated.
This zone is called the kern of a sec8on. For a sec8on
symmetric about an axis perpendicular to sec8on, the kern is
within the levels of the upper and lower kern points.

55

Kern Points (con8nued)

When the resultant compression (C) under service loads is located at
the upper kern point, the stress at the bolom edge is zero.

Similarly, when C at transfer of prestress is located at the bolom
kern point, the stress at the upper edge is zero. The levels of the
upper and lower kern points from CGC are denoted as kt and kb,
respec8vely.
56


Based on the stress concept, the stress at the bolom edge
corresponding to C at the upper kern point, is equated to zero.

CGC
yb
Loca8on of
resultant
compression
57
kt
Resultant stress
prole

C Ckt y b
+
=0
A
I
C Ckt y b
or, +
=0
2
A
Ar
r2
or, kt =
yb
This equa8on expresses the loca8on of upper kern point in terms of

the sec8on proper8es. Here, r is the radius of gyra8on.
58


Similar to the calcula8on of kt , the loca8on of the bolom kern point
is calculated as follows.
yt
CGC
Loca8on of
resultant
compression
59
kb
Resultant stress
prole

C Ckb y t
+
=0
A
I
C Ckb y t
or, +
=0
2
A
Ar
r2
or, kb =
yt
60

Cracking Moment using Kern Points

The kern points can be used to determine the cracking moment
(Mcr). The cracking moment is slightly greater than the
moment causing zero stress at the bolom. C is located above
kt to cause a tensile stress fcr at the bolom. The incremental
moment is fcr I/yb.

61

Cracking Moment using Kern Points (con8nued)
ec
CGC
e
C
CGS
Loca8on of
resultant
compression
62
z
kt
=
fcr
fcr
Resultant stress
prole

M cr = C (e + ec )
= C (e + kt + z )
fcr I
or, M cr = C (e + kt ) +
yb
63

Subs8tu8ng C = Pe, kt = r2/yb and r2 = I/A
r2
fcr I
M cr = Pe
+ e +
yb
yb
or, M cr =
64
fcr I Pe I
+
+ Pee
y b Ay b
Example A-2

For the post-tensioned beam with a anged sec8on as shown, the
prole of the CGS is parabolic, with no eccentricity at the ends.
The live load moment due to service loads at mid-span (MLL) is
648 kNm. The prestress aaer transfer (P0) is 1600 kN. Assume
15% loss at service. Grade of concrete is M30.
CGC
18.0m
65
Example A-2 (con8nued)

500
200
150
1000
CGS
Values in mm.
200
150
250
Cross-sec8on at mid-span
66
Example A-2(con8nued)

Evaluate the following quan88es.
a) Kern levels
b) Cracking moment
c) The stresses at the top and bolom bres at transfer and at
service.

Compare the stresses with the following allowable stresses at
transfer and at service.
For compression, fcc,all = 18.0 N/mm2
For tension, fct,all = 1.5 N/mm2.
67
Solu8on
Calcula8on of geometric proper8es
The sec8on is divided into three rectangles for the computa8on
of the geometric proper8es. The centroid of each rectangle is
located from the sot.
1
+
2
900
CGC
500
100
68
yt
Values in mm.
yb
Solu8on
Area of the sec8on

Area of 1
= A1 = 500 200 = 100,000 mm2

Area of 2
= A2 = 600 150 = 90,000 mm2

Area of 3
= A3 = 250 200 = 50,000 mm2

A = A1 + A2 + A3
= 240,000 mm2
69
Solu8on
Loca8on of CGC from the sot
A1 900 + A2 500 + A3 100

y=
A
= 583.3 mm
Therefore,
y b = 583.3 mm
y t = 1000.0 583.3
= 416.7 mm
70
Eccentricity of CGS at mid-span
e = y 150
= 583.3 150
= 433.3 mm
Solu8on
Moment of iner8a of 1
about axis through CGC
1
I1 =
500 2003 + A1 (900 583.3)2
12
= 1.036 1010 mm4
Moment of iner8a of
1
I2 =
150 6003 + A2 (583.3 500)2
12
= 3.32 109 mm4
71
Solu8on
Moment of iner8a of
1
250 2003 + A3 (583.3 100)2
12
= 1.184 1010 mm4
I3 =
Moment of iner8a of the sec8on
I = I1 + I2 + I3
= (1.036 + 0.336 + 1.184) 1010
= 2.552 1010 mm4
72
Solu8on
Square of the radius of gyra8on
I
r =
A
2.552 1010
=
240,000
2
= 1.063 105 mm2
73
Solu8on
a) Kern levels of the sec8on
r2
kt =
yb
1.063 105
=
583.3
= 182.2mm
74
r2
kb =
yt
1.063 105
=
416.7
= 255.1mm
Solu8on
CGC
182.2
255.1
+
Kern zone
CGS
Values in mm.
75
Solu8on
b) Calcula8on of cracking moment

Modulus of rupture
fcr = 0.7 fck

= 0.7 30
= 3.83N / mm2
76
Solu8on
Calcula8on of cracking moment (con8nued)
fcr I Pe I
M cr =
+
+ Pee
y b Ay b
3.83 2.552 1010 0.85 1600 103 2.552 1010
=
+
583.3
240 103 583.3
+ 0.85 1600 103 433.3 Nmm
= 167.6 + 247.9 + 554.6
= 970.1 kNm
77
Solu8on
Calcula8on of moment due to self weight (MDL).
2
w DL
2
1
m
= 24.0 kN / m3 240,000 mm2 3

10 mm2
= 5.76 kN / m
MDL
78
w DLL2
=
8
5.76 18.02
=
8
= 233.3 kNm
Solu8on
Live load moment corresponding to cracking
MLL cr = 970.1 233.3

= 736.8 kNm
Since the given live load moment (648.0 kNm) is less than
the above value, the sec8on is uncracked.

The moment of iner8a of the gross sec8on can be used
for computa8on of stresses.
79
Solu8on
d) Calcula8on of stresses
The stress is given as follows.
P Pey My
f =
A
I
I
CGC
80
Pey/ I
P/A
My/ I
Resultant
stress
prole
Solu8on
Calcula8on of stresses at transfer (P = P0)
P0
1600 103
=
A
240 103
= 6.67 N / mm2
81
Solu8on
Stress at the top bre
P0ey t 1600 103 433.3 416.7

=
I
2.552 1010
= 11.32 N / mm2
MDL y t
233.3 106 416.7
=
I
2.552 1010
= 3.81N / mm2
fct = 6.67 + 11.32 3.81

= 0.84 N / mm2
82
Solu8on
Stress at the bolom bre
P0ey b
1600 103 433.3 583.3
=
I
2.552 1010
= 15.85 N / mm2
MDL y b 233.3 106 583.3
=
I
2.552 1010
= 5.33 N / mm2
fcb = 6.67 15.85 + 5.33

83
= 17.19 N / mm2
Solu8on
Calcula8on of stresses at service (P = Pe)
Pe
P0
= 0.85
A
A
= 5.67 N / mm2
84
Solu8on
Stress at the top bre
Pf ey t
= 0.85 11.32
I
= 9.62
MLL y t
648.0 106 416.7
=
I
2.552 1010
= 10.58 N / mm2
fct = 5.67 + 9.62 3.81 10.58
= 10.44 N / mm2
85
Solu8on
Stress at the bolom bre
Pf ey b
= 0.85 15.85
I
= 13.47 N / mm2
MLL y b 648.0 106 583.3

=
I
2.552 1010
= 14.81N / mm2
fcb = 5.67 13.47 + 5.33 + 14.81
= 1.0 N / mm2
86
Solu8on
The stress proles are shown.
0.84
10.44
Numeric values
in N/mm2.
17.19
At transfer
87
1.0
At service
The allowable stresses are as follows.

For compression, fc,comp = 18.0 N/mm2
For tension, fc,tens = 1.5 N/mm2.

Thus, the stresses are within the allowable limits.

Note 5 A

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Note 5 A

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Aug-Nov.

CE 5630: Course Outline

A. Analysis of members under exure

A = gross cross-sec8onal area

At = transformed area of the sec8on

3A. Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

1) Plane sec8ons remain plane 8ll failure (known as

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Variations of internal forces and lever arm

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

A simply supported beam under UDL

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

For a curved tendon, P can be subs8tuted by its

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Internal forces at prestressing

Internal forces aaer

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

PSC beam with parabolic

Free body diagram of

Free body diagram of

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Free body diagram of

Free body diagram of

Analysis of Members under Flexure

This approach is used for a member with curved or

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Free body diagram of concrete

Bending moment diagram

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Free body diagram of concrete

Analysis of Members under Flexure

in the gure. The prestressing force applied is 1620 kN. The

Area of concrete, A = 500 750

= 1.758 1010 mm4

Applied moment M = 299.7 kN-m

c) Load balancing method

Residual bending moment

Total top bre stress (fc)t = P/A (fc)res

Total bolom bre stress (fc)b = P/A + (fc)res

The resultant stress distribu8on at mid-span is shown below.

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Analysis of Members under Flexure

Cracking Moment (con8nued)