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Photocathode Driven Linac at UCLA for FEL*

and Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiments

S. Hartman, F. Aghamir, 117. Barletta, D. Cline, J. Dodd,

T. Katsouleas, J. Kolonko, S. Park, C. Pellegrini, J. Rosenzweig J. Smolin, J. Terrien
UCLA Dept. of Physics? 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024

J. Davis! G. Hairapetian, C. Joshi, N. Luhmann Jr., D. McDermott

CCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Abstract

The UCLA compact 20-\leV/c electron linear accelera-

tor is designed to produce a single electron bunch with a
peak current of 200 A, an rms energy spread of 0.2% or
less, and a short 1.2 picosecond rms pulse duration. The
linac is also deslgned to minimize emittance growth down
the beamllne so a to obtain emittances of the order of
8amm-mrad in the experimental region. The linac will
feed two beamlines, the first will run straight into the un-
dulator for FEL experiments while the second will be used
for diagnostics, longitudinal bunch compression, and other PLAsmA
WAKE I I 1
clcctron beam cxpcrimcnts. IIcre WC describe the consid- FILL0
ACCLLERArW
erations put into the design of the accclcrnting structures
and the transport lo the cxpcrimcntnl arcas.

Figure 1: Beamline Layout

Introduction

In order to obtain a high-brightness elcclron beam we

have employed an R.F. photoinjector(l] similar to that
Photocathode R.F. Gun
used at Brookhaven NatIonal Laboratory(2]. This photoin-
jector supplies a 45 Xle\‘/c electron beam which is then
further accclcrntc,d by a Plane Fl’nve Transformer Linac[3]
The linac brinrr; the beam up to the desired 15-20 JieV/c The R.F. gun is a 1.5 cell x-mode standing wave struc-
rnomt’ntum. After the bt,arn is accelerated it can proceed ture. It operates at the SLAC frequency of 2856 \fJJz
down either of two beamlines as shown in fig. 1. The trans- and provides high peak accelerating grad:ents of up to
port in the straight beamline consists of the gun, a focusing lOO~f~‘/m on the photocathode. The R.F. gun requires 6
solenoid, the Plane I\‘ave Transformer, and then a series >iW of power to accelerate electrons to 4.5 hleV/c. which
of quadrupoics to focus into t!~c>FEL undulator. The bent will be supplied by a SLAC Sk-.5 klystron. The high field
bramline is si:nllar except it passes through a dipole then in the cathode region minimizes the space charge emittance
growth due to the space charge force when the electron
IS focused to a horizontal and vertical waist for diagnos-
tics. 1i.e present numerical results obtained by using the beam is non-relativistic. The ultra short electron bunch
particle dynamics code PARIlELA[4] to model the clec- length can also be easily controlled by adjusting the laser
tron bunch dynamics through the R.F. structures. Also. pulse length. thus minimizing the energy spread in the
we do second order TRANSPORT simulations through the beam and also the nonlinear emittance contribution due
beamljnc using the PARYIELA output to study the beam to a long bunch length. The photocathode is illuminated
with a frequency quadrupled pulse from an h’d:YAG glass
trar:sport through the remaining static elements.
laser and can be injected at either a 70’ or at 2”30’ to the
axis, which will allow for enhanced photoemission using a
‘Our group appr~clales the help rrrrivrd from f-1. Kirk. K:. Batch-
polarized laser field parallel to the cathode or ultrashort
&n-. .I. S;P. J. Shechan C. Bennrtt, J. Wurtale. M. Allen, G. Loew.
and Il. fioaq This work is supported by DOE Cranr no. DOE-DL- pulsing, respectively The cathode will be initlall:+~ made
AS-WERJU:~~ and O.YR-SD10 Grant # N0001~-9o-J-13~2. of copper which has a quantum efficiency 2 lo-”
O-7803-01 358/91$01 .OO @IEEE 2967

PAC 1991
Plane Wave Transformer
The Plane \Vave Transformer, P\VT, which will be
placed after the R.F. gun and solenoid is a T-mode stand- 18.7
ing wave structure which operates again at the SLAC fre-
quency of 2856 \lhz and will be powered by the same
Mev
klystron which powers the R.F. gun. The PWT is similar
to the standard coupled cavity linac structures. accelerat- 18.6
ing the electrons in successive gaps in a r-mode field. The
difference in the P\VT is that it is a copper plated alu-
minum cylinder with washers supported ,0X/2 apart along
the axis. These washers set up the r-mode structure of the
accelerating R.F. fields such that the electrons see a stan-
dard CCL field pattern. The power LO the accelerating cells
propagates in a TE51 like mode in the outer radial region
phase ds 5808 5810 5812 5814
of the cylinder in a standing wave pattern which delivers
power lo each cell. Thus, the outer part of the structure Figure 2: Longitudinal Phase Space
uses the standing TEhl mode to deliver and transform the
power to the T.lfol-like mode on the axis CO accelerate the must be shifted back in phase CO 55 degrees, from its value
electrons.
of 65 without the solenoid. The solenoid also has the InLer-
PLASE \VXVE TRAKSFOR11ER
5.25 esting effect of compressing the electron bunch length. and
Cell Length [cm]
reducing the longitudinal cmittance. The amount of com-
Rt=nant Freq. [ .\I II :] ?SriG
pression is depcndcnt on the launching phue. However.
Cavity Q 36,200
the transverse emiltnnce increases when the longitudinal
Sllunt lmpcdancc [.\!R/tn] 10.1
emiltnnce decreases. Figure 2. shows the clcctron buncll
longitudinal phase space at the linac exit.

Linac Simulations
PARMEL:\ LINAC SI~1ULATION
The gun gromrlry W;LS tlcsignctl and modclcd with the Lii$ctr spot six on cntho(lc [nmm] 3
SI’l’ERI:ISl![r,] cotlc to minimizc tllc radial nonlinear L;Lser pulse Length bsrc] 4
firlds because any non-linrar R.F. fields contribute to the Laser injection pti;Isc [tfrgrrcs] .j .Fj
cmlttancc growth Tl~csc fields wcrc then used <as input Bunch Charge [nC] 1
for P.AR1If,LA slmulntions. I’ARhlEL,\ simulations wcrc Trans. Emit ;rmm - mrnd 8
then done to model the space chnrgr effects and also the Energy Spread % 0.2
electron clynamics in the guns’ R.F. fields. For a InC, 4 Peak Current, I [.4] > 200
picosecond laser pulse PARAIELA gives a transverse emit- R1lS Electron Bunch Length [psec] r2
tance of P;rmm-mrad. Here the emittance is the transvrrse Beam Energy [Mel’] 18.6
normalized emittance given b>
T
cr = - < t2 >< p; > - < I >?< pr >? (1) Beam Lines
mot
Howpvcr at the gun exit the beam has a large rms ang~ The FEL[G] beamline was designed usln,g P.AII,\lEL.1 to
lar diversencc of_ Z.jmrad. This divergence occurs because track the beam through the R.F. gun. solenoid. and P\\‘T.
the gun exit acts like a diverging lense since the radial de- The output w;ts then used as the TRASSPORT input to
focccing electric fields in the last ceil of the gun are not calculate the foIlowIng beamline to second order. The main
canceiled. A wa>’ to remedy this divergence problem is to consideration for the beam transport is that the electron
place a solenoid al the exit of the gun IO focus the beam bunch experience no emittancc growth and also that there
in the transverse direction \Vith the solenoid in place the be a 0.2mm waist at the center of the undulator so ‘as
angiliar divergence can be reduced to zero or made nega- to match well to the FEL!I] optical beam. The TRASS-
tive. rhus allowing the electron beam to be focused int.o the PORT results in figure 3. show the beam lone startins at
following linac. However because the static maqnetlc field the exit of the linac.
of the solenoid penetrates the R.F. gun some interesting The transport line was dc~siSncd such that thtl ~~lex:ror~
addItiona effects are observed to take place. In order to beam has always al leasl. an 8a clearancca in the Lransvrrx
mlnimlze the transverse cmittanco at the exit of the gun direction from the beampip?. thus irxurlng that rno>~. of
the initial launching phase of the photo cathode laser pulse the current will be available downstream. Ttle P!azmn
2968

PAC 1991
 will be utilized for the momentum analysis, and the beam
profile will be monitored at the waist on a CCTV camera
to measure the momentum spread. The data aquisition
system will consist of a PC to control the accelerator oper-
ation and safety interlocks while recording the beam data.
A frame grabber will be used to capture the beamprofile,
then send it to the PC for analysis and display.

References
[l] J. Fraser and R. Scheffield, IEEE J. Quantum Elec-
tron. QE-23 (1987) 1489;
p= 0 1 2 3 4 J.S. Fraser, et al ,Proc. 1987 Particle Accelerator Conf.,
Longitudinal position 2 (cm) IEEE. NS , p. 1705 (1987)
Figure 3: FEL Beam Transport Line
I,,,. I,,, /,,I ,I,( ,L [2] K. Batchelor, H. Kirk. J. Sheehan, hl. Woodle and
2 - I I.\ VER. K. McDonald, Proc, Europ. Particle Accelerator Conf.,
g3- Rome, Italy, 1988.
I ‘1
also: K. Batchelor et al., proc. 1989 Particle Acceler-
ator Conf., Chicago IL.,p. 273.

[3] D.A. Swenson, in Europ. Particle Accelerator Conf.,

Vol.2, 1988, Romc.Italy ed S. Tnzzari, p. 1418.

(41 L. Young Los Alamos National Laboratory and mod-

ified for photo emission by K.T. McDonald, IEEE
Trans. electron Devices ED-35 (1988) 2052.

[S] K. Halbach and R.F. II 0 1sin g cr, Particle Accelerators

SiO 7 (1976) 213.
p: 0 1 2 3 4
Longitudinal position Z (cm) [6] C. Pellegrini, Nucl. Instr. & Mcth. Phys. Rcs. AX’:!
(1988) 364.
Figure 4: Diagnostic Beam Tkansport Line
[7] J. Gallardo and C. Pcllegrini, Optics Comm. 77 (1990)
45.
\Vakefield Accelerator[R] and diagnostic beamline, shown
in figure I., is designed such that there is a rms beam size (81 J. Smolin. T. Katsouleas, C. Joshi. P.Davis, C. Pelle-
of 0.15mm in the midpoint of the bent beamline. This will grini, “Design of a Plasma \Vakefeld Accelerator Ex-
allow momentum spectrum measurements, by simply mea- periment at UCLA,” Bul. Am. Phys. Sot. to be Pub
suring beam size at the waist with a resolution of 0.1%. Nov. 1990 Cf., T. Katsouleas. J.J. Su. 1V.B. Jlori, C.
Joshi. J.M. Dawson, ” A Compact 100 1leV Accelera-
tor Based on Plasma Wakefields.” Microwave and Par-
ticle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts.”
Beam Diagnost its H.E. Brandt, ed. Proc. SPIE 1061, pp. 423-333 (1989).

Three basic diagnosttcs will be used to extract informa-

tion on the beam characteristics. A Faraday cup to mea-
sure the current in the beam, CCTV cameras which will
measure position and profile of the beam on a phosphorous
screen. and for nondestructive position and current mea-
surements we will use stripline monitors. The beam profile
monitor consists of a pneumatically actuated screen assem-
bly which can move in and out of the beamline with high
precision. The screen itself will be phosphorous coated
and also electrically isolated from the beampipe so that it
can be used as a faraday cup as well. The bent beamline

PAC 1991