Art. 1291.

Obligations may be ______ by:

(1) ____ their object or ____ conditions;
(2) ____ the person of the ___;
(3) ____ a ___ person in the ___ of the ___.
Art. 1292. In order that an obligation may be
extinguished by another which _____ the
same, it is ____ that it be so _____ in _____
terms, or that the old and the new
obligations be on every point ______ with
each other.
Art. 1293. ____ which consists in substituting
a ____ debtor in the place of the original one,
may be made even without the _____ or
against the will of the latter, but not without
the _____ of the ____. _____ by the new debtor
gives him the ____ mentioned in Articles
1236 and 1237. (1205a)
Art. 1294. If the ____ is without the
knowledge or against the will of the ____, the
new debtor's ______ or ________ of the
obligations shall not give rise to any ______
on the part of the ________ debtor. (n)
Art. 1295. The ________ of the new debtor,
who has been _______ by the original debtor
and accepted by the creditor, shall not ______
the action of the latter against the original
obligor, except when said insolvency was
already ______ and of _____ ______, or known
to the debtor, when he __________ his debt.
Art. 1296. When the _______ obligation is
extinguished in ________ of a novation,
_________ obligations may ______ only insofar
as they may ______ third persons who did not
give their consent. (1207)
Art. 1297. If the new obligation is ____, the
original one shall _____, unless the parties
______ that the _______ relation should be
_________ in any event. (n)
Art. 1298. The novation is ____ if the original
obligation was _____, except when _______
may be claimed only by the _____ or when

________ _________ acts which are _______.

(1208a)
Art. 1299. If the original obligation was
subject to a _____ or ______ condition, the
new obligation shall be under the ___
condition, unless it is otherwise ______.
Art. 1300. Subrogation of a third person in
the rights of the creditor is either ____ or
____. The former is not ____, except in cases
________ mentioned in this Code; the latter
must be ______ established in order that it
may take effect.
Art. 1301. _______ subrogation of a third
person requires the ______ of the _____
parties and of the third person.
Art. 1302. It is _____ that there is legal
subrogation:
(1) When a creditor pays another creditor
who is _____, even without the debtor's
______;
(2) When a third person, not interested in the
obligation, pays with the ____ or ____ _____ of
the ___;
(3) When, even without the knowledge of the
debtor, a person interested in the ____ of the
obligation pays, without prejudice to the
effects of ____ as to the latter's ____.
Art. 1303. Subrogation ____ to the persons
subrogated the ___ with all the rights thereto
appertaining, either against the debtor or
against third person, be they ____ or ____ of
_____, subject to stipulation in a _____
subrogation.
Art. 1304. A creditor, to whom ___ payment
has been made, may exercise his right for
the ___, and he shall be ___ to the person
who has been subrogated in his place in
_____ of the partial payment of the same
credit.
Title II. - CONTRACTS

Art. 1305. A contract is a ___ between two

persons whereby one ___ himself, with ___ to
the other, to ___ something or to ___ some
____.
Art. 1306. The ___ parties may ____ such
stipulations, ___, terms and conditions as
they may deem ___, provided they are not
contrary to law, ___, ___, ____, or ____.
Art. 1307. ____ contracts shall be _____ by the
____ of the parties, by the provisions of Titles
I and II of this Book, by the rules governing
the most ___ nominate contracts, and by the
____ of the place. (n)
Art. 1308. The contract must ___ both
contracting parties; its ___ or ___ cannot be
left to the __ of one of them.
Art. 1309. The ___ of the performance may
be left to a ___ person, whose ___ shall not be
___ until it has been made ___ to both
contracting parties. (n)
Art. 1310. The determination shall not be ___
if it is ___ ___. In such case, the ___ shall
decide what is ____ under the circumstances.
(n)

Art. 1313. Creditors are ______ in cases of

contracts intended to ____ them. (n)
Art. 1314. Any third person who ___ another
to ___ his contract shall be liable for damages
to the other contracting party. (n)
Art. 1315. Contracts are ___ by mere ___, and
from that moment the parties are bound not
only to the fulfillment of what has been ___
stipulated but also to all the ____ which,
according to their nature, may be in keeping
with ___ ___, ___ and ____.
Art. 1316. ___ contracts, such as deposit,
pledge and Commodatum, are not perfected
until the ____ of the ___ of the obligation. (n)
Art. 1317. No one may ____ in the ____ of
another without being ____ by the latter, or
unless he has by law a right to _____ him.
A contract entered into in the name of
another by one who has no ____ or legal ___,
or who has acted beyond his powers, shall be
____, unless it is ____, expressly or impliedly,
by the person on whose behalf it has been
executed, before it is ___ by the other
contracting party.

Art. 1311. Contracts take ___ only between

the parties, their ___ and ___, except in case
where the rights and obligations arising from
the contract are not ___ by their ___, or by
____ or by ___ of law. The heir is not liable ___
the value of the property he __ from the ___.

Art. 1318. There is no contract unless the

following requisites ____:

If a contract should contain some stipulation

in ___ of a third person, he may ___ its
fulfillment provided he ____ his ____ to the ___
before its ____. A mere ___ benefit or ___ of a
person is not ___. The contracting parties
must have ____ and ____ conferred a favor
upon a third person. (1257a)

(3) ___ of the obligation which is established.

(1261)

Art. 1312. In contracts ___ ___ rights, third

persons who come into _____ of the ___ of the
contract are bound thereby, subject to the
provisions of the ______ Law and the ___ ___
Laws. (n)

(1) ___ of the contracting parties;

(2) ____ ___ which is the subject matter of the
contract;

SECTION 1. - Consent
Art. 1319. Consent is ____ by the meeting of
the _____ and the ____ upon the thing and the
cause which are to ____ the contract. The
offer must be ___ and the acceptance ___. A
___ acceptance constitutes a ______.
_____ made by letter or telegram does not
bind the offerer except from the time it came
to his ____. The contract, in such a case, is

presumed to have been ____ into in the place

where the offer was made.
Art. 1320. An ____ may be express or ____. (n)
Art. 1321. The person making the offer may
fix the ___, place, and ____ of _____, all of
which must be ___ with.
Art. 1322. An offer made through an ___ is
accepted from the time acceptance is ____ to
him. (n)
Art. 1323. An offer becomes ____ upon the
___, _____, insanity, or insolvency of either
party ____ acceptance is _____. (n)
Art. 1324. When the ____ has allowed the
offeree a certain period to ____, the offer may
be ____ at any time before acceptance by
communicating such _______, except when
the ____ is ___ upon a ____, as something ___
or _____. (n)
Art. 1325. Unless it appears otherwise, _____
____ of things for sale are not ___ offers, but
mere ____ to make an offer. (n)
Art. 1326. Advertisements for ___ are simply
___ to make ____, and the _____ is not bound
to ____ the highest or lowest bidder, unless
the contrary appears.
Art. 1327. The following cannot give consent
to a contract:
(1) ____ minors;
(2) Insane or ___ persons, and ___ who do not
know how to ____.
Art. 1328. Contracts entered into during a
____ ___ are ___. Contracts agreed to in a
state of ______ or during a _____ ____ are
________.
Art. 1329. The ______ declared in Article 1327
is subject to the _____ determined by law,
and is understood to be without prejudice to
____ ______ established in the laws.
Art. 1330. A contract where consent is given
through ___, ____, ___, ____, or ____ is ____.

Art. 1331. In order that ____ may ____

consent, it should refer to the ___ of the thing
which is the object of the contract, or to
those conditions which have principally ___
one or both parties to enter into the contract.
Mistake as to the ___ or ___ of one of the
parties will ___ consent only when such
identity or qualifications have been the ___
____ of the contract.
A simple mistake of ___ shall give rise to its
_____.
Art. 1332. When one of the parties is unable
to ___, or if the contract is in a _____ not
understood by him, and mistake or fraud is
____, the person enforcing the contract must
show that the terms thereof have been ____
_______ to the former. (n)
Art. 1333. There is no mistake if the party
alleging it ___ the ___, ___ or ___ affecting the
object of the contract.
Art. 1334. ___ error as to the legal effect of
an agreement when the real purpose of the
parties is ___, may ____ consent. (n)
Art. 1335. There is ____ when in order to ___
consent, ____ or ____ force is ____.
There is ___ when one of the contracting
parties is ____ by a ____ and ____ fear of an
____ and ___ ___ upon his person or property,
or upon the person or property of his ___,
descendants or ascendants, to give his ____.
To determine the ___ of intimidation, the ___,
___ and ____ of the person shall be borne in
mind.
A ___ to ___ one's claim through ____
authority, if the claim is ___ or ___, does not
vitiate consent.
Art. 1336. ___ or ___ shall ____ the obligation,
although it may have been ___ by a third
person who did not take ____ in the contract.
(1268)

Art. 1337. There is ___ ___ when a person

takes ___ advantage of his ___ over the will of
another, ___ the latter of a ___ ___ of ___. The
following circumstances shall be considered:
the ___, ___, ____ and other relations between
the parties, or the fact that the person
alleged to have been ____ influenced was
suffering from mental ____, or was ___ or in
____ ____.

contract which, without them, he would not

have ____ to. (1269)

Art. 1338. There is ___ when, through ____

words or ____ of one of the contracting
parties, the other is induced to ___ into a

Art. 1341. A mere ___ of an ___ does not

signify fraud, unless made by an ____ and the
other party has _____ on the former's ____
_____. (n)

Art. 1339. ___ to ___ facts, when there is a ___

to ___ them, as when the parties are bound
by ____ relations, constitutes ____. (n)
Art. 1340. The usual _______ in trade, when
the other party had an opportunity to know
the facts, are not in themselves ______. (n)