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Prison
In examining the construction of the prison as the
central means of criminal punishment, Foucault builds a
case for the idea that prison became part of a larger
"carceral system" that has become an all-encompassing
sovereign institution in modern society. Prison is one part of
a vast network, including schools, military institutions,
hospitals, and factories, which build a panoptic society for
its members. This system creates "disciplinary
careers"[8] for those locked within its corridors. It is
operated under the scientific authority
of medicine, psychology, and criminology. Moreover, it
operates according to principles that ensure that it "cannot
fail to produce delinquents."[9] Delinquency, indeed, is
produced when social petty crime (such as taking wood
from the lord's lands) is no longer tolerated, creating a
class of specialized "delinquents" acting as the police's
.proxy in surveillance of society
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Publication
Three volumes of The History of Sexuality were
published before Foucault's death in 1984. The first
volume, The Will to Knowledge (previously known as An
Introduction in EnglishHistoire de la sexualit, 1: la
volont de savoir in French) was published in France in
1976, and translated in 1977, focusing primarily on the last
two centuries, and the functioning of sexuality as an
analytics of power related to the emergence of a science of
sexuality, and the emergence of biopowerin the West. The
work was a further development of the account of the
interaction of knowledge and power Foucault provided
in Discipline and Punish (1975).[1]
The second two volumes, The Use of Pleasure (Histoire
de la sexualit, II: l'usage des plaisirs) and The Care of the
Self (Histoire de la sexualit, III: le souci de soi) dealt with
the role of sex in Greek and Roman antiquity. The latter
volume deals considerably with the
ancient technological development of
We must... abandon
societies ushered in an
age of increased sexual
repression. We have not
only witnessed a visible
explosion of unorthodox
sexualities; but and this
is the important point a
deployment quite
different from the law,
even if it is locally
dependent on procedures
of prohibition, has
ensured, through a
network of
interconnecting
mechanisms, the
proliferation of specific
pleasures and the
multiplication of disparate
sexualities.
Foucault, 1976.[4]
Proceeding to go into further depth in Part Two, "The
Repressive Hypothesis," Foucault notes that from the 17th
century to the 1970s, there had actually been a
"...veritable discursive explosion" in the discussion of sex,
albeit using an "...authorized vocabulary" that codified
where one could talk about it, when one could talk about it,
and with whom. He argues that this desire to talk so
enthusiastically about sex in the western world stems from
the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church
called for its followers to confess their sinful desires as well
as their actions. As evidence for the obsession of talking
about sex, he highlights the publication of the book My
Secret Life, anonymously written in the late 19th century
and detailing the sex life of a Victorian gentleman. Indeed,
Foucault states that at the start of the 18th century, there
was an emergence of "...a political, economic, and
technical incitement to talk about sex,"...with selfappointed experts speaking both moralistically and
rationally on sex, the latter sort trying to categorize it. He
1990present
Classicist David M. Halperin writes in One Hundred
Years of Homosexuality (1990) that the appearance of the
English translation of the first volume of Foucault's work in
1978, together with the publication of K. J. Dover's Greek
Homosexuality the same year, marked the beginning of a
new era in the study of the history of sexuality. [18] He
suggests that The History of Sexuality may be the most
important contribution to the history of western morality
since Friedrich Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of
Morality (1887).[19] Scholar Camille Paglia rejects Halperin's
views as uninformed, calling The History of Sexuality a
"disaster" and claiming that much of it is fantasy
unsupported by the historical record. Paglia observes that
the book "is acknowledged even by Foucault's admirers to
be his weakest work".[20]
Jurist and economist Richard Posner calls The History
of Sexuality "a remarkable fusion of philosophy and
intellectual history", adding that Hurley's translation is
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Areas of study
Studies employing the Foucauldian discourse analysis
may for example look at how figures in authority use
language to express their dominance, and request
obedience and respect from those subordinate to them. In
a specific example, a study may look at the language used
by teachers towards students, or military officers towards
conscripts. This approach could also be used to study how
language is used as a form of resistance to those in power.
[1]
References
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Discourse
Discourse (from Latin discursus, "running to and
from") denotes written and spoken communications such
as:
[11]
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Strega, 2005
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Research as resistance: Critical, indigenous and antioppressive approaches.(2005). In Brown L. A., Strega S.
(Eds.), Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
Panopticism
Panopticism is a social theory named after
the Panopticon, originally developed by French
philosopher Michel Foucault in his book, Discipline and
Punish.
Background
Jeremy Bentham proposed the panopticon as a circular
building with an observation tower in the centre of an open
space surrounded by an outer wall. This wall would contain
cells for occupants. This design would increase security by
facilitating more effective surveillance. Residing within cells
flooded with light, occupants would be readily
distinguishable and visible to an official invisibly positioned
in the central tower. Conversely, occupants would be
invisible to each other, with concrete walls dividing their
cells. Due to the bright lighting emitted from the watch
tower, occupants would not be able to tell if and when they
are being watched, making discipline a passive rather than
an active action. Although usually associated with prisons,
the panoptic style of architecture might be used in other
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