AWP Practical 2016

Antenna and Wave Propagation
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

BE III EC
Sem VI
Dec 2015 to April 2016
Name:Patel Snehal G.
Enrollment Number:130420111044
Email:snehalpatel10995@gmail.com
Mobile Number:9924179838
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department
Dr R K desai Marg,
Athwalines
SURAT
Page No:. 1
Name: Patel Snehal G.
Enrollment No:130420111044
INDEX
Exp
no:
1
date
Customized aim
22/1/16 Design dipole antenna Using simulation

software and find out the following
properties
Page
Number
5
remarks
1. 3D plot
2. 2D plot for phi =0 and for theta =90
,front to back ratio , HPBW
3. For different values of distance 1m,
10m, 100m , plot the power vs
distance plot
4. current distribution
Length of dipole antenna is lambda/2,
lambda/4, 3*lambda/2.
Design Frequency is 500 MHz.
Perform the same on the Hardware kit.
2
29/1/16 Design a Half wave folded dipole antenna

using simulation software and find out the
following properties
29
1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta =90, Front
to Back Ratio, HPBW
3) Current Distribution
Design Frequency is 500MHz
Perform the same on the Hardware Kit.
3
5/2/16
Design a Square loop antenna using

simulation software find out the following
properties
36
1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta = 0 ,Front
to Back Ratio ,HPBW
Page No:. 2
3)Current Distribution
5/2/16
Design a Monopole antenna using simulation

software for perfect Ground and Real
Ground and find out the following properties
42
1)3D plot
2)2D plot
5
19/2/16 Design 3 element ,5 element ,3 element

folded dipole and 7 element Yagi Uda
antenna using Simulation Software and find
out following properties
53
1)Polar plot ,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW

2)3D plot
3)Strength a signal at different distances
d=1m ,10m ,100m
4)Observe current distribution
6
26/2/16 consider half wave dipole antenna as

receiving antenna mounted along Z axis, the
incident field on this antenna should be 1
v/m.keeping phi constant = 0 deg vary theta
from 0 180 deg , find out received signal in
suitable steps of theta. Change phi = 90 deg
and repeat the procedure. Comment on
result received. Follow the above procedure
for square loop antenna.
88
4/3/16
101
Page No:. 3
Design a lambda/2 phase array antenna

using simulation software find out the

1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta = 90
,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW
8
4/4/16
(a) Design Binomial array antenna of 3

element and 4 element Using simulation
software find out the following properties
120
1) 3D plot
2) 2D plot for phi =0 and for Theta=0 , Front
to Back Ratio , HPBW
4) Directivity
Design Frequency is 500 MHz
Consider progressive phase shift 0 and
spacing between the element is lambda/2.
(b) verify pattern multiplication for antenna
array considering elements each exited with
same magnitude of current and phase shift
0.
9
4/4/16
Design a Helical antenna Using simulation

software find out the following properties
133
1) 3D plot
2) 2D plot for phi =0 and for Theta=0 ,
Front to Back Ratio , HPBW
Also Note down the power reading for no. of
Page No:. 4

turns 10,20,40 and also for angel
0,1,13,30,50,89 degree and 90 degree.
Comment on the Result.
Page No:. 5
Experiment NO: 1
Date: 22/1/16
Aim: Design dipole antenna Using simulation software and find out
the following properties
5. 3D plot
6. 2D plot for phi =0 and for theta =90 ,front to back ratio , HPBW
7. For different values of distance 1m, 10m, 100m , plot the power
vs distance plot
8. current distribution
Length of dipole antenna is lambda/2, lambda/4, 3*lambda/2.
Perform the same on the Hardware kit.
Theoretical back ground:
The half-wave dipole is one of the most common antennas. It is a straight wire (thus
linear) antenna which is fed by an AC source at its center. The length of this antenna is equal
to half of its wavelength (l =lambda/2 or &l =lambda), as the name itself suggests. This
antenna is balanced due to its symmetry.
Page No:. 6
Design:
Configuration Window
Page No:. 7

a) For lambda/2 dipole antenna
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
lambda/2 = 0.3 m
Z1 = +0.15
Z2 = -0.15
Antenna design for lambda/2 dipole antenna
Page No:. 8

b) For lambda/4 dipole antenna
lambda/4 = 0.15 m
Z1 = +0.075
Z2 = -0.075
Antenna design for lambda/4 dipole antenna
Page No:. 9

c) For 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna
3*lambda/2 = 0.9 m
Z1 = +0.45
Z2 = -0.45
Antenna design for 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna
Page No:. 10
Experiment tables:
Table for lambda/2 Dipole Antenna
Input current = 163.8 uA
Input freq = 670 MHz
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Page No:. 11
theta(deg)
0
20
30
40
45
60
80
90
100
120
135
14
160
180
200
210
220
225
240
270
300
320
340
345
360
Receiver current(uA)
28.1
25.6
20.4
15.3
14.2
11.9
10.01
5.9
7.3
9.4
11.2
17.6
21.7
27.2
20.7
19.6
18.5
16.7
10.3
5.1
7.4
11.5
14.1
15.2
27.9

Table for lambda/4 Dipole Antenna
Input current = 130 uA
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Page No:. 12
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
14.9
14.6
13.9
13.6
13.4
12.1
9.7
6.4
4.4
3
4
2.1
4.9
5.2
7.9
9.6
11.3
13.2
15.3
17.1
16.2
16.6
16.5
15.4
14.7
11.7
10.3
7.6
9.2
4.1
2.5
1.8
2.8
9.4
11.1
12.4
13.9

Table for 3*lambda/2 Dipole Antenna
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Page No:. 13
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
1
0.6
0.3
1.7
5.1
8.9
9.8
6.9
1.5
1
3
3.6
2.9
1.5
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.9
1
0.5
0.7
1.5
4.1
6.5
8.4
11
7.1
2.5
0.6
4.4
4.3
3.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
2.7
1.3
Results:
3D plot for lambda/2 dipole antenna
Page No:. 14

2D plot for phi=0 and lambda/2 dipole antenna
Power Density = 0.001251 W/m^2

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 15

2D plot for theta=90 and lambda/2 dipole antenna

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 16

Current distribution for lambda/2 dipole antenna
Page No:. 17

Power density plot at 1m distance

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 18

Power Density = 1.251*10^-5 W/m^2

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 19

Power Density = 1.251*10^-7W/m^2

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 20

Table of distance vs power density
Distance (m)
Power density (W/m^2)
1.251*10^-3
10
1.251*10^-5
100
1.251*10^-7
Plot of Distance vs Power density
Page No:. 21

3D plot for lambda/4 dipole antenna
Page No:. 22

2D plot for phi=0 and lambda/4 dipole antenna

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 23

2D plot for theta=90 and lambda/4 dipole antenna

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 24

Current distribution for lambda/4 dipole antenna
Page No:. 25

3D plot for 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna
Page No:. 26

2D plot for phi=0 and 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna

Beamwidth = 85 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 27

2D plot for theta=90 and 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 28

Current distribution for 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can conclude that the length of a dipole is the main
determining factor for the operating frequency of the dipole antenna. Typically a dipole is a
half wavelength long, or a multiple of half wavelengths. However the dipole length is not
exactly the same as the wavelength in free space it is slightly shorter. And as the length of
dipole is increases the power radiation will increase. As performed in practical for lambda/4
dipole antenna power density is very low and for 3*lambda/2 dipole antenna power density
is much better then lambda/2 dipole antenna. Power radiation is inversely proportional to
distance square.
Application of half wave dipole antenna:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
set-top TV antenna
FM broadcast receiving antenna
Shortwave antenna
Dipole towers
Dipole arrays
INDEX
Page No:. 29
Experiment NO: 2
Date:29/1/16
Aim: Design a Half wave folded dipole antenna using simulation
software and find out the following properties
1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta =90, Front to Back Ratio, HPBW
Design Frequency is 500MHz
The standard dipole is widely used in its basic form. However under a number of
circumstances a modification of the basic dipole, known as a folded dipole antenna provides
a number of advantages.
The tips of the antenna are folded back until they almost meet at the feed point, such that
the antenna comprises one entire wavelength. The main advantage of this arrangement is an
improved bandwidth over a standard half-wave dipole.
The folded dipole antenna or folded dipole aerial is widely used, not only on its own, but also
as the driven element in other antenna formats such as the Yagi antenna.
Page No:. 30
Design:
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
lambda/2 = 0.3 m
Length of Driver element = lambda/2 = 0.3m
X1 = -0.15m and X2 = 0.15m
Y1 = 0m and Y2 = 0m
Z1 = 0m and Z2 = 0m
d = 20% driver length = 20% 0.3 = 0.06m
X1 = -0.15m and X2 = 0.15m
Y1 = 0m and Y2 = 0m
Z1 = 0.06m and Z2 = 0.06m
r = 10% driver length = 10% 0.3 = 0.03m
X1 = -0.15m and X2 = 0.15m
X1+r = -0.18m and X2+r = 0.18m
Y1 = 0m and Y2 = 0m
Z1 = 0.06m and Z2 = 0.06m
Page No:. 31

Antenna design
Page No:. 32
Experiment tables:
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
theta(deg)
0
10
20
45
50
70
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
240
270
300
320
360
20
18
15.9
7.3
6.3
4.9
1.3
2.9
5.4
9.7
13.2
15.3
11.2
3.9
1.1
7.5
15.2
20.3
Results:
3D plot
Page No:. 33

2D plot for phi=0

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1.347
Page No:. 34

2D plot for theta=90

Beamwidth = 70 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 35

Current distribution
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can conclude that the half wave folded dipole antenna has
high input impedance as compared to half wave dipole antenna and it increase the
bandwidth of the antenna which is very essential in FM and TV applications.
INDEX
Page No:. 36
Experiment NO: 3
Date:5/2/16
Aim: Design a Square loop antenna using simulation software find out the
1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta = 0 ,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW
Square loop antenna is made using wire antenna length of lambda/10. And source is
feed to the centre of one edge of square loop. And opposite edge of feeding edge is work as
reflector edge.
Page No:. 37
Design:
F=500MHz
Lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
Length of every edge = lambda/10 = 0.06m
Page No:. 38

Antenna design
Results:
3D plot
Page No:. 39

2D plot for phi=0

Beamwidth = 180 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 40


Beamwidth = 180 deg
Front/Back = 1.045
Page No:. 41

Conclusion:
Square loop antenna is provide somehow better directivity then the half wave dipole
antenna ad power radiated is less than the half wave dipole antenna power radiation. The
radiation resistance and efficiency of the loop antenna could be increased by increasing its
perimeter or the number of turns. Another way to increase the radiation resistance is to
insert the ferrite core of high permeability within the loop.
INDEX
Page No:. 42
Experiment NO: 4
Date:5/2/16
Aim: Design a Monopole antenna using simulation software for perfect Ground
and Real Ground and find out the following properties
1)3D plot
2)2D plot
In dipole antenna we have seen that it is centre fed antenna. It has two sections of
length l/2 each. One end of the dipole behaves like positive charge and the other like
negative charge. The charge at the ends is continuously oscillating. Monopole antenna
consists of only one section of length, h. When the length h=lambda/4, it is called monopole
lambda/4 antenna. The monopole antenna is placed vertically on a perfect conducting plane.
It is fed against this plane.
Page No:. 43
Design:
F=500MHz
Lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
Length of antenna = lambda/4 = 0.15m
Page No:. 44
Antenna design
Page No:. 45
Results:
1)Perfect ground Simulation
3D plot
Page No:. 46

2D plot for phi=0

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Side = 1
Page No:. 47


Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 48

Page No:. 49

2)Real ground Simulation
3D plot
Page No:. 50

2D plot for phi=0

Beamwidth = 30 deg
Front/Side = 1
Page No:. 51


Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 52

Conclusion:
From this experiment we can conclude that the monopole antenna works generally
on finite sized ground which affects the radiation patterns of the antenna strongly. So the
large the ground plane is, the lower the direction of maximum radiation and as the ground
plane approaches infinite size, the radiation pattern approaches a maximum in the x-y plane.
The gain of a monopole is twice the gain of the corresponding dipole.
INDEX
Page No:. 53
Experiment NO: 5
Date:19/2/16
Aim: Design 3 element ,5 element ,3 element folded dipole and 7 element Yagi
Uda antenna using Simulation Software and find out following properties
1)Polar plot ,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW
2)3D plot
3)Strength a signal at different distances d=1m ,10m ,100m
4)Observe current distribution
The Yagi-Uda antenna is a dipole with some additional elements.The (half-wave)
dipole part radiates, behind it is a long reflector element, and in front are one or more
directors.The yagi is a directive antenna with a gain of 2 to 20 dB.To achieve more gain, the
number of elements must be increased.
Page No:. 54
Design:
F = 500MHz
lambda = c / F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
Antenna design
a) 3 element Yagi Uda antenna
Length of reflector = 0.475 * lambda
= 0.475 * 0.6
= 0.285 m
Length of active element = 0.46 * lambda
= 0.46 * 0.6
= 0.276 m
Page No:. 55

Length of director = 0.44 * lambda
= 0.44 * 0.6
= 0.264 m
Distance between reflector and active element = 0.25 * lambda
= 0.25 * 0.6
= 0.15 m
Distance between active element and director = 0.31 * lambda
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Page No:. 56
b) 5 element Yagi Uda antenna

= 0.475 * 0.6
= 0.285 m
= 0.46 * 0.6
= 0.276 m
Length of director 1 = 0.44 * lambda
= 0.44 * 0.6
= 0.264 m
= 0.44 * 0.6
= 0.264 m
= 0.43 * 0.6
Page No:. 57

= 0.258 m
= 0.25 * 0.6
= 0.15 m
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Distance between two director = 0.31 * lambda
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Page No:. 58
Page No:. 59
c) 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna

= 0.475 * 0.6
= 0.285 m
Design of active element (folded dipole antenna)
= 0.46 * 0.6
= 0.276 m
X1 = -0.138 m and X2 = 0.138 m
Y1 = 0.15 m and Y2 = 0.15 m
Z1 = 0 m and Z2 = 0 m
d = 20% active element length = 20% 0.276 = 0.055 m
X1 = -0.138 m and X2 = 0.138 m
Y1 = 0.15 m and Y2 = 0.15 m
Z1 = 0.055 m and Z2 = 0.055 m
r = 10% active element length = 10% 0.276 = 0.0276 m
Page No:. 60

X1 = -0.138 m and X2 = 0.138 m
X1+r = -0.1656 m and X2+r = 0.1656 m
Y1 = 0.15 m and Y2 = 0.15 m
Z1 = 0.055 m and Z2 = 0.055 m
= 0.25 * 0.6
= 0.15 m
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Page No:. 61
Page No:. 62
d) 7 element Yagi Uda antenna

= 0.475 * 0.6
= 0.285 m
= 0.46 * 0.6
= 0.276 m
Page No:. 63

= 0.44 * 0.6
= 0.264 m
= 0.44 * 0.6
= 0.264 m
= 0.43 * 0.6
= 0.258 m
= 0.43 * 0.6
= 0.258 m
= 0.43 * 0.6
= 0.258 m
= 0.25 * 0.6
= 0.15 m
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Distance between active two director = 0.31 * lambda
= 0.31 * 0.6
= 0.186 m
Page No:. 64
Page No:. 65
Page No:. 66
Experiment tables:
Table for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Page No:. 67
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
35.6
33.2
29.2
23.3
22.2
13.5
11.7
8.5
5
2.7
3.5
4.2
7.2
12.1
18.1
22.1
25.5
27.9
29.5
27.5
26.9
21.9
18.6
15.5

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
14
12.5
10.6
9.2
13.3
16
19.4
23.5
29.5
33.5
34.5
36
37.2
Table for 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna

Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Page No:. 68
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
90
80.5
76.7
64
44.2
30.5
26.4
5.7
2.2
1.6
6.6
9.4
10
11.2
12.7
13.8
14
17.6
20
22.6
16.5
12.7
10
8.9
8.1

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
7.2
9.5
10.6
15.3
20.6
30.8
44
52.7
64.4
72.1
80.4
80.9
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
42
22
23
20
17
12
9
6
3.5
2
1
0.8
0.5
0.7
1
1.8
3
4.5
5
6
5.5
5
4
3
2
1.5
Table for 7 element Yagi Uda antenna

Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Page No:. 69

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
1
0.8
0.5
1
2
3
6
10
16
30
40
Results:
3D plot for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna
Page No:. 70

2D plot for phi=0 for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 71

2D plot for theta=90 for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna

Beamwidth = 60 deg
Front/Back = 2.785
Page No:. 72

Current distribution for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna
Page No:. 73

Page No:. 74


Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 75


Beamwidth = 50 deg
Front/Back = 5.66
Page No:. 76

3D plot for 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna
Page No:. 77

2D plot for phi=0 for 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna

Beamwidth = 150 deg
Front/Back = 1.471
Page No:. 78

2D plot for theta=90 for 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna

Beamwidth = 60 deg
Front/Back = 2.562
Page No:. 79

Current distribution for 3 element folded dipole Yagi Uda antenna
Page No:. 80

Page No:. 81


Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 82


Beamwidth = 40 deg
Front/Back = 18.27
Page No:. 83

Page No:. 84
Strength analysis for 3 element Yagi Uda antenna

Power density plot at d = 1 m
Power density plot at d = 10m
Page No:. 85

Power density plot at d = 100 m
Table of distance vs power density
Page No:. 86
Distance (m)
Power density(W/m^2)
0.01546
10
1.546*10^-4
100
1.546*10^-6

Plot of Distance vs Power density
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can conclude that the Array Antenna can be used to
increase directivity. Array feed networks are considerably simplified if only a few elements
are fed directly. Such array is referred to as a parasitic array. Uda antennas are very popular
because of their simplicity and relatively high gain. As shown in this experiment the directivity
of the 7 element highest then the 5 element and 3 element antenna we can increase the gain
and directivity of yagi uda antenna by increasing the number of director.
INDEX
Page No:. 87
Experiment NO: 6
Date:26/2/16
Aim: consider half wave dipole antenna as receiving antenna mounted along Z
axis, the incident field on this antenna should be 1 v/m.keeping phi constant = 0
deg vary theta from 0 180 deg , find out received signal in suitable steps of
theta. Change phi = 90 deg and repeat the procedure. Comment on result
received. Follow the above procedure for square loop antenna.

A receiving antenna is a device for converting electromagnetic radiation in space into
electrical currents in conductors. Receiver antenna is used for analysing radiation pattern of
transmitting antenna.
Design:
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
Page No:. 88

Antenna design
For half wave receiver antenna
Page No:. 89

For square loop receiver antenna
Page No:. 90
Experiment tables:
Half wave receiver antenna
Phi = 0 deg
Sr No.
theta(deg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
1
20
40
60
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
Sr No.
theta(deg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
1
20
40
60
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
Power
density(w/m^2)
0
1.044*10^-12
4.247*10^-10
1.733*10^-9
3.693*10^-9
5.291*10^-9
5.532*10^-9
5.291*10^-9
3.693*10^-9
1.733*10^-9
4.247*10^-10
5.139*10^-41
Phi = 90 deg
Page No:. 91
Power
density(w/m^2)
0
1.044*10^-12
4.247*10^-10
1.733*10^-9
3.693*10^-9
5.291*10^-9
5.532*10^-9
5.291*10^-9
3.693*10^-9
1.733*10^-9
4.247*10^-10
5.139*10^-41

Square loop receiver antenna
Phi = 0 deg
Sr No.
theta(deg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
1
20
40
60
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
Power
density(w/m^2)
0
4.336*10^-16
1.671*10^-13
5.952*10^-13
1.091*10^-12
1.42*10^-12
1.465*10^-12
1.42*10^-12
1.091*10^-12
5.952*10^-13
1.671*10^-13
2.102*10^-44
Results:
3D plot for half wave receiver antenna phi = 0 deg and theta = 1 deg
Page No:. 92

Page No:. 93

Page No:. 94

Page No:. 95

Page No:. 96

Page No:. 97

3D plot for square loop receiver antenna phi = 0 deg and theta = 1 deg
Page No:. 98

Page No:. 99

Conclusion:
In this experiment we have performed the receiving antenna basically receiving
antenna is mounted at receiver side. Receiver antenna is uses for analysing radiation pattern
of transmitting antenna. Power incident on this antenna is depends on the theta value. In this
practical Power received in half wave dipole receiver antenna is higher than the square loop
receiver antenna.
INDEX
Page No:. 100
Experiment NO: 7
Date:4/3/16
Aim: Design a lambda/2 phase array antenna using simulation software find out
the following properties
1)3D plot
2)2D plot for phi = 0 and for theta = 90 ,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW
Phased array is a directive antenna made with individual radiating sources (several
units to thousands of elements).Radiating elements might be: dipoles, open-ended
waveguides, slotted waveguides, micro strip antennas, helices, spirals etc. The shape and
direction of pattern is determined by relative phases amplitudes applied to each radiating
element. A phased array antenna offers the possibility to steer the beam by means of
electronic control.
Page No:. 101
Design:
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
Page No:. 102

Antenna design
Page No:. 103
Experiment tables:
For 180 deg phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 180 deg
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Page No:. 104
theta(deg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
46
45
41
25
22
15
8
7
5.5
4.5
4
8
16
24
33
40
43
45
47
50
45
40
35
19
18
7
5.5
5
9
7
4
1
5
14
22
34
43
Results:
3D plot For same phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 0 deg
Page No:. 105

2D plot for phi=0 For same phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 0 deg

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 106

2D plot for theta=90 For same phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 0 deg

Beamwidth = 110 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 107

Current distribution For same phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 0 deg
Page No:. 108

3D plot For 45 deg phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 45 deg
Page No:. 109

2D plot for phi=0 For 45 deg phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 45 deg

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 110

2D plot for theta=90 For 45 deg phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 45 deg

Beamwidth = 90 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 111

Current distribution For 45 deg phase phi1 = 0 deg and phi2 = 45 deg
Page No:. 112


Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 113


Beamwidth = 115 deg
Front/Back = 1.16
Page No:. 114

Page No:. 115

Page No:. 116


Beamwidth = 75 deg
Front/Back = 1.029
Page No:. 117


Beamwidth = 70 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 118

Conclusion:
By performing this experiment we can conclude that the in phased array antenna
direction of major lobe of pattern shape is controlled primarily by the relative phase of the
element excitation current.
Application of phased array antenna:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Ground based multi-function radar for military use.

Airborne radar for surveillance (RBE2).
Space borne SAR and communications for remote sensing.
Recently for radio astronomy.
In communication where the radiation pattern must be adjusted to accommodate
varying traffic conditions.
6) In direction finding.
INDEX
Page No:. 119
Experiment NO: 8
Date:4/4/16
Aim: Design a Helical antenna Using simulation software find out the following
properties
1) 3D plot
2) 2D plot for phi =0 and for Theta=0 , Front to Back Ratio , HPBW
Also Note down the power reading for no. of turns 10,20,40 and also for angel
0,1,13,30,50,89 degree and 90 degree. Comment on the Result.
A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of a conducting wire wound in the form of
a helix. In most cases, helical antennas are mounted over a ground plane. The feed line is
connected between the bottom of the helix and the ground plane. Helical antennas can
operate in one of two principal modes normal mode or axial mode.
In the normal mode or broadside helix, the dimensions of the helix (the diameter and
the pitch) are small compared with the wavelength. The antenna acts similarly to
an electrically short dipole or monopole, and the radiation pattern, similar to these antennas
is omnidirectional, with maximum radiation at right angles to the helix axis. The radiation
is linearly polarised parallel to the helix axis. These are used for compact antennas for
portable and mobile two-way radios, and for UHF television broadcasting antennas.
In the axial mode or end-fire helix, the dimensions of the helix are comparable to a
wavelength. The antenna functions as a directional antenna radiating a beam off the ends of
the helix, along the antenna's axis. It radiates circularly polarized radio waves. These are used
for satellite communication.
Page No:. 120
Design:
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
r = lambda/2pi
= 0.6/2*3.14
= 0.095 m
c = pi*d
= 0.6 m
Pitch = c * tan (alpha)
For alpha = 13 deg
Pitch = 0.6 * tan(13)
= 0.1385 m
Page No:. 121

For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10
Page No:. 122
Experiment tables:
For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns are changing
alpha
13
13
13
No of turns
10
20
40
directivity
10.61
13.21
3.412
For number of turns = 10 and alpha is changing

No of turns
10
10
10
10
10
10
alpha
0
1
13
30
50
89
directivity
0
8.781
10.61
7.752
14.43
28.24
Results:
3D plot For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10
Page No:. 123

2D plot at phi = 0 deg For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10

Beamwidth = 50 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 124

2D plot at theta = 90 deg For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10

Beamwidth = 180 deg
Front/Back = 1.433
Current distribution For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10
Page No:. 125

Directivity plot For alpha = 13 deg and number of turns = 10
Page No:. 126


Beamwidth = 20 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 127


Beamwidth = 155 deg
Front/Back = 1.687
Page No:. 128

Page No:. 129


Beamwidth = 70 deg
Front/Back = 1.169
Page No:. 130


Beamwidth = 180 deg
Front/Back = 1.194
Page No:. 131

Conclusion:
Helical antenna can be work in 2 modes normal and axial mode. In normal mode
radiation pattern is basically in omnidirectional. and in axial mode is end fire helical which
basically comparable to wavelength. and It radiates circularly polarised radio waves.
Application of helical antenna:
1) Portable mobile antenna
2) UHF television broadcasting antenna
3) satellite communication
INDEX
Page No:. 132
Experiment NO: 9
Date:4/4/16
Aim:(a) Design Binomial array antenna of 3 element and 4 element Using
simulation software find out the following properties
1) 3D plot
2) 2D plot for phi =0 and for Theta=0 , Front to Back Ratio , HPBW
4) Directivity
Design Frequency is 500 MHz
Consider progressive phase shift 0 and spacing between the element is
lambda/2.
(b) verify pattern multiplication for antenna array considering elements each
exited with same magnitude of current and phase shift 0.
Binomial array is an array in which the amplitudes of the antenna elements in the
array are arranged according to the coefficients of the binomial series...
The
need
for
a
binomial
array
is
i) In uniform linear array as the array length is increased to increase the directivity, the
secondary
lobes
also
occurs.
ii) For certain applications, it is highly desirable that secondary lobes should be eliminated
completely or reduced to minimum desirable level compared to main lobes.
Principle of pattern multiplication states that the radiation pattern of an array is the
product of the pattern of the individual antenna with the array pattern. The array pattern is a
function of the location of the antennas in the array and their relative complex excitation
amplitudes.
As per theorem that beam pattern of any array is the product of two parts
Individual element pattern - the pattern of the individual array element.
Array factor - a function dependent only on the geometry of the array and the excitation
(amplitude, phase) of the elements
Page No:. 133
Design:
F=500MHz
lambda = c/F
= 3*10^8 / 500*10^6
= 0.6 m
lambda/2 = 0.3 m
Configuration window
Page No:. 134

3 element binomial array antenna
Page No:. 135

4 element binomial array antenna
Page No:. 136
B(1) Group pattern
Page No:. 137

B(2) individual pattern
B(3) overall pattern
Page No:. 138
Results:
3D plot for 3 element binomial antenna
2D plot at phi = 0 deg for 3 element binomial antenna
Page No:. 139

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
2D plot at theta = 90 deg for 3 element binomial antenna

Beamwidth = 40 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 140

Current distribution for 3 element binomial antenna
Directivity plot for 3 element binomial antenna
Page No:. 141

3D plot for 4 element binomial antenna
2D plot at phi = 0 deg for 4 element binomial antenna
Page No:. 142

Beamwidth = 80 deg
Front/Back = 1
2D plot at theta = 90 deg for 4 element binomial antenna

Beamwidth = 30 deg
Front/Back = 1
Page No:. 143

Current distribution for 4 element binomial antenna
Directivity plot for 4 element binomial antenna
Page No:. 144

3D plot for Group pattern
3D plot for individual pattern
Page No:. 145

3D plot for overall pattern
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can conclude that the to increase the directivity in binomial
array antenna the array length should be increase. For certain applications, it is highly
desirable that secondary lobes should be eliminated completely or reduced to minimum
desirable level compared to main lobes. We use Pascal triangle to select the coefficient or
amplitudes of elements. Principle of multiplication of pattern is used for derivation of
pattern. Advantage of method of multiplication. It helps to sketch the radiation pattern of
array antennas rapidly from the simple product of element pattern and array pattern.
Secondary lobes do not appear in the radiation pattern. HPBW increases and directivity
decreases.
INDEX
Page No:. 146

AWP Practical 2016

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

AWP Practical 2016

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Antenna and Wave Propagation

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

22/1/16 Design dipole antenna Using simulation

29/1/16 Design a Half wave folded dipole antenna

Design a Square loop antenna using

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Design a Monopole antenna using simulation

19/2/16 Design 3 element ,5 element ,3 element

1)Polar plot ,Front to Back Ratio ,HPBW

26/2/16 consider half wave dipole antenna as

Design a lambda/2 phase array antenna

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

(a) Design Binomial array antenna of 3

Design a Helical antenna Using simulation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power Density = 0.001251 W/m^2

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power Density = 0.001251 W/m^2

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power Density = 0.001251 W/m^2

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power Density = 1.251*10^-5 W/m^2

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power Density = 1.251*10^-7W/m^2

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Power density (W/m^2)

Plot of Distance vs Power density

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation

Name: Patel Snehal G.

Antenna and Wave Propagation