Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Level Conference
CONFERENCE REPORT
PREFACE
This report highlights the outcomes of the High-Level International Conference
Strengthening economic and financial governance through gender responsive
budgeting. This conference, which took place in the Egmont Palace in Brussels on the
16th and 17th of October, was organised by the Government of Belgium, the United
Nations Development Fund for Women, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) and the Nordic Council of Ministers.
The conference brought together ministers, experts, parliamentarians, civil society
actors and high-level policy makers from international institutions and ministries of
budget, finance, employment, industry, gender, social affairs, transport, development
co-operation and agriculture from over 43 countries in the world.
Different key-note speakers pointed out that gender-responsive budgeting is especially
relevant in the context of the increasing importance that is attributed to the
intertwined objectives of efficiency, equality and accountability. There is mounting
evidence that closing the present gap of persistent gender inequalities would produce a
substantial development dividend.
Gender inequality is to a large extent determined at the household level, which does
however not operate as an isolated unity. Both parental preferences and decisionmaking processes are largely influenced by environmental factors that are influenced
and shaped by a governments own priorities and budgetary allocations. The
composition and level of governmental expenditures and revenues and the way in
which expenditures are allocated and revenues are raised are clearly not producing
gender-neutral effects. Gender budget analysis contributes in highlighting the
magnitude and direction of these effects and in suggesting corrective measures.
Diverse experts strongly pointed out that gender responsive budgeting is not only
about the content of budgets but also about underlying budgetary processes. Here,
advocates clearly find synergies with the discourse of good governance, which
promotes budgetary processes that are transparent, participatory, results-oriented and
medium-term. Within the present context of increasing legitimacy gaps between
governments and citizens, gender-sensitive budget analysis may also help mobilise the
participation and ownership of citizens, both men and women. The expanding practice
of gender budgeting shows that it offers an instrument for accountability of
governments towards their own citizens and towards the international community. It is
in this respect important to make reference to the commitments that were made in the
context of the Beijing Platform for Action and in the Commission on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
The practice of gender responsive budgeting is relatively new but rapidly expanding. As
different experts pointed out, a clear-cut uniform model of gender-responsive
budgeting does not exist. Initiatives to date vary among others in terms of the
coverage, the stage in the budget cycle, the political location and in the way results of
the analysis are reported. Starting from the observation that experiences and
knowledge about gender responsive budgeting are scattered and diverse, the
conference assembled different actors from various settings in order to take stock of
See for instance the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), article 345, which clearly
indicates the importance of integrating a gender perspective in budgetary decisions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
APPENDIX
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I. CONFERENCE COMMUNIQUE
1. As support to strengthening economic and financial governance through gender
responsive budgeting, the Government of Belgium hosted a High Level conference in
Brussels
on
16-17 October 2001 - sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) and supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers, the
Government of Italy, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the
Commonwealth Secretariat, and the International Development Research CentreCanada (IDRC).
2. The conference brought together ministries of budget, finance, employment, industry,
gender, social affairs, transport, development cooperation, and agriculture from
governments worldwide, as well as experts and international institutions. The goal is to
mobilize political and financial support to strengthen the capacity of governments as
well as civil society organizations to carry out these initiatives and to support the global
vision of gender responsive budget initiatives in all countries by 2015.2
3. Gender responsive budget initiatives are an important tool for strengthening economic
and financial governance and for promoting accountability and equality. National
budgets reflect how governments mobilize and allocate public resources, and how they
aim to meet the social and economic needs of their people. Gender responsive
budgeting analyses the impact of government policies on men and boys as compared
with women and girls within and across any given socio-economic category. Gender
analysis is an important part of accountable and responsive budget procedures. Fiscal,
financial and economic policies help reduce poverty and redress inequalities in the
distribution of resources.
4. Governments world wide made a commitment, in the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action
(1995), to incorporate a gender perspective into the design, development, adoption
and execution of all budgetary processes as appropriate in order to promote equitable,
effective and appropriate resource allocation and establish adequate budgetary
allocations to support gender equality and development programmes that enhance
womens empowerment.
The support for gender budgeting and good economic governance has been found internationally through the
following initiatives:
The Nordic Council of Ministers decision to apply gender mainstreaming to areas traditionally considered gender
neutral such as economic and finance policy, both in Member states and in their development co-operation
activities (see Nordic Co-operation Programme on Gender Equality 2001-2005);
The 22nd Annual Meeting of the Senior Budget Officials of the OECD in Paris (2001) noted that new analytical tools
which illustrate how the budget impacts different population groups are becoming increasingly common in OECD
Member countries;
The communiqu by the 2000 Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Womens Affairs Meeting in New Delhi
encourages Governments to integrate, where appropriate, a gender analysis into the national budgetary process
and to consider integrating a gender perspective into macroeconomic policies such as debt management and
structural adjustment policies, and international trade policy;
The United Nations ECOSOC Resolution E/RES/1998/26 requests the governing bodies of the United Nations
funds and programmes to monitor the implementation of gender mainstreaming in their programme of work,
including in the budgeting of their organizations;
The 2001 United Nations Inter Agency Meeting on Women and Gender Equality and the OECD/DAC Working
Party on Gender Equality communiqu from the joint workshop on governance, poverty reduction and gender
equality (Vienna) states that accountability, transparency, participation and legitimacy are core elements of good
governance and that gender responsiveness is essential to all of these, and is a measure of good governance.
It also underscored the principle of including citizen participation;
At the Millenium Summit, all members of the United Nations endorsed a set of development goals which include
the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women. The Millenium development goals build on
the International Development Targets composed by the OECD in 1996.
5. Gender responsive budget initiatives can make an important contribution to the growing
practice of civic consultation and participation in the preparation of budgets and in the
monitoring of their outcomes and impact, at local, regional and national levels. In
particular, they can ensure that women and girls are not marginalised from such
processes. This strengthens economic and financial governance by promoting
transparency.
6. Mounting evidence shows that gender inequality leads to major losses in social
cohesion, economic efficiency and human development. Budgetary policy can
increase, reduce, or leave unchanged the losses to society from gender inequality
through changes in expenditure and revenue, primarily through adjustments in fiscal
policy. Thus gender responsive budget policies can contribute to achieving the
objectives of gender equality, human development and economic efficiency.
7. Gender responsive budgeting can enable governments, that are parties to the
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, to better fulfil their
obligations therein. It is a means to reduce discrimination, direct or indirect, against
women in policies governing taxation and expenditure. It is also a means to ensure that
the requisite resources are taken into account and made available to implement
legislation that advances gender equality and the fulfilment of the human rights of
women.
The conference therefore urges governments, international and intergovernmental
organizations, multilateral institutions and non-governmental organizations to:
I. Encourage the examination of budget processes and objectives to ensure that
womens and mens needs and priorities are considered equally;
II. Encourage women to participate in this examination, including as elected
representatives and members of women's organizations; and involve the
research community, development banks and civil society;
III. Encourage the incorporation of gender analysis in the preparation,
implementation, audit and evaluation of government budgets at all levels; and
show commitment to transparency and accountability by encouraging the
application of gender analysis in government budget reports, including by
setting out and reporting on the impact of past budgets and the expected
impact of the proposed budget on gender equality objectives;
IV. Recognize the use of gender responsive budget initiatives as a tool to enhance
the way civil society preferences and needs are incorporated into the budget,
to improve transparency and equality, reduce poverty and achieve good
economic and financial governance;
V. Encourage and support gender responsive budget initiatives worldwide and
call on the Nordic Council of Ministers, the OECD, and UNIFEM in cooperation
with the Commonwealth Secretariat and the International Development
Research Centre -Canada and other relevant bodies, to continue to provide
research, technical or methodological support for these initiatives;
VI. Promote the catalytic and supportive role of international and development
cooperation, including through increasing support for gender budget
initiatives.
The persisting presence of inequalities is the result of biased allocative decisions taken
within several institutions such as the household, the market and the State. These
institutions do not operate in isolation from each other but interact in a rather complex
way. When studying allocation and how one might intervene to alter this allocation, it
is important not to forget the importance of the various intermediating institutions.
Decisions about allocation are first and for all taken at the household level. Evidence
from diverse settings shows that parents do invest more in education and health care
of sons than of daughters. Parents however do not take decisions as an isolated unity
(and often not even as an unity because preferences of mothers and fathers do not
necessarily coincide) but they are strongly influenced by extra-household
environmental factors. These are factors, which might be, at least partly, influenced by
governmental policy and by budgetary allocations. Government itself, however, most
of the time, does not weaken but rather reinforces the already existing biased
allocation at the household level. This is e.g. the case if more public spending goes to
facilities, services that are primarily used by men and boys. Large public spending for
tertiary education e.g. at the expense of investments in primary and secondary
education will in most cases mean that a larger portion of public spending goes to boys
as it are in particular boys who are enrolled in tertiary education. By investing more in
facilities primarily used by girls, most of the time these are the basic social services,
and by allocating more resources to increase the supply of appropriate facilities for
girls, a government may intervene in the allocation process and may help to close
down the existing gap.
____________________________________________________________
One should however not forget that there is not only a supply side but also a demand
side. Even if large investments are made in appropriate schooling and health care
facilities for girls, this does not automatically mean that girls will make use of these
facilities. It is therefore important to analyse not only the impact of budgets but also to
get a clear vision of all factors underlying the gendered allocation of services.
______________________________________________________________________
Here, research on intrahousehold allocation could add some valuable insights to the
results from budget impact analysis. Research from various regions e.g. does show
that mothers and fathers do not necessarily have the same preferences and that
deliberate targeting of public spending to mothers does seem to have beneficial effects
on the portion of resources that are allocated to daughters.
Secondly, living in an international environment where terms as efficiency,
competitive environment, economic growth and development are the key-words, it is
increasingly realized that the existing biased budgetary allocations are
counterproductive and that they produce negative externalities for the overall society.
Competition is severely falsified as women are facing several barriers that prevent
them from starting from the same take-off position. Adjustment of existing inequalities
is necessary to enhance womens full participation, which should finally lead to a winwin situation for all. We should however be careful not to fully build the rationale for
gender responsive budgeting in terms of efficiency and economic growth.
______________________________________________________________________
We should not only and not primarily strive for gender equality in outcomes because of
its potentially beneficiary effects on the overall economic growth and development.
Gender equality might indeed be instrumental in terms of reaching other objectives as
efficiency but it is first and for all a well-justified final objective in itself.
Thirdly, what I further find interesting in the initiative about Gender Responsive
Budgeting is that its implications and recommendations are not limited towards the
content of budgets. It is also talking about underlying budgetary processes and here
advocates of gender responsive budgeting are not standing alone. The same demands
and recommendations for more participatory, results-oriented, accountabilityenhancing processes are also made by advocates of pro-poor and environmentalsensitive accounting and budgeting.
This very event itself is important for two main reasons. It offers an opportunity to
take stock of the conceptual work developed and the practical experience gained. As a
state secretary for development co-operation I find the mix and cross-fertilization of
northern and southern experiences interesting. And on this topic, it is clear that the
north may learn a lot from the south. Whereas a number of countries of the north have
already started initiatives, it seems to me that we may learn a lot from experiences
taken within and outside government in countries as diverse as South Africa, India,
Ecuador (at least at the local governmental level), Peru, Tanzania, Uganda, Brazil, the
Philippines.
_____________________________________________________________________
I personally also hope that experts from finance ministries and development agencies
which are present today and tomorrow will benefit from this encounter to take back
home knowledge about tools and approaches and lessons learned from actual
experiences. This will be important in order to convince their ministries to commit
themselves politically and financially to support this initiative. This commitment might
perhaps not be fully realized during this very conference but I hope that this gathering
delivers enough convincing material and creates enough goodwill to have the
commitment accomplished in the near future.
I wish you all an inspirational conference and I have the honour now to give the floor
to Ms. Noeleen Heyzer from UNIFEM.
Mr. Secretary of State, Mr. Hutton, Mr. Helgason, Distinguished Ministers, Delegates,
Colleagues and Friends
Threats to global peace and security know no borders. We understand, each day with
greater clarity, how injustice, inequality and conflict undermine good governance. Our
presence here, under Belgians leadership during its presidency of the European Union,
shows our commitment to good governance. In a very modest way, I believe that our
deliberations about gender responsive budgeting can help advance this agenda.
I would like to begin by acknowledging the powerful alliance that has brought us
together: The OECD, the Nordic Council of Ministers and UNIFEMs partners, the
Commonwealth Secretariat and Canadian International Development and Research
Centre. Together, we have convened a truly extraordinary gathering. Extraordinary, I
say, because it brings together partners not used to sitting at the same table. Partners
who use different tools to measure similar economic, social and political outcomes.
Collectively here today, we represent government, multilateral and non-governmental
partners, independent experts, north and south, finance ministries and development
cooperation. This is a unique gathering.
The idea to convene this Conference came immediately after the Government of
Belgium signalled its generous contribution to support UNIFEMs work on gender
responsive budget initiatives around the world.
______________________________________________________________________
And after five years of piloting and experimentation, we saw immediately that we were
containing a groundswell. That a great majority of the 100 countries that we work in
were dedicated to using this tool. That 13 OECD members had already begun in some
way to support gender responsive budgets domestically. And that Denmark, Germany,
Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland have all supported gender
budget initiatives within their cooperation programmes. We know that the World Bank,
DFID, and the ECE have promoted the idea and displayed interest. We saw
immediately what it was that gender budget initiatives share in common with other
successful global campaigns. And that is universality of cause. Money matters
everywhere. In the north and in the south. The budget lines in the US are as
revealing about womens status as they are in Morocco, Vietnam, the Netherlands or
Japan.
They can demonstrate the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming, the efficiency of
economic policy decisions, and the transparency of budget processes. Gender budgets
are not what they sound like. They are not separate budgets for women. And they
dont aim to increase spending on women specific programmes. Gender responsive
budgeting simply refers to the analysis of government expenditure and revenue on
women and girls as compared to men and boys. Gender budget analysis helps
governments decide how policies need to be adjusted to achieve their maximum
impact, and where resources need to be reallocated.
Four driving forces explain the rising interest in gender responsive budgeting.
10
First, the political drive for accountability. The recent reviews of UN World
Conferences on Women, Social Development and on Population, all showed mixed
results. But the idea of linking political commitments to gender equality with the way a
government allocates and generates resources provided a concrete way to measure a
governments accountability to nearly half of the population. Swedens commitment to
provide decent childcare at an affordable price can be seen it its budget: it spends
almost 2 per cent of GDP on publicly provided childcare and has one of the highest
rates of female employment in Europe.
Gender analysis has also shown how budget allocations may bear little resemblance to
actual expenditures. And while expenditures sometimes exceed allocations, more often
and particularly in relation to gender items there is under-expenditure. In South
Africa, a gender budget analysis of the 2 million rand allocated for a national domestic
violence act, resulted in a series of recommendations to facilitate the implementation
strategy.
The second force is transparency. Gender budget initiatives offer a way to encourage
public participation in the budget process. Budget formulation is generally an exclusive
process, and women are typically on the periphery of political and economic discourse.
In Uganda, women parliamentarians challenged the budget process as a whole
demanding a greater role for parliamentarians in the design. And the success of
participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil is credited with increasing access to
water services, sewage, paved roads and a doubling of childrens enrolment in public
schools.
The third driving force is equality. Gender responsive budget analysis provides a way
to hold governments accountable for its commitments to gender equality and to
protecting womens human rights. This is achieved by linking commitments made to
instruments like the Beijing Platform for Action, or the Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, with the distribution, use and generation
of public resources. National budgets may appear to be gender-neutral policy
instruments. But government expenditures and revenues do not impact equally on men
and women. For example, most countries education budgets are gender neutral in
design, but because in many countries more boys than girls actually attend school,
boys can derive more benefit from educational expenditure than do girls. In Ghana,
girls received only 40% of total expenditure on secondary education. Similarly, a
budget that provides equally in the health care sector for men and for women, may not
take into account womens additional reproductive health care needs.
The fourth driving force is efficiency. The World Bank has shown that gender
inequality leads to major losses in economic efficiency and human development. And
gender budget initiatives have provided essential information about how well a budget
achieves its intended objectives. A gender budget analysis of New Deal programmes in
the UK revealed that only 8 per cent of funding for these programmes goes to lone
parents, of whom 95 per cent are female. Yet 57 percent of funds go to young
people, of whom only 27 percent are female. The gender budget analysis prepared by
the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, shows that in 2000, 31 percent
of working women held part-time jobs, as compared with 5 per cent of men. It also
shows that women who worked part time did not do so by choice - especially women
raising children on their own, who headed 84 percent of single parent families in 1997.
The report concludes that these trends have resulted in the increasing feminisation of
poverty.
11
An historian looking back will see that the next great wave of affirmation the next
great moment of social progress came around gender responsive budgeting. And that
time is clearly now. Gender budget analysis offers tools to measure progress of the
worlds women. It is not a coincidence that this interest in gender budgets is
happening as economic discourse is shifting to one of accountability and good
governance. It is rather a signal of our collective readiness to move from an era of
standard setting into an era of application.
_____________________________________________________________________
12
______________________________________________________________________
At the outset, I would like to emphasise one thing: we view gender responsive
budgeting not just as a social issue. Rather, we view it as an issue of economic growth
that can help to ensure that our Member countries make full use of their resources in
this increasingly competitive world.
For better or for worse, budgets are the key decision-making structures in the
governments of Member countries. It is in the budget where policy objective are
reconciled and implemented in concrete terms, thus giving effect to countries
economic and social priorities.
We recognise that it is of prime importance to be able to analyse the budget in terms
of its impact on specific population groups, including -- but not limited to -- women.
We need to be able to show the impacts -- good and bad, intended or otherwise -- of
government budgetary decisions. This is also very important in terms of increasing
trust in government by citizens and, as such, is at the heart of good governance
agenda.
We are not at this stage, yet. We believe there are several issues that need to be
tackled for the effective use of budget impact analysis by governments. Allow me to
discuss four of them.
First, you will notice that I do not see this exercise as being limited to women only,
but to any identifiable demographic group --- for example unemployed youth, or senior
citizens. You may disagree, but I think a term such as Budget Impact Analysis, or
similar, captures in a more politically-neutral way exactly what we are attempting to
accomplish here. And appearances are important!
Second, this needs to be done with a recognised methodology that is analytically
robust and can be defended as such. Otherwise, we risk that the efforts in this area
being judged as special pleading rather than as an objective tool for achieving more
effective resource allocation. In this context, further refinement of existing tools needs
to be made and we need to get an increased consensus on the methodology applied.
Having governments systematically produce data on the beneficiaries of their programs
by demographically disaggregated groups, such as women, is the first step. However,
13
that is in many ways the easy step; what we do with that data and how it is
interpreted are the difficult elements. Allow me to mention two examples:
1. Women are greater consumers of health care services than men (where
giving birth plays a very large role) and women live longer on average than
men --- Should this mean that women should pay higher premiums for
health care and old-age pensions?
2. Similarly, showing that programs geared towards specific groups are
ineffective does not always mean that funding should be reduced for the
programs, as would be the classic interpretation. Often it means quite the
opposite.
Its areas like this that make this whole area very sensitive to deal with and call for
very good analytical tools.
_____________________________________________________________________
Third, this works needs to be integrated into the work of finance ministries and the
budget committees of parliament. The risk here is that gender budget analysis will be
undertaken in specialised units outside of the mainstream budget decision-making
process and be less effective as a result. Worst case: this whole exercise could be
nothing more than a public relations activity.
In this context, I am reminded of the difficulties governments face in where to locate
management reforms units. Option 1 is to have them as stand-alone units allowing
them to focus exclusively on these issues. However, the downside is often that they
have no clout to ensure the implementation of management reforms by line ministries.
Option 2 is to have them integrated with the work of finance ministries. This certainly
gives them the necessary clout to have line ministries take notice, but the downside is
that the work could be overwhelmed by other issues. However, with the political
emphasis placed on gender issues in Member countries, I do not think that should be
as cause for worry as many other areas of finance ministries work.
Fourth, the appropriate role of NGOs needs to be acknowledged. Governments can
make raw information available on public expenditures and the specific beneficiary
groups. In fact, this is at the heart of the development of a robust analytical
framework. Governments would use this information in their decision-making, but it
would be unrealistic to assume that governments would automatically become an
advocacy group based on this data. How NGOs fit into the overall design needs to be
thought through from the very beginning.
The OECD believes it can play an active role in all these areas of concern. We have
unique access to the relevant officials in our committee structures --- we have one
committee composed of the budget directors from Member countries and another one
composed of the chairpersons of parliamentary budget committees. At the last meeting
of budget directors, we devoted a session to gender budgeting. I am pleased that Ms.
Noeleen Heyzer (Executive Director of UNIFEM) was able to attend the meeting and
address the budget directors on this question. I think that marked an important
staging post --- it opened the door --- to further work in this field. The three key
messages that Ive discussed emerged from that meeting and I believe addressing
them is the prior requirement for this work being accepted.
We have discussed with UNIFEM how the OECD can best carry on further work in this
field and we look forward to the discussions at this meeting. There are 2 members of
the OECD Secretariat here throughout the conference Francesca Cook and Jon
14
Blondal and I invite you to discuss with them further the OECDs activities in this
area.
Again, I am delighted to welcome you to this conference on behalf of the OECD. I wish
it every success.
15
The basic starting point of the Nordic Co-operation Programme on Gender Equality
2001-2005, adopted this year, is that gender equality, equal value and equal
opportunities among women and men must be promoted. This must be done in an
increasingly goal-oriented manner in all areas of society. Factors that inhibit
development for women and men must be eliminated. The programme is intended to
reinforce the overall effort to incorporate the gender equality perspective into all areas
of policies. At the same time, the programme should yield concrete measures in the
most important sectors that have something new to teach us or have received less
attention previously.
The co-operation programme focus on three main target areas, which all today are in
focus in the Nordic gender equality debate:
Incorporating a gender equality perspective into national budgets and economic policy
is a very challenging task that cannot be addressed only through the means that are
available to Nordic co-operation on gender equality. The Nordic Ministers of Finance
have also agreed to start a joint Nordic project to evaluate Nordic economic policy from
a gender equality perspective.
___________________________________________________________________________________
It is important to involve men and the issues connected to their roles into gender
equality work. A conference Men Can financed by Nordic Council of Ministers will be
arranged in Copenhagen, Denmark on October 28 where the relationships of men,
working life and male values are discussed.
Kvinnofrid Peace for Women is the third main target area in the co-operation
programme. An extensive research programme "Gender and Violence in the Nordic
Countries" started in 2000 and will continue till 2004. Next year a campaign on
Trafficking in Women will be carried out in the Nordic and Baltic countries at the same
time.
16
In recent years, Nordic countries and the Nordic Council of Ministers have launched a
process for incorporating a gender equality perspective into every policy area. This
mainstreaming process will not replace so-called traditional gender equality work.
Without integration, gender equality experts and decision-makers will not be able to
engage in the dialogue that is so essential.
______________________________________________________________________
An international examination shows that Nordic societies have come far in achieving
gender equality. To ensure that the development remains positive, it is vital that the
Nordic countries do not have to compromise their achievements. Let us hope that the
Nordic perceptions will evoke a response within the European Union and in other
international fora.
This conference will give women and men a good possibility to exchange experiences,
create new activities and projects and start dialogue and co-operation on gender
budgeting.
17
18
As Winnie Byanyima pointed out, the recent shift towards PRSP offers opportunities to
question whether budgets reflect the priorities that were identified on the basis of
beneficiary assessments or in consultation with civil society organisations that
represent the marginalized groups in society, i.e. the poor, the disabled, women, etc.
In Uganda, womens organisations have been invited to contribute to the PRSP and
they were able to remove budget items, which they did not consider to be a priority for
the poor. The use of gender budget analysis also enables to monitor more closely
expenditures and possible gaps between stated policies and effectively received
expenditures. It allows analysing to what extent actual expenditures and revenueraising correspond with the stated objectives in PRSP.
Winnie Byanyima finally stressed that gender-responsive budgeting is not only
instrumental in criticizing existing budgetary policies and practices. It also enables to
propose alternative policies and re-allocations of resources as to address unmet needs.
Diane Elson, of the University of Essex (UK), started her contribution by highlighting
gender responsive budgeting as an instrument to close the gap between government
commitments to objectives of gender equality and gender mainstreaming and
governments actual fiscal policies.
______________________________________________________________________
Gender responsive budget initiatives can help ensure the realisation of gender equality
goals and improved compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). They can help promote greater accountability
for public resources to the people of a country, especially to women, who are generally
more marginalized than men in decision-making about public money (Diane Elson,
2001).
_____________________________________________________________________
As Diane Elson demonstrated, an overview of gender budget initiatives taken in the
past leads to the conclusion that there is no single model. Initiatives differ regarding
the political location (national versus local government level/inside versus outside
government), the coverage (the whole budget, only expenditures, only revenues),
budget classifications (line items, functional, economic, administrative, programme,
territorial), stage of the budget cycle (planning, appraisal, audit or ex-post evaluation)
and the presentation of the analysis (number of points in the main budget or
evaluation report, special annex to the main budget or evaluation report, briefing
papers for parliamentarians, press releases, research publications, popular education
publications, submissions to government task forces, planning groups, inquiries, etc).
Which particular choice is made within each of the above categories is largely
dependent on the particular context of the country. Taking into account the
divergences in actual experiences, Diane Elson, presented a functional performancebased framework, which is widely applicable for gender analysis of ministries or
programmes budgets.
19
assessments, monitoring reports, existing databases at the level of service delivery units,
etc. It is the aim to specify as much as possible inputs, activities, outputs and impacts in
terms of objective verifiable indicators. This is not always an easy undertaking as
information in budgets, audits, evaluations, etc. is often not well-specified.
Step 2: planned and realised inputs, activities, outputs and impacts are analysed on their
degree of gender-responsiveness by asking whether planned and realised:
Diane Elson showcased some examples of gender budget analysis that fit this
framework, referring both to the planning and appraisal phases, and the audit and
evaluation phases of the budget cycle. Examples include government-led initiatives,
(see e.g. the National Public Works Programme in South Africa, Infrastructure
Development in South Africa, Expenditure in Selected Ministries in Sri Lanka, Industrial
Support in Australia, Support for Womens Entrepreneurship in France) as well as
analysis initiated by civil society actors (Expenditure on adult basic education and
training in South Africa, Tax Credits in the UK, Translating the Beijing Platform for
Action into Programme Activities and Budget Items in Kenya).
_____________________________________________________________________
Planning and Appraisal phase of the Budget
Gender analysis at this stage of the budget cycle requires identifying likely gender
dimensions of activities, outputs and impacts. There is often reference made to
evaluations and audits about outputs and impacts of previous budgets.
Infrastructure Development in South Africa
Investment in infrastructure builds economic capacity and enhances competitiveness, while
contributing to the quality of life of poor people. Energy, transport, communications and social
infrastructure bring significant benefits to women and children, particularly.
Capital expenditure financed by the national and provincial governments is expected to
increase capital spending on water schemes and related infrastructure of R 1 537 in 1998/99,
increasing to R 1785 million in 2000/1.
..
In late 1995 only one third of African households and less than three-quarters of coloured
households had running tap water inside their dwellings, compared to 97 per cent of Indian and
white households. Outside urban areas only 12 per cent of African households had an inside tap
and 21 per cent had a tap on the site, while 28 per cent were collecting water from a river,
stream, dam or well and 16 per cent form a bore hole. One in six African households who had
to fetch water were forced to travel at least a kilometre to do so. In 1993 the average time
spent on the task by members of rural African households who collected water was 1 hour and
40 minutes. The average time spent by individual women who collected water was over an
hour, at 74 minutes. Just over half of rural African women over the age of 18 were spending
part of their time collecting water.
Source: Department of Finance, Government of South Africa, Budget Review 1998, Pretoria (p
1.5 and 6.58)
This includes a.o. audit of distribution of actual inputs, activities and outputs where
expenditures actually made are linked to the actual participation in the activities
provided and enjoyment of outputs. This analysis is conditional on the presence of data
about individual participation in service delivery and individual appropriation of outputs.
New Deal Programmes for the Unemployed in UK
New Deal programmes aim to get more get people of working age who are not currently in paid
work into the market for jobs. Figures from the Department for Education and Employment
show that only 27 per cent of participants in the New Deal for young unemployed people are
female; and only 16 per cent of those in the New Deal for the long term unemployed. In the
case of the New Deal for lone parents 95 per cent of participants are female. The programmes
21
have been analysed by Katherine Rake of the UK Womens Budget Group, a womens Think
Tank that is regularly consulted by the UK government. She found that 57 per cent of the
funding available for New Deal programmes goes to the programme for young people, 23 per
cent goes to the programme for long-term unemployed, and only 8 per cent to the programme
for lone parents. (The rest goes on a number of other smaller schemes). Rake estimates that
double the amount of money is spent per person in the programme for young people than in
the programme for lone parents.
Source: Katherine Rake, Into the Mainstream? Why Gender Audit is an essential tool for
policymakers New Economy, Vol 7 No 2 (pp107-110) June 2000
Another type of analysis at this stage of the budget cycle is the evaluation of adequacy
of funding for Womens Empowerment and Realisation of Womens Rights. This
analysis compares the actual expenditures for the promotion of womens
empowerment and the realisation of womens rights with the expenditures that would
be required to achieve the above mentioned overall objectives specified in terms of
objective verifiable indicators.
Shelter for Battered Women in Barbados
Between 1992-1996 there were 764 applications for protection orders, of this number 730
women were applying for legal protection against their male abusers.While on the whole
national levels of crime are on the decline, there has been a marked in crease in crimes
against the person and specifically sex crimes perpetrated on women and physical violence
against women.the establishment of a shelter for Battered Women became an urgent
requirement An NGO, the Business and Professional Womens Club advanced the initiative ,
with start-up funds ($380,000)
provided by the Ministry of Social Transformation..The Shelter began receiving residents in
November 1999..However, there remains a significant number of women who need assistance
but that the Shelter is unable to accommodate.
Management at the Shelter estimate that it takes an average of $900 dollars to house one adult
Shelter Victim per month. This figure rises with the number of children and specific needs of a
family being sheltered. While financial shortfalls concerning the physical establishment and
upkeep of the Shelter (such as fencing) are important security issues, the inability of the NGO
to secure sufficient funds to underwrite the major portion of operation costs is an even more
significant problem. Currently, the Ministry discharges its responsibility to the Shelter in
contracts renewable each year. There is no clear indication whether after this first year, the
funds provided will be increased or whether they will be forthcoming past the support for the
physical infrastructure and maintenance of the facility.
Source: Donna St Hill, Gender Analysis of the National Budget: 1998-99, Barbados Pilot,, Draft,
Commonwealth Secretariat, London, p 37-38
22
of inequality between men and women within the household. Whereas actual fiscal
policies are often build upon the gender-blind assumption that the household acts as
an unity, it is important that gender budget analysis also looks at impact at the
individual level. Results and divergence of results of household and individual-level
analysis necessarily need to be fed in into subsequent budgetary rounds.
Secondly, gender budget analysis essentially needs to bring into the picture the
gender-blindness and partiality of existing macro-economic models on which macroeconomic policies are built. Mainstream macro-economic models and macro-economic
aggregates (as the National Product and National Income) depart from the notion of
economic activity as defined in the System of National Accounting (SNA). Unpaid
caring working, for instance, is not taken into account in the SNA and remains
consequently largely invisible in macro-economic models. Findings from time use
surveys that highlight the time spent in unpaid caring work show that women still do a
disproportionate share of these activities. A budget analysis that aims to look at the
impact on gender equality thus also necessarily needs to visualize the impact of
budgetary policies on unpaid caring work.
Moreover, gender budget analysis is not only important from the point of view of
gender equality, but also in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Policy measures
often do not reach their intended goals because they depart from a number of genderblind assumptions as the unity of the household, the conceptualisation of labour (both
productive and reproductive) as a homogeneous, easy substitutable factor of
production. A gendered analysis unveils the underlying gender-blindness of policy
measures and may suggest a number of adjustments in the design of policy measures,
which will eventually lead to increased effectiveness and efficiency.
Diane Elson finally strongly pointed out the need for the recognition of gender as a
cross-cutting issue that is important for the overall budget and not only for those
programmes that are directly targeted towards women. She referred in this context to
a number of suggestions earlier made in the UNIFEM report Progress of the Worlds
Women about a possible set of indicators for monitoring the gender sensitivity of the
whole budget3 (UNIFEM, 2000, p. 118). The shortcoming of these indicators is that
they are based on the functional, programme and line time classification of the budget
and not on the economic classification. They further only allow highlighting and
analysing part of the picture and not necessarily the most important one. It is at the
level of the overall macro-economic policy that the room for manoeuvre for changing
budgets is determined. It is therefore important to argue the need for engendering
macro-economic objectives, aggregates and models4.
Diana Rivington, Chair of the OECD Working Party on Gender Equality (WP-GEN),
briefly commented on the conference initiative from the perspective of the OECD/DAC
WP-GEN. She emphasized that the Working Party and its members welcomed the
meeting as an important step in bringing together experiences and methodological
tools on gender responsive budgeting from the north and the south, from NGOs and
governments, from academics and practitioners.
3
See p. 118 in UNIFEM(2000). Progress of the Worlds Women. New York: UNIFEM.
Diane Elson referred in this context to relevant research that is being produced. See a.o. the special
issue on Growth, Trade, Finance and Gender Equality in World Development (2000), Vol. 28, no. 7.
23
24
25
26
27
noteworthy that while this did not mean that the MTEF would necessarily be gender-sensitive, it did signal
a willingness by the Ministry of Finance to engage with gender-equality issues. In fact, the National
Expenditure Survey produced by the Ministry of Finance in 1999 did incorporate more gender analysis. In
Tanzania, the Ministry of Finance is seeking to integrate gender concerns into the new MTEF and
performance budgeting system.
Tool 6: Gender-Aware Budget Statement
Gender-Aware Budget Statement is the government report that reviews the budget using some of the
above tools, and summarises its implications for gender equality with different indicators, such as the
share of expenditure targeted to gender equality, the gender balance in government jobs, contracts or
training, or the share of public service expenditure used mainly by women.
Source: Guy Hewitt (2001)7
As indicated by Guy Hewitt, most of the initiatives to date8 (except for those in the UK,
see the contribution of Susan Himmelweit) have focused on expenditure allocations
and to a lesser degree on the revenue side. In the future efforts will be made to
concentrate also on revenue tools, which will contribute to understanding the possible
gender impacts of different revenue-raising measures such as direct and indirect taxes
and user fees.
Finally, Guy reflected on a number of guiding principles with regard to the
conceptualisation and the implementation of the Gender Budget Initiative programme
at the country level.
Country ownership is thought to be critical for the successfulness of gender responsive
budget initiatives. Starting from the idea that citizens are not only the beneficiaries of a
countrys fiscal policy but also agents of development, participation of different
stakeholders in public expenditure management is necessary. For broad-based
participation to be possible and effective, transparency is needed of the consultative,
analytic and outcomes processes at the national, provincial and local levels. In order to
increase sustainability and institutionalisation of initiatives, it is necessary that
processes build on existing budgetary and public expenditure management
mechanisms. Finally, as Guy puts it, it is important to conceptualise gender budget
initiatives as iterative processes of consultation, participation, planning, implementation
and evaluation against set goals, objectives, indicators and benchmarks.
See also BUDLENDER Debbie, Rhonda SHARP and Kerri ALLEN (1998). How to do a gender-sensitive
budget analysis: contemporary research and practice. Canberra and London, Australian Agency for
International Development and the Commonwealth Secretariat; ELSON Diane (1999). Gender Budget
Initiative: Background Papers. London, Commonwealth Secretariat; ELSON D. (ed)(2000). Progress of the
Worlds Women: UNIFEM Biennial Report. New York, UNIFEM; HEWITT Guy and Sabhita RAJU (1999).
Gender Budget Initiative. A Commonwealth Initiative to Integrate Gender into National Budgetary
Processes. London, Commonwealth Secretariat; HEWITT Guy and Tanni Mukhopadhyay (2001). Gender
Responsive Budget Initiatives: A Report on Commonwealth Experiences. London, Commonwealth
Secretariat.
8
There are a number of exceptions, e.g. the work of the Womens Budget Group in the UK (see the
contribution of Susan Himmelweit), the South African (see the contribution of Pregs Govender) and the
Ugandan initiatives (see the contribution of Winnie Byanyima) which all included a gender analysis of
taxation.
28
In his contribution, Lionel Demery, of the World Bank, assessed the insights to be
gained from the benefit9 incidence analysis of public spending when results are
disaggregated by gender.
He started by putting benefit incidence analysis within the context of the welfarist
literature on how to measure the benefits of publicly-provided goods to individuals in
society. Benefit incidence analysis is one of the techniques, which is used to value
government spending. It combines information on the cost of providing public services
with data on their use. To date the technique has mostly been used to assess the
impact of public expenditures on individuals and households of different income
categories, and in particular on the poorer sections of the populations whom are
mostly the primarily intended beneficiaries.
How public spending is affecting the intended outcomes (mostly in terms of human
capabilities) depends on a number of linkages in between. The first link is between
total public spending and the composition. It is e.g. more likely that a larger section of
the population and in particular the poorer sections of the population will benefit from
health care expenditures if a larger portion is spent on primary health care facilities
rather than on tertiary facilities. It is this first link on which benefit incidence analyses
focuses most of the time. The second link concerns the degree to which the budget is
translated into effective health services (the issue of tracking). As Lionel Demery puts
it, if a particular sector is characterised by huge inefficiencies, the level of spending is
not a good indicator of service provision. The third link is related to the response of the
private sector (crowding in and crowding out effects of publicly provided services)
and depends on how the total provision of effective services is affected by public
spending. The final link is between the provision of services and the outcomes at the
individual level. Here one has to take into account other factors, which interact with
the provided services to lead to the intended outcomes.
______________________________________________________________________
Most of the benefit incidence analyses to date have used income as the classifier for
sub-groupings. Until now, gender has largely been ignored despite the fact that weak
linkages between the public expenditures and the intended outcomes are often
mediated through gender biases in the use of the government services.
Demery (2001) suggest to use the notion beneficiary instead of benefit in order to indicate that the
technique does not measure true benefits, but rather looks at whom the final beneficiaries are of
government expenditures.
29
Lionel showcased applications from the education sector in Cte DIvoire (1995) and
the health sector in Ghana (1992)10 to highlight the importance of gender
disaggregation for understanding findings from benefit incidence analysis. In Cte
DIvoire, for instance, it showed that the mistargeting of education expenditure to poor
people (only 13 percent of total government spending in education reached the
poorest 20 percent) was partly due to high spending on tertiary education facilities
(approximately one fifth of the total education budget in 1995) that are not used by
poor households and certainly not by the female members of the households.
For the population as a whole, the average female only gained one third of the total
government spending in education as compared to two thirds for the average male.
Distribution of gains clearly differs according to the level of education services. While
the relative disadvantage of females was lowest at the primary level where they gained
42 percent of the total primary subsidy, it was largest at the tertiary level, where they
only gained 29 percent.
Findings from the benefit incidence analysis for the health sector in Ghana clearly
demonstrate the usefulness of a combined gender and income disaggregation and of
decomposing expenditures into different sub-sectors. While there is overall an
advantage for females, with 56 percent of the overall health spending in 1992 going to
females, this conclusion is put in perspective when we decompose health expenditures
over different categories (from more expensive hospital in- and outpatient treatment to
primary facilities) and when we disaggregate beneficiaries according to income and
sex, thereby taking into account possible differences in health needs between the
sexes. A more detailed analysis shows that only in the top two quintiles females gained
more than males from hospital-based services while in all other sections of the
population, females were at a disadvantage for this type of services. Gender biases in
the use of health services are again explanatory of the poor targeting to the poor.
Findings demonstrate that government fails to allocate hospital-based services to the
poorest sections of the population because of the poor access of females to these
services.
Whereas benefit incidence analysis is useful, it clearly has its limitations. Lionel
convincingly argued that benefit incidence analysis needs to be coupled with analysis
on intrahousehold allocation. Observed allocative outcomes are only marginally
influenced by a government fiscal policy and primarily result from decisions taken at
the household level. It are parents, not necessarily together or unanimously, who
decide about the level and kind of resources that are invested in different household
members. Weak targeting of both education and health spending, for instance, partly
result from decisions by poor households not to use publicly-funded facilities, and
particularly to deny access to female members. Lionel argued that it is vital for policy
makers to go beyond the current accounting approach of benefit incidence and to gain
insight into intrahousehold allocative behaviour as to understand allocative outcomes
and distil those factors, which they influence to bring about changes.
10
Research findings for Cte DIvoire and Ghana are based on DEMERY Lionel, Julia DAYTON and Kalpana
MEHRA (1996). The Incidence of Social Spending in Cte DIvoire, 1986-1995 (mimeo). Washington D.C.,
World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department and DEMERY Lionel, Shiyan CHAO, Ren BERNIER and
Kalpana MEHRA (1995), The Incidence of Social Spending in Ghana, PSP Discussion Paper No. 82.
Washington D.C., World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department.
30
In her contribution Susan Himmelweit, of the Open University and the UK Womens
Budget Group (WBG)11, concentrated on some tools for the gender impact analysis of
taxes and benefits. The focus on taxes and benefits rather than on the expenditures
side as in most other initiatives of budget analysis should be put against the
background of the particular budgetary process in the UK. Expenditure and revenue
raising plans are announced on different days and what is referred to as the Budget
means the annual statement of changes in taxes and benefits and the regulations
surrounding them.
Analysing the gender sensitivity of taxes and benefits involves assessing the direct and
indirect impacts of taxes and benefits on all relevant gender inequalities.
A full gender impact assessment requires examining not only a policys direct
distributional effects on gender inequalities, but also its higher-order impacts on mens
and womens behaviour. Without an understanding of its full gender-specific impact,
policy may be badly targeted and therefore at worst ineffective in achieving its goals
(Susan Himmelweit, 2001).
______________________________________________________________________
Susan Himmelweit argued that for tax and benefit policy, the most immediate effects
are on incomes, both at the individual and the household level. She further pointed out
that there are wider indirect impacts that are equally important: bargaining power and
the distribution of resources within households, labour market behaviour and the longterm futures of men and women. She subsequently demonstrated how tax and benefit
policy can be examined for its impact at all these different levels.
The most immediate gendered impact of taxes and benefits is on the distribution of
individual incomes between men and women. A progressive income tax system does
not only prove to reduce income inequalities, it also tends to reduce gender disparities
as women, on average, start off with lesser individual incomes than men. As Susan
Himmelweit demonstrated, identifying the gendered impact of benefits is more
complicated as the manner of receipt of benefits is itself gendered. In general,
increasing the amount of those types of benefits that in general tend to go more to
women will contribute to reducing gender inequality in incomes.
Taxes and benefits on the household level, which are at first sight gender-neutral may
also contribute to reducing or strengthening gender inequality. Susan Himmelweit
pointed out that policies that increase the incomes of lone parent and singly pensioner
households, in which women predominate, will in general not only reduce income
inequality between households but also gender inequality.
Research from developing and industrial countries has indicated that households are
not necessarily unities who fully pool their resources or where all individuals have the
same preferences regarding the allocation of the resources. There might be diverging
opinions about the division over different categories of expenditure and about the
identity of the final beneficiary. Whose preferences prevail is among others determined
by a persons bargaining power. One of the factors influencing a persons bargaining
power is the access and control over resources. Targeting benefits or levying taxes to
11
The UK Womens Budget Group (WBG) was set up in 1989. It is a voluntary think thank of women policy
experts which comments each year on the annual fiscal budgets produced by the UK government (Susan
Himmelweit, 2001).
31
The allocation of parental caring responsibilities and therefore of demands on the time
of different members of the households is another aspect of intrahousehold inequality
that gender impact assessment should consider (Susan Himmelweit, 2001).
______________________________________________________________________
As Susan puts it, tax and benefit systems do not in general count the output of unpaid
caring work as a resource. Failing to recognize the skewed time investment of men and
women in unpaid caring work within the household tends to increase gender inequality
in labour market participation or the gender inequality in free time. The latter effect
occurs when womens labour market participation is not combined with a redistribution
of unpaid household work.
______________________________________________________________________
Gender impact analysis should encourage finance ministers, in planning tax and benefit
policy, to see themselves not only as dealing with a nations financial affairs but also as
the ministers responsible for time use (Susan Himmelweit, 2001).
Within a context of changing situations over a life-time cycle, gender impact
assessment needs to take a lifetime perspective on individual life courses and has to
take into account the effects of present behaviour on peoples long-term prospects.
This is in particular important for women as they often are penalised in their later lives,
through for instance lower pensions, for the time they have invested in caring work at
earlier life stages. As indicated by Susan Himmelweit, state pension provision is
therefore particularly important for women.
Gender analysis clearly is not only a tool, which highlights gendered impacts of policy
measures and helps to redress gender inequalities. It may also provide policy makers
with useful information regarding the effectiveness of policy measures and guide them
in the design of measures that contribute to reaching their goals.
32
In 1994, prior to the first democratic elections -at the African National Congress
Conference on putting women on the agenda- there was clarity that the new
government departments must indicate the impact of programmes on the status and
conditions of women when requiring funds. When making their reports they must
make specific reference to whether the objectives spelled out in this regard have been
met
Source: Pregs Govender (2001)
______________________________________________________________________
33
The South African Constitution has given the Parliament extensive powers including:
initiating legislation that promotes socio-economic rights
ensuring that draft legislation from the executive conforms to the Constitution
and is effective in promoting socio-economic rights
exercising oversight over socio-economic spending and budget reprioritisation
exercising oversight over the development and implementation of policy and
legislation
Source: Pregs Govender (2001)
______________________________________________________________________
Committees, on the other hand, can monitor, enquire into and make recommendations
related to any aspect of policy formulation or any other matter it may consider relevant
from government departments falling within the category of affairs consigned to
particular committees.
The two committees that have extensively been involved in the gender-responsive
budget work in South Africa were the Joint Standing Committee on Finance (since
1994) and the Joint Monitoring Committee on the improvement of the Quality of Life
and Status of Women12 (since 1996). These committees have used budget debates,
asked for reports from ministers and held hearings with civil society on poverty, gender
and macroeconomic policy and budgets.
As a partnership to the above mentioned committees and in collaboration with NGOs
the Womens Budget Initiative was formed. The latter included about 40 researchers
who did complete a gender analysis of all government department budgets, while
there was also an analysis of taxation and custom excises. The results of this work
were published as the Womens Budget Books and edited by Debbie Budlender. A
popularised version and training materials to initiate projects of economic literacy were
also produced.
There were and there are substantial results at governmental level. In 1996, the
Finance Minister, in his budget speech, committed to developing genderdisaggregated data, targets and indicators and to install a performance review
mechanism. He further committed to counting unpaid labour. In 2001 the Statistics
South Africa will produce the first study of unpaid labour in South Africa.
In 1997 the Finance Ministry in its report to the Joint Monitoring Committee on Women
noted its commitment to an integrated gender analysis into macroeconomic policy.
The initial stages of the project involved a presentation on Gender and the Budget at
12
This committee was established to monitor government implementation of the Beijing Platform for
Action and CEDAW in improving the lives of the poorest women.
34
Devaki Jain, of the Karnatakas Womens Information and Research Centre (India),
started from the observation that the budget is the most important economic policy
instrument of government and as such a powerful tool in transforming the
state/district/municipality/grama panchayat economies to meet the peoples needs.
The aim of her contribution and the project she commented on was not to critique or
inform the budget, from what is called a gender perspective but rather to reflect on the
conditions and to build, construct budgets, such that the interests of women and other
subordinated groups are safeguarded.
Devaki Jain argued that within the Indian context the primary interest of gender
budgeting is to remove poverty, especially womens poverty. It thus builds on the
space and method, which would enable poor women to move themselves out of
poverty.
She convincingly argued that gender budgeting is only meaningful if the budgetary
support is put to duty in the hands of institutions, which are representative in
character, operate at the ground level and are accessible and accountable. Devaki
pointed at three conditions, which need to be fulfilled if a historically subordinated
group like women want to influence policy.
Firstly, a linkage is needed between economic governance and political governance.
______________________________________________________________________
Women in political structures need to claim space for developing budgets which
capture the requirements and the capacity including the capacity to mobilize human
financial and natural resources, and translate them into humane fiscal management. In
other words, economic governance has to be linked to political governance (Devaki
Jain, 2001).
______________________________________________________________________
35
Secondly, the direction for fiscal policy and the fiscal balances need to be built from
below. In the Indian context there are certain constitutionally mandated arrangements
which allow to work backwards from ground level plans all the way to the national
balance sheet. Indias Panchayati Ray Institutions (PRI) is such an institutional
arrangement, which puts political power in hands of women. In the state of Karnataka,
the Panchayat Ray Act of 1993, provided a 33 percent reservation for women. Finally,
43 percent of those elected to gram or village panchayats were women. Nationally, the
Constitutional mandate of 1993 brought in three million elected and raised the total
number of women in formal politics from 400 persons to one million. The Constitutional
mandate also directed at least 29 specified functions (subjects) and funds13 for
carrying out these functions to these bodies.
_____________________________________________________________________
The intention of the Constitutional mandate of 1993 is
to extend the command of governance beyond the central and state levels
to include a larger number of persons in governance
to introduce accountability through the process of five yearly elections with
a multi party system to three tiers of government; village, clusters of
villages and the district
to accommodate social justice through affirmative action, i.e. reservation of
seats to both women and the underprivileged castes, in the politically
elected local government structure
to politicise development, put it back in the hands of the people; to
accommodate difference, diversity, pluralism in every way- geographical,
social- i.e. ethnic, linguistic etc. as well as historical, a necessity in a country
like India which is so heterogeneous
_____________________________________________________________________
Whereas the unique paradigm of local self-government clearly has generated a number
of successes, there are also a number of road blocks. Firstly, the central and state
governments continue to maintain highly centralised control over the entire
development programme, budget and sectoral staff, which remain, as before,
unaccountable to local representative bodies. Even World Banks Social Development
Projects do not use the local elected government structure but rather set up parallel
mechanisms for delivery. As Devaki strongly puts it, Donors seldom like democracy, it
delays. Secondly, despite the fact that funds are seemingly untied, the focus on social
sector schemes has been marginal. Devaki Jain referred in this context to a study of 17
Gram Panchayats in Madhya Pradesh, which revealed that expenditure on social sector
schemes has not been more than 3 percent in any of the 17 GPs. The reason behind
the skewed expenditure were the conditions linked to the government grants, which
put into perspective its stated status of being untied.
Thirdly, it is necessary to reorder the larger picture, the political economy paradigm
such that it ushers in a pattern of development, which is rooted in promoting equity
gender concerns. As indicated by Devaki Jain, there are often huge constraints at the
macro-economic and financial level, which leave overall little flexibility or space for
accommodating gender and other social sensitivities. Interest payment arising out of
13
For the year 2000-2001 these funds are approximately around 1.5 billion USD (Devaki Jain, 2001).
36
past borrowing, for instance, is the single largest component of the Indias non-plan
revenue expenditure.
Currently an exercise is being undertaken for the state of Karnataka, called Building
Budgets From Below, which suggest that the only method that can shift the
development paradigm is through a summation of the budgets prepared at local level,
pyramided upwards, finally leading to the national budget. The underlying hypothesis
is that devolving powers to raise and spend funds at the local level will yield a larger
sum of resources than when this operation is conducted at the state level and
departmentally as people tend to show a higher willingness to pay their taxes if they
are able to control more strongly the expenditures.
Devaki strongly pointed out that this exercise is not only about decentralisation but
also about enabling women to determine fiscal policy at national and sub-national
levels. It is an attempt to upturn the system rather than ask for being accommodated.
She compared with other attempts made, such as through earmarked funds or through
special programmes for women, which did not deliver the required outcomes.
In her contribution, Franoise Philippe-Raynaud, of the French Womens Rights
and Equality Office, Ministry of Employment and Solidarity, highlighted the importance
of the (yellow) budgetary annex regarding womens rights and equality between men
and women (Le Jaune Budgtaire des Droits des Femmes et de lEgalit entre les
Femmes et les Hommes). The obligation to include an annex to the budget, which
highlights the financial efforts for the promotion of equality between men and women
and female human rights has been voted by the French parliament in 1999 and has
been implemented since 2000.
As Franoise Philippe-Raynaud argued, this initiative is not an isolated event. It is
completely in line with the dynamic and strong policy of the French government to
stimulate gender equality (cf. a.o. the governmental actions taken by Ms. Nicole Pry,
state secretary for Womens Rights in 1999). The yellow budget annex can be
regarded upon as an instrument that enables the different ministerial departments to
highlight their effective efforts in the field of gender equality and it offers at the same
time an opportunity for the parliament (and the population) to control the government
on its stated policy. The system of yellow budgetary annexes is not exclusively used
for the topic of gender equality. It is a system that is frequently used to summarise
initiatives taken by different ministerial department on transversal issues.
The yellow budget annex on Womens Rights and Equality between men and women
highlights the specific policy measures of the different governmental departments to
stimulate equality between men and women. It further states the resources allocated
and the indicators that are used to monitor the implementation of the actions and its
results. As Franoise Philippe-Raynaud demonstrated, the measures taken do not
necessarily influence the budget. The feminisation of the work force of the ministry of
defence, for instance, did not have any budgetary implications.
The yellow budget annex offers the opportunity to clearly identify those actions that
aim at mobilising the overall population on the issue of gender equality and those
actions that are specifically addressing women. The latter include actions where
women where identified as a group at risk or actions that have been taken to redress
existing inequalities between men and women. Examples include a special fund that
37
was created to stimulate female entrepreneurship, financial support for centres that
welcome victims of violence against women. Resources allocated for implementing
these measures however only constitute a minimal portion of the overall budget (i.e.
40 000 euros as against the overall budget of 260 thousand million euros)
What is far more difficult and important is to visualise is the impact of the overall policy
on men and women. The budget annex envisages realizing this through the use of
disaggregated statistics on the situation of men and women. It shows, for instance,
that girls constitute 55% of the secondary school population in humanities and
technology, while they only constitute 43 % of those that finally obtain a diploma of
tertiary education in these disciplines. It allows comparing funds allocated for fighting
unemployment and the evolution of the percentages of unemployed men and women.
Review of theoretical arguments and empirical evidence on user fees leads to three
main conclusions:
their potential for supplementing social budget is very limited;
they often result in a sharp reduction in the utilisation of the services,
particularly among women or girls and the poor; and
protecting these groups has proven exceedingly difficult in practice
38
Five important hidden costs of narrow targeting of basic social services are:
cost of mis-targeting: it is difficult to identify the poor, particularly female
beneficiaries;
cost of failing to reach the poorest: the non-poor seldom let themselves be bypassed by subsidies;
cost of administering narrowly targeted programmes: including for oversight to
control mismanagement and petty corruption;
cost of out-of-pocket expenses to document eligibility: including expenses such
as bus fares; and
cost of non-sustainability: once the non-poor cease to have a stake in narrowly
targeted programmes, the political commitment to sustain their scope and
quality is at risk. The voice of women and the poor alone is usually too weak to
maintain strong public support.
Source: Jan Vandemoortele, 2001
39
Finally, Jan Vandemoortele strongly warned for the fallacy of misplaced concreteness
and demonstrated that averages, on which policy makers base themselves when
designing their policy, often hide different realities. Increasing in averages may mask
declines for some groups: increases in average school enrolment figures, for instance,
may go hand in hand with a female drop-out. As men and women are neither a
homogeneous group, generalisations about gender gaps also often overlook realities.
He concluded by making a strong plea to document and nuance gender gaps as this
will be helpful in pointing out appropriate policy actions and programme interventions
to reduce existing gender gaps.
Virginia Vargas, of the (Ecuador), analysed the experiences of gender sensitive
budget analyses in three countries of the Andean Region: Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador14.
While the focus was on the latter three, Virginia pointed out that through the Regional
UNIFEM Program, the review of budgets and mobilization focusing on budgets have
become a strategy for the entire region of Latin America and the Caribbean.
Budget reviews in the Andean form part of the broader Program of Economic and
Social Rights of Andean Women, which strives to enhance the economic and social
rights of women in society and the State and to raise public awareness about the rights
of women, especially their economic and social rights. Another major aim of the
program is to build up the capacity of womens organizations so that they can exert an
impact on their governments and apply pressure to these governments to fulfil their
commitments to their citizens.
As Virginia Vargas argued, the initiatives for gender-sensitive budgeting should be put
within a larger process of profound economic, political, cultural and subjective
transformations taking place in Latin America. Gender-sensitive budgeting can be
understood as one of the concrete ways in which civil society and the State aim at
promoting social dialogue processes that stimulate transparency and oversight in public
affairs. In the Andean region it is obvious that the initiative of gender-responsive
budgeting is not merely about the content of budgets but also about underlying
budgetary processes. In particular the need to make these processes more transparent
and participatory is addressed. This goes hand in hand with the increasing importance
that is given to local empowerment and local governance in the process of building a
democracy of closeness. As argued by Virginia Vargas, decentralising power to
municipality level has the potential to increase the access and exercise of rights at the
local level and to promote social control over the management of public affairs. She
strongly emphasized the importance of budgets as instruments of democratic
governance. In particular participatory budget experiences, which are becoming
increasingly spread in Latin America15 and the Andean Region are vital for democracy
as they contribute to broadening democratic forums and increase the degree and
forms of control that citizens can exercise on local public government as a whole.
14
More specifically, budget reviews with a gender perspective are being conducted in the following places:
Bolivia (national level and the municipality of La Paz), Peru (municipality of Villa El Salvador), Ecuador
(municipality of Downtown Quito, Cuenca, Salitre). In the near future, the process will start in Bolivia
(municipality of Cochabamba) and Ecuador (municipality of Esmeraldas, Colta and Chambo) (Virginia
Vargas, 2001).
15
See among others the experience in the municipality of Porto Alegre in Brazil, which launched a
participatory experience in the elaboration of budgets in 1989 (Vargas, 2001).
40
Gender-blind budgets are unable to understand the underlying forces behind the
dynamics of exclusion that prevail in societies themselves and are manifest in budgets.
When participatory budgets do not take into consideration a gender perspective, they
run the risk of giving an illusion of plurality and inclusion, while actually fostering
exclusion, because they are generally biased by gender imbalances (Virginia Vargas,
2001).
______________________________________________________________________
Budgets with a gender perspective have the potential to foster participation of groups
of citizens who were before, implicitly or explicitly, excluded. Inclusion of women will
partly be enhanced through the recognition of the reproductive, caring and community
dimensions of the economy, to which women tend to contribute most and which
constitutes part of a nations wealth. As Virginia Vargas argued, the democratic
repercussions of the gender-responsiveness will be broader than the inclusion of
women. It involves coming closer to fairness, weaving a stronger social fabric, while it
also offers possibilities of closing the gaps between citizens, not only those arising from
gender inequalities, but also ethnic, class, regional and age gaps.
In her description and analysis of the current Andean gender-responsive budgeting
initiative promoted by UNIFEM, Virginia noted that one of the constraints was the lack
in methodology and ad hoc materials to replicate experiences from other countries as
South Africa and Australia. She highlighted that a research is set up to shed light on
important local characteristics, which may differentiate practices in the Andean region
from the already existing experiences in other areas, and to identify sound practices
and possible risks, both at the technical and political level. Afterwards the already
existing training materials from other regions (such as the How to do booklet of
Budlender, Sharp and Allen) will be adapted accordingly and shared with the
authorities and womens organisations.
The focus of the current Andean initiative is on the municipality level. As demonstrated
by Virginia Vargas, a number of municipalities spread over Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia
have been selected on the basis of a number of criteria such as, among others: i) the
already existing degree of openness of municipal authorities to address gender equity
in public policies and government programs, including the budget; ii) the presence of
women in executive positions in municipal government; iii) the existence of womens
organisations interested in becoming involved in the whole process, from the
description of needs, the discussion of local priorities, and budget allocations to the
monitoring of compliance; iv) the degree of municipal institutionalisation, which makes
it possible to gain access to consistent information.
As however the two central components of the Andean initiative are training and social
mobilization, the impact of the initiative is likely to go beyond the municipal level.
The central subject of analysis is the expenditure side of budgets. The aim is to
determine whether there are expenditures that are favouring gender equity and the
equality of opportunities between men and women, as well as to analyse the
differentiated impact of spending on men and women. Next to the content of budgets,
41
Municipalities must stop being merely the administrators of services, which are
generally scarce and of poor quality, and must start consolidating themselves as hubs
of local development, including the development of women (Virginia Vargas, 2001).
Warren Krafchik, of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (US), highlighted the
growing contribution of civil society organisations to public sector budget policy making
in developing countries. Since the 1990s, the budget groups, defined by Warren
Krafchik as the subset of civil society organizations which are involved in independent
applied budget work, have started to play a larger role in the budget processes in
some developing countries, a recent trend which corresponds with the political trend
towards democratisation.
While budget groups differ on a lot of characteristics, most of them operate
independently from their country governments and political parties, acknowledge the
value of inclusive budget processes while the scope of their analysis is often the impact
of public budgets on the poor. While there are these commonalities, their work also
varies on the methodologies used, the level of analysis (national, local), the particular
stage of the budgetary process focused on (planning, implementation, evaluation) and
the strategies implemented (advocacy, training, research). Also their origin widely
differs: while some groups were established specifically to engage in budget issues,
others have emerged to strengthen the work of already existing organisations; while
most groups can be classified or operate within NGOs, others were established within
an academic environment or even within the public sector.
Warren Krafchik puts the growth in budget groups against the background of a number
of international developments as
42
conditional on greater transparency and more useful, timely and accessible data
provision, which is also necessary for the work of budget groups
poverty alleviation and International Finance Institutions (IFIs): independent
applied budget work matches with the new consensus on the shared
responsibilities of the state and civil society in the development process
43
can protect the macro-economic envelope early in the process, while encouraging
detailed engagement with issues of reprioritization and effective and efficient spending.
Room for intervention considerably increases during the legislative stage. The
parliament is often the first place where the budget plan is officially presented and it
offers the first formal opportunity for legislative representatives to debate and change
the budget. As there often exist formal and informal networks between legislators and
other actors of civil society, the legislative stage is also the first moment of broad civil
society involvement.
______________________________________________________________________
Given parliaments role as the representative of citizens, this stage is often considered
the most appropriate point for civil society intervention. However, the effectiveness of
civil society involvement in this stage depends on the strength of parliaments own
power in the budget process (Warren Krafchik, 2001).
______________________________________________________________________
However, legislative power over the budget is in developing countries often curtailed
by the absence of powers of amendment, the weak committee system, poor research
capacity and the timing of the budget process. Despite these shortcomings, there is
recently a tendency in a lot of countries to expand legislative engagement in the
budgetary process. As argued by Warren Krafchik, the cooperation with independent
budget groups is crucial for the effectiveness of parliaments involvement as these
groups often have more training and analysis capacity than legislatures. Warren
Krafchik showcased examples from different countries as Mexico, South Africa, India,
Brazil, Croatia where independent budget groups provide among others accessible
summaries of the budget, training, intensive technical support, independent analysis of
the budget. This analysis includes a.o. monitoring of social expenditures, measuring of
the difference between the planned and the actual expenditures, assessing the impact
of expenditures on a particular sector or socio-economic groups, assessing the impact
of the budget on macro-economic aggregates, evaluating the impact of different ways
of revenue collection and tax administration reforms.
Whereas the legislative stage offers most opportunities for involvement of civil society,
budget groups collect their necessary data on expenditure, revenue and outputs during
the implementation stage. Research findings from different countries show that data
collection and overall monitoring capacity of implementing governmental bodies are
often minimal. This has led to initiatives whereby independent budget groups are
directly involved in these activities. Warren Krafchik referred to the Ugandan case
where civil society organizations have been involved in the monitoring of the funds
released under the HIPC initiative.
Finally, to date, budget groups have not invested much in the auditing stage. As
argued by Warren Krafchik, one of the main reasons is the timing: the audit report is
mostly presented about two years after the closing of the financial year. The absence
of strong budget powers for parliamentarians limits their investment in the use of the
results of the audit report. Greater involvement of independent budget groups during
the audit stage (through analysis and dissemination of results of the report of the
auditor-generals) may increase effective accountability and may generate information
to feed in other stages of the budgetary process.
44
The first activity of the GBI in 1997 was the adoption of a campaign for three years,
stating strategic points and a given timeframe in order to influence key policies,
structures and actors within the government, parliament, and civil society to adopt
gender budgeting concepts and processes. The identification of the strategic points
and the timeframe involved a huge collective process of reflection and planning
sessions with like-minded NGOs and gender organisations. Among the main activities
identified were a.o.
16
National Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance as the key sectors in the planning and budget
process; Health and Education as the vital social sector service providers; Agriculture as essential to the
livelihood of the majority of men and women; Industry and Commerce given the significance of market
and trade liberalisation policies in the globalisation process (Mary Rusimbi, 2001).
45
coalition building and networking. Coalition building and networking has been
used to create alliances, contacts and solidarity with other groups and people,
promoting collective action in and outside the country;
In her assessment of the results of the GBI, Mary Rusimbi referred to results of GBIinitiated analysis, which highlighted that planning and budgeting processes were too
top-down, non-participatory and male-oriented, largely excluding womens needs and
priorities. Due to the lobbying efforts related to gender mainstreaming and gender
budgeting, the year 2000-2001 budget guidelines gave the mandate to all Ministry,
Department and Agency (MDA) to prepare their budgets with gender mainstreaming
objectives in mind. Capacity building on gender budgeting for government actors has
further become more institutionalised: gender budgeting became, for instance, a
training requirement of the Medium Term Expenditure Framework Process and the
TGNP was identified as the main resource for this part of the training. More specifically,
about 200 budget officers were in this way trained and supported by the TGNP.
46
Government and donors recognize that involvement of the TGNP will increase
transparency and accountability within the government machinery.
Mary Rusimbi strongly pointed out that an important factor in reaching these results
was the particular processes that have been used by the GBI. GBI has invested a lot in
capacity building within and outside the own organisations, information sharing,
coalition building, networking, which has resulted in strong collective actions.
Government actors also have often been involved in the GBI processes (cf. the
composition of the action research teams), which has led to government ownership of
the GBI processes, an important factor for the initiatives sustainability.
While the second phase of the GBI, which started in 2001, will continue to support the
government in its gender budgeting activities, more focus will be put on advocacy
through a civil society campaign. Activities to make macro-economic processes more
participatory and gender responsive are and will be directed at the general public, the
government, regional and international partners and donors.
Finally, Mary Rusimbi, identified a number of lessons and challenges for gender
budgeting. As mentioned already above, capacity building at various levels is thought
to be essential to generate impact. She further referred to the difficult balance
between active involvement in government processes and protecting the civil society
agenda. In that discussion, the TGNP has deliberately chosen for continuous
involvement as government macro-economic decision-making is thought to be
important for future policy priorities and resource allocation. From the same logic, it is
important to work and lobby towards international agencies, which often strongly
influence a national governments policy manoeuvre room. To facilitate effective
involvement, it is important to build partnerships between northern and southern
NGOs.
Emilia Boncodin, of the Department of Budget and Management (Philippines) and
Celia Reyes, of the NGO Policy and Development Foundation (Philippines), focused on
the Gender and Development (GAD) Initiative in the Philippines. The latter was
elaborated under the Republic Act 7192 (Women in Development and Nation Building
Act), which carried out the Philippines constitutional provision that recognizes the role
of women in nation building, and the fundamental equality of men and women. The
enactment requires that a substantial portion of official development assistance (ODA)
should be allocated for gender and womens concerns.
It further requires that annual budget proposals of each government agency should
incorporate an allocation for GAD programs, projects and activities. Interventions
(start-up or mainstreaming) should be identified in a GAD Plan that should be
submitted for review to the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
(NCRFW), which is the central policymaking and coordinating body for women and
gender concerns.
_____________________________________________________________________
A GAD Plan must take its direction from the Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development (PPGD), 1995-2025. The PPGD gears to address the concerns of women
for equality and development across six major spheres: individual, family, sociocultural, economic, political and legal. Across each of these spheres, three basic goals
must cut through:
47
_____________________________________________________________________
The General Appropriations Act (GAA) 1995-1999 further specified that the amounts
to be set aside for the above mentioned activities should be at least 5% of the overall
budgets of the agencies, departments, bureaus, offices. Monitoring and follow-up of
the implementation is effectuated through annual reports that indicate the
accomplishments and the amounts utilized in implementing GAD related activities,
projects and programmes and which should be submitted to Congress, the Department
of Budget and Management (DBM) and the NCFRW.
The key agencies in the implementation of the GAD are the NCRFW, the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the Department of Budget and
Management (DBM) and the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).
Each of the latter agencies has specific tasks and responsibilities throughout the
process of planning and implementation of the overall GAD policy and the specific GAD
Plans. The NCRFW provides assistance to agencies in the planning process through the
organisation of training programs on gender sensitivity and gender responsive planning
and is responsible for monitoring overall GAD compliance. The NEDA is responsible for
integrating gender concerns in macro-economic planning and they also determine and
recommend the amount to be allocated for development activities involving women.
The guidelines on GAD budgeting are prepared by the DBM while DILG provides
technical assistance to local government units on how to operationalize GAD planning
and budgeting at all levels.
Reviewing the experience to date with the GAD, Emilia Boncodin and Celia Reyes
referred to the findings of the NCRFW, which indicated that there is an increasing
compliance (from 19 to 140) of agencies in the submission of the GAD plans over the
period 1995-2000. Also the aggregate GAD budget allocation is increasing: the largest
share of the GAD budget to the total national budget was in the years 1997 and 1999
and stood at 0.62% and 0.58% respectively.
The positive findings should however be set against a number of critical remarks.
Independent evaluation and monitoring of the GAD Initiative is difficult to date as the
annual reports to be submitted to the Congress, the DBM and the NCRFW only give a
48
49
______________________________________________________________________
As it has already been underlined, this conference is in keeping with the activities led
by Belgium during the EU Presidency. Such a context allows pursuing a double
strategic objective:
to give visibility to a thematic which is not well-known either by the population
either by the political authorities
to raise awareness among the world of politics, either Belgian either European,
about the relevance of such an initiative which have gained results in a series of
countries in order to convince national and community authorities of the need to
proceed to a gender budgeting at Belgium but also Europe scale.
The development of the Gender mainstreaming approach forms the common basis
on which to rely to go ahead in the achievement of this double objective. As you are
surely aware of, the Member States of the European Union and Commission realised
the need to intensify the implementation of the gender mainstreaming in the Union
policies after the United-Nations Conference on Women that was held in Beijing in
1995.
The EUs commitment regarding gender mainstreaming has been constructed in
different stages:
First, Article 2 and 3 of the Amsterdam Treaty which formalise the Commissions
commitment to gender mainstreaming by establishing equality between men and
women as a specific task of the Community as well as a horizontal objective affecting
all Community tasks.
50
I am of course aware that the gender mainstreaming has just started in a series of
policies that should deserve to be carefully examined through the equal opportunities
angle, notably the public finances, product markets (goods and services) and financial
markets. That is the reason why the technical seminar organised at the end of this
week, with the support of the European Commission, turns out to be necessary. It will
enable an exchange of views among experts and European officials concerned with the
setting up and implementation of economic and financial policies. Let us hope that this
will encourage them to expand their gender analysis in the field of public finances,
product markets and financial markets, which seem at first sight reluctant to that
approach.
As Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Employment and Equal Opportunities Policies, I
am more and more convinced of the relevance and the validity of the gender
mainstreaming approach. I have moreover invested in materialising this approach at
the Federal Government level with the creation of a specific action system called
mainstreaming section. This system has been set up for a one-year period as an
experimental measure in 2001. Its main objective was to cope with the difficulties,
underlined in the government 2000 report on the follow-up of the Beijing Platform, to
define and identify and to implement a gender mainstreaming in all governments
51
policies. Indeed, at the occasion of this report, the gender mainstreaming concept
turned out not to be well understood and little assimilated.
Set up and to be paid by the specific budget Equal Opportunities of the Employment
Department, the mainstreaming section is a tool that allows an optimal follow-up of
the commitments made by the Government concerning the implementation of the
resolutions of the Women World Conference held in Beijing.
The university specialists that are part of the section are from 5 universities (VUB, ULB,
ULG, UIA and UCL). They work in close collaboration with 2 members from the Cabinet
and from the Administration that have been appointed by each Minister to look after
the implementation of the strategic objective defined for each ministerial competence.
The section is responsible of 4 central missions:
Training of relay persons (focal points) in Cabinets and in the Administration;
Identification of the provisions and measures taken in each policy to reinforce the
equality in a mainstreaming perspective;
Impact analysis and assessment of these measures: recommendations for a
continuing improvement;
Dissemination of good practices through the development of a high visibility of the
system that has been set up.
The results of the intermediate assessment of the section show the efficiency and
utility of the system even though it needs to be improved. It cannot be denied that real
progress has been made and that for some departments, the explanation of the
gender mainstreaming approach and its methodological management have not only
allowed the setting up of an action plan but also to obtain the first concrete results.
Despite these breakthroughs, it would be wrong to say that all the problems are
solved. It is still very difficult for some departments either to accept this approach,
either to mobilise the human resources and materials necessary for its implementation
even if a principle approval is taken for granted.
Considering the results already gained and waiting for the final assessment that will
not be available before the end of this year, the existing system of the gender
mainstreaming section seems to me to constitute a first action leading towards the
launching of the gender budgeting exercise in 2002, if not in all the departments, at
least in some of them. A working group with representatives of the following Cabinets
have already been gathered once to examine the project feasibility: Budget, Foreign
Affairs and Development co-operation, Finances, Environment and Health, Sustainable
Development and Mobility. A new meeting is scheduled for the beginning of December
in order to define a working method and identify the information and expertise needs
for the launch of the exercise within the different departments concerned.
____________________________________________________________
I am convinced that the gender mainstreaming approach has a great potential for
increasing the quality and efficiency of policies by making them more transparent,
more consistent as well as comprehensive and by making a full and effective use of
human resources. The budgetary analysis is obviously at the heart of that approach
which is not aiming at producing a separate budget for women neither increasing the
amount of money on women-specific programmes. On the contrary, it aims at
52
analysing to which extent public money are collected and spent equally through an exante impact assessment on women and men, by means of, notably, an identification of
the final beneficiaries. I do hope that the launch, in Belgium, of the gender budgeting
exercise will be successful and that my country will soon be among all the daring
countries that have understood that the respect of the equality principle is first of all a
matter of material and financial means.
53
One of the main rationales underlying a countrys fiscal policy is to redress existing
inequalities in distribution of wealth and resources. If one acknowledges that gender is
one of the most persistent axes of inequality and if one shares the assumption that an
equitable distribution between men and women is an important policy goal, then it is
clear that this should be translated in a countrys fiscal policy.
Our first question is then whether there indeed exists a male bias in allocation?
The answer to this question is fairly easy and there is by and large agreement among
academics and policy makers that there is in the overall majority of the countries of the
world a persistent male bias in the allocation of human capabilities and rights. One
should just take a quick glance at reports of several leading international organisations
to become convinced that despite the huge progress that has been made over the past
20 years, gender remains a crucial factor when it becomes to allocation and
distribution. The latest Human Development Report reveals that in 43 countries,
including India, Mozambique and Yemen to name a few, male literacy rates are at least
15 percentage points higher than female rates. While there has been on average good
progress in eliminating the male bias in primary and secondary enrolments with a ratio
of girls to boys in developing countries of 89% for primary education and 82% for
secondary education, there are also 27 countries, including Eastern European countries
as Bulgaria and Romania and Latin American countries as Bolivia and Ecuador, where
the girls net enrolment has declined at the secondary level between the mid-1980s
and 1997. In 20 countries girls secondary enrolment ratios are less than 2/3 of boys
enrolment ratios.
Our second question is whether one does share the assumption that an equitable
distribution between men and women is an important policy goal.
There are several arguments, which can be used to justify the policy option of gender
equality. Recently, the rationale for gender equality is strongly built on the efficiency
argument. The basic idea is that inequality in allocation of human capital and rights is
54
not only bad for women but for everyone. Investing in women is then like a kind of
win-win game where everybody will be made better off in the long run. Investing in
women will enable them to fully participate, which will make the total cake for
distribution larger.
I do not doubt about the assertion that investing in women leads to higher economic
growth and development. It is built on quite strong evidence. The latest World Bank
Policy Research Report Engendering Development for instance shows that if countries
in South Asia, SSA, the Middle East and North Africa had closed down their gender gap
in schooling at the same rate achieved by East Asia over the period 1960-1992, their
income per capita could have grown by an additional 0.5 to almost 1% points per year.
I feel however that the efficiency argument places an unbalanced emphasis on the
importance of a fully participation of women in production, whereas an equal
participation in the distribution of the benefits of production is much less emphasized.
And how far do we need to invest in women? What would be a fair share? Suppose
that impact on economic growth is highest if the level of investment in womens
human capabilities attain about 70% of the investment in mens human capabilities.
Should we accept then this 70% ratio?
It is clearly potentially dangerous to build the rationale for an equitable distribution
completely on efficiency arguments. A gender equitable distribution might indeed
enable to reach other objectives but we should not forget that it is a well-justified
objective in itself.
A lot of governments in the world, and Belgium is one of these, even have already
explicitly indicated that they do share the vision that gender equality is an important
policy goal. We have for instance endorsed the Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The
latter even explicitly referred to the importance of integrating a gender perspective in
budgetary decisions. More recently did we commit ourselves to an internationally
agreed set of development goals and time-bound targets through the United Nations
Millennium Declaration. Greater gender equality is one of these goals with the headline
target being the equal access for girls and boys to primary and secondary schooling by
the year 2015.
Reaching this target will necessitate appropriate budgetary provisions as declarations
without the corresponding allocation of resources is meaningless.
What can we learn then from the Gender Budget Initiative Programme of
UNIFEM and its partner organisations and from other ongoing initiatives of gender
responsive budgeting?
It became already clear yesterday that it is difficult to summarise lessons learned. I will
only emphasize a couple of issues, which I find important.
Firstly, Gender Responsive Budgeting is not only about the content of budgets. It is
also about the underlying budgetary processes. Essential words here are good
55
56
Secondly, additional resources are needed to meet the excessive demand for
widespread replication. Support needs to go to newly arising initiatives but on-going
ones also need further back-up as to increase their sustainability.
A third challenge is to put gender responsive budgeting on the agendas of
international organisations engaging in governance and economic reform programmes.
This conference can be considered one important step forward in these advocacy
efforts. The collaboration of international organisations as the OECD and the Nordic
Council of Ministers in the organisation of this event and the high-level representation
of diverse institutions are important indications that gender responsive budgeting will
be more than a vogue word.
______________________________________________________________________
Until now, Belgian DC has primarily invested in the support of organisations, which are
innovators and leaders in this topic. In the future, we also want to intensify our efforts
to support country-led initiatives for gender responsive budgeting through our bilateral
development policy. Crucial is that partner country strategies should be the template
for funding. We thus explicitly recognise the primacy of country ownership. As we
share the vision that budgetary processes should be more transparent and
accountable, country-driven, participatory, performance and results-oriented, we will
effectively try to promote this in our development policy.
______________________________________________________________________
It has been clear throughout the conference that gender responsive budgeting is not
the primacy of the developing world. While some OECD-countries did start already
initiatives, it is clear that our partners from the south are political entrepreneurs when
it comes to gender sensitive budgeting. It is clear that we might learn a lot from them.
The participation of high representatives from diverse OECD-ministries in this
conference might help to elevate the practice in our own countries.
57
58
The conference communiqu sets out four main principles: transparency, efficiency,
participation and equality. It encourages an examination of budget processes to
ensure that womens and mens needs and priorities are considered equally. It calls for
womens participation in this process, through their parliaments and civil society
organizations. It encourages governments to take the initiative of publishing an annual
gender equality budget report. And finally, it promotes the catalytic and supportive role
of development cooperation in fostering gender budget initiatives.
The Government of Belgium has paved the way. Last year, it made a generous
contribution to UNIFEM for its work in this area. Italy quickly joined forces. Together,
they have provided core support for developing the global public goods. For refining
our methodology and tools. To strengthen the linkages between gender budget
analysis and macro-economic policy. But mostly, to support gender budget initiatives in
the more than 100 countries were we work.
The challenges remain immense. In a world that seeks to achieve efficiency and
growth on one hand, and equity and poverty reduction on the other, governments are
faced with difficult choices. Managing trade and financial liberalization, capturing the
benefits of new technologies, responding to the threat of HIV/AIDS, conflict,
environmental hazards and generating sufficient finance for development. Over the
past two days, we have seen how gender budget analysis can be a valuable tool for
managing these critical governance issues.
I want to thank you all for being here.
______________________________________________________________________
This conference is testimony to our collective will to strengthen global governance in
the face of increasing global insecurity. Belgians leadership, during their presidency of
the European Union, has made an extraordinary contribution to this goal. The
partnership of the OECD and the Nordic Council of Ministers has brought strength and
substance to our shared objectives. Support from the north and from the south, from
the womens movement, and from the many independent experts and NGOs joining us
has advanced our work.
A decided statement today can make the difference for millions of women and their
families. We can give meaning to our commitments to gender equality while promoting
human development, economic efficiency and good governance.
Thank you.
59
The gender equality perspective also helps us to understand how dependent we are on
the services provided by a welfare society. One of the preconditions for equality
between women and men is that society continues to bear the brunt of the
responsibility for children and young people, the sick and the elderly, thereby affording
each gender the same opportunities for influence in society, working life and family
life.
The Nordic Council of Ministers research programme on welfare, approved in Spring
2000, is an important tool in mapping out and analysing the effects of the development
of the welfare society on gender equality in society at large and in working life.
The main goals of the Nordic Council of Ministers in incorporating a gender perspective
in economic policy are:
to incorporate gender and equality perspectives into the activities of the Nordic
Council of Ministers in accordance with the resolution made by the Co-operation
Ministers (MR-SAM) in June 2000
60
The Nordic Ministers of Gender Equality and Finance have started a co-operation
initiative. The aim is in to evaluate economic policy from a gender equality perspective.
A Nordic working group with representatives from both the gender equality sector as
well as the finance sector will be set up. The task of the group is to work out a
proposal to a Nordic project on gender mainstreaming and Nordic state budgets. This
new initiative for a joint Nordic project starts co-operation between these two sectors
and is a new challenge for the Nordic co-operation.
Applying the budget as an instrument for gender equality is a challenging task as the
budget has a tendency to reflect the society, including its inequalities. The budget can
on the other hand be a powerful instrument for changing and developing the society
and should be designed to improve gender equality.
The budget process is a highly complex decision-marking process that is affected by
numerous interests and perspectives such as macro-economic objectives,
policy/political priorities and micro-economic and institutional objectives. Balancing
these different objectives is challenging and it can be difficult to get a voice in the
process. The gender perspective will more likely to have an effect if it is integrated into
both existing and new budgetary tools and processes.
The budget process is conservative and change is often incremental. It is important to
be realistic and focused and to design the process of enhancing a gender perspective
carefully. It can be useful to focus on practical examples and identity barriers to
introduction of gender oriented budgeting.
Decentralisation or devolution of the budget process means that budgetary decisionmaking is increasingly being shifted from Ministries of Finance to line departments and
local government. This means that initiatives have to focus on the appropriate
decision-making level. It is often easier to start at the local or departmental level that
at the level of the budget as a whole.
______________________________________________________________________
Generic changes in the budget process such as increased transparency, accountability
and results-orientation are vital preconditions of gender responsive budgeting. The
development of results-oriented budgeting means that the budget process focuses not
only on the input side but also on the output and outcome side of the budget. Gender
responsive budgeting needs to approach budgeting in a similar manner, as there is no
mechanical relationship between inputs and outcomes. Focus on the input side may
not necessarily improve gender equality if barriers are institutional rather than lack of
resources.
61
In the Nordic countries public policies are increasingly intertwined. This means that
policy outcomes may often be unpredictable as changes in one policy may affect
others. Focus on outputs and especially outcomes as opposed to inputs will thus often
be more likely to provide information that can be used to improve policy design and
the use of public resources.
The Nordic Council of Ministers will strengthen gender responsive budgeting through
facilitating co-operation between the Nordic countries. This co-operation will focus on
development of methods and approaches, exchange of information and practical
experiences. The Nordic Council of Ministers has also responsibility for promoting
gender equality in its own activities, for example its own institutions and programmes.
This means that the Nordic Budget will increasingly be analysed from a gender
mainstreaming perspective.
We are well aware that gender responsive budgeting is not a simple exercise and that
there are many hurdles to overcome. We are convinced that the implementation of the
strategy creates new and improved opportunities for establishing gender equality
within the Nordic countries and in Nordic co-operation.
62
17
Gender responsive budget initiatives have taken place in forty countries, nearly half of them
Commonwealth. The Commonwealth countries include Australia, Barbados, Botswana, Canada, Fiji
Islands, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St Kitts & Nevis,
Tanzania, Uganda, UK, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Secretariat directly coordinated projects in Barbados,
Fiji Islands, St. Kitts/Nevis, South Africa and Sri Lanka.
18
Commonwealth fundamental principles were first affirmed in the 1971 Singapore Declaration and
reaffirmed in the 1991 Harare Declaration, see Commonwealth Declarations 1971-1991, Commonwealth
Secretariat 1993.
19
Engendering Adjustment for the 1990s, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1990.
63
______________________________________________________________________
Along with the new programme partners, the development of revenue tools is an
important next step in order to determine the possible gender impacts of revenueraising measures, as well as to complement work done on expenditure impacts.
International Advocacy
The Commonwealth Secretariat programme on gender responsive budgeting emerged out
of the 1995 Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development, the
Commonwealths contribution to the Beijing Conference and Platform for Action. In 1996, at
the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Womens Affairs, gender
responsive budgeting was for the first time included on the agenda of an intergovernmental
meeting. At that meeting Ministers endorsed the use of the expenditure tools and
recommended that the Commonwealth Secretariat assist governments to implement
gender responsive budgets.
At their Sixth Meeting held in New Delhi in April 2000, Ministers Responsible for Womens
Affairs requested that Finance Ministers endorse the integration of a gender analysis into
the national budget. Commonwealth Finance Ministers at their meeting held in Malta in
2000, reaffirmed the importance of the Commonwealth Secretariats programme on
gender equality. They also welcomed the Commonwealth Gender Responsive Budget
Initiative and looked forward to the review of the pilot stage of the project.
Beyond the confines of the Commonwealth, the Secretariat has sought to raise awareness
of the value of gender responsive budgeting including at the UN General Assembly Special
Session on Beijing+5, at other major meetings organised by the OECD, Nordic Council of
64
Ministers, and UNDP, and also on a regional basis with the ADB and the Pacific Islands
Forum.
LESSONS LEARNED
___________________________________________________________________
Our involvement in gender responsive budgeting have taught us three critical lessons and
have allowed us to identify a number of benefits. The lessons learned are: the importance
of country ownership; the importance of collaboration between government and civil
society; and the need for work on revenue and tax systems.
While the specific economic impacts of this relatively new global initiative are still difficult to
determine, there have been a number of positive benefits that could be highlighted: an
enhanced ability to determine the real value of resources targeted towards gender-specific
groups; a challenge to the notion that many policies and programmes are gender neutral;
and the strengthening of the collection and analysis of gender-disaggregated data.
The Need For Country Ownership
Government commitment and leadership, and broad country ownership are critical for
effective formulation and implementation of gender responsive budget initiatives. There is
no universal blue print or pre-determined process on how to successfully implement an
initiative. Each one must evolve from the local circumstances that generate the
development priorities of the countries, determine the capacity of different stakeholders
(governments, civil society organisations, NGOs, womens groups, research institutes), and
that determine the resource constraints, which include budgetary constraints, human
resources and technical skills.
The Need For Government and Civil Society Collaboration
Once the initiative is locally owned, the best condition for sustaining a gender responsive
budget initiative is a process of dialogue and complementarity between government and
civil society activities. This would ensure that a synergy occurs between the aims, expertise
and capabilities of each group. Based on Commonwealth experiences, civil society agencies
have a vital role to play in gender responsive budgeting, especially in research on the
impact of public spending, advocacy for policy changes and improved accountability, and in
the delivery of services. The Commonwealth Secretariat articulates a principal role for
governments in this programme, based on two key factors:
65
66
Other areas: Other tax issues may be examined for possible gender impacts.
These include corporate taxes, primarily the granting of incentives to certain sectors
as opposed to others; the impact of globalisation, specifically the reduction in
customs and trade taxes; and the debt crisis and the fiscal drain of debt servicing,
CONCLUSION
Gender responsive budgeting provides a mechanism by which governments, in
dialogue with civil society, donors and other partner agencies can integrate a gender
analysis into public expenditure policies and budgets. By combining social and
economic policy, it promotes the complementarity of efficiency and equity, reducing
areas of trade-off between equity and growth. It also provides a strategy for promoting
efficient and equitable economic policies as an integral component of national
development. The techniques and the methodologies developed under the gender
responsive budget initiative can potentially be modified and adopted to assess the gap
between the words and the actions of governments to eliminate inequality and
discrimination against all underserved groups in society.
Building on the experience gained from the programme in Commonwealth countries, the
Commonwealth Secretariat believes that these achievements can be consolidated and that
implementation of gender responsive budget initiatives at the country can be increased by
endorsement of the Brussels Call to Action: Strengthening economic and financial
governance through gender responsive budgeting.
We at the Commonwealth Secretariat will continue to support to gender responsive
budgeting by:
allocating resources to meet our core programme costs in this area;
allocating staff time to the subject; and
including it on the agenda of the next meeting of Commonwealth Finance Ministers.
This is an area of activity that will remain a priority for us and for which we will continue to
provide.
67
68
Decentralisation
Several Latin American representatives, from among others Cuenca in Ecuador and
Villa El Salvador in Peru, referred to the current debate and increased practice of
decentralisation and participatory budgeting. They clearly consider the current
evolution towards more decentralised budgeting as a broadening of opportunities to
strengthen the process of social auditing and to integrate a gender perspective.
69
legislation and recognize its effects in terms of increased efficiency and equality, they
highlight their limited technical resources to put gender-responsive budgeting into
practice. The absence of adequate technical resources also makes it less likely that
sex-disaggregated data is gathered and included in national statistics.
Anne Konate, Delegated Minister, Ministry of Economy and Finance of Burkina Faso, highlighted
two particular initiatives that have recently been taken in her country to make effective
application of a gender perspective in budgets more likely. In order to effectively engender
budgetary policies, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has given highest priority to the
strengthening of the existing knowledge base on gender. In order to achieve this objective,
training and sensitisation sessions will be organised for high-level policy makers. Aside from the
initiative to create a critical mass of informed policy makers, a training manual will be
elaborated for all actors involved in initiatives, which aim to integrate gender in macroeconomic policies.
70
Parliament
Country statements lend support to earlier contributions from parliamentarians and
point at the important role of the parliament in stimulating gender budget initiatives. In
particular the work of parliamentarian committees and female parliamentarians within
these committees is referred to. An important factor in stimulating -parliamentary work
on gender-sensitive budgeting seems to be the interest groups behind
parliamentarians and the composition of the overall population of potential voters. In
cases where MPs are emanating from womens movements and where female MPs are
involved in networking with womens movements, it seems to be more likely that
parliamentary work on gender budgeting will be elaborated.
In Uganda, the coalition between female representatives and the non-governmental
organisation, FOWODE (Forum for Women in Democracy), has been vital for the genderresponsive budget initiative. As Winnie Byanyima, MP in Uganda and member of FOWODE
argued, in 1996, after the Beijing conference, and with a newly elected parliament that had
18% of female representatives, FOWODE strongly invested in sensitising the womens caucus in
71
parliament. Together with female MPs, national and international researchers and experts,
media persons and in close cooperation with government planners a gender budgeting exercise
was initiated. For three budget cycles now, findings were summarised and produced as issue
briefs for MPs who use these during budget debates. Some of the recommendations have even
been included in parliamentary committee reports and ministers have made some
commitments. Four years later, the Budget Bill was enacted and there is currently lobbying so
that the budget committee established under the Budget Bill will also form a gender analysis
subcommittee.
72
implications statement will be required for those papers submitted to the Cabinet Social Equity
Committee. These papers cover how to reduce inequalities in the key areas of education,
health, employment and housing. The purpose of the gender implications statement is to
ensure that policy proposals include an assessment of the impact of proposed and existing
policies and programmes on women and men, and whether they advantage or disadvantage
women and men. Where the gender implications of the policy proposal are significant, those
findings and implications will be incorporated throughout the body of the proposal. Where
gender analysis has not been possible, the reason for this should be included in the paper.
In Nigeria, the Ministry of Women and Youth is currently elaborating a comprehensive
mechanism for gender-responsive budgeting. An important angle of this undertaking is focusing
on legal aspects. As Ms. Aisha Isamail, Minister for Womens Affairs and Youth, highlighted, the
Ministry is participating in the on-going constitutional reform so that gender-reflexive
constitution would emerge. There is further a strong involvement in legal reform exercises that
aim to translate the aspiration of gender equality before the law and that would enable to use
legal instruments to achieve economic and political equity.
International organisations
Several country delegates explicitly highlighted the importance of the financial and
technical support they did receive from international organisations as the
Commonwealth Secretariat, the United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM) and the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP). They also clarified their
expectations about future support. More specifically, they expect that international
organisations as UNIFEM, UNDP and the Commonwealth Secretariat further invest in:
73
Donor community
Different delegates from ministries and agencies of international co-operation clearly
spoke out their willingness to take up a supportive role in gender-budget exercises.
Some donor agencies and ministries, like Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden,
the UK highlighted that they already invest in this undertaking through the support for
the analytical work that underpins the tools and case studies. They mostly do this
collectively through their work in the Working Party on Gender Equality. Others support
budget analysis activities in the partner countries. Several donors also pointed at the
possibility for greater consultation and dialogue among different stakeholders through
the processes of PRSPs, Sector Wide Approaches (SWAPs) and Medium Term
Expenditure Frameworks (MTEF). These ongoing processes are considered as having
the potential for promoting a more equitable distribution of resources. However, for
this potential being realised, there is a need to examine continually the processes and
their impact. One way in which donors can contribute to making the processes truly
participative and engendered is through local capacity building. Capacity building is
important to ensure that a countrys poverty analysis is thorough and disaggregated
along relevant categories and that results of analysis are effectively fed into policy.
The principles of gender-responsive budgeting underpin Irelands overseas development
assistance. Liz Higgins of the Irish Development Co-operation Division within the Department of
Foreign Affairs, highlighted that gender mainstreaming forms the basis of Irelands development
policy. The bilateral support provided to six countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are based on
principles of partnership, participation, transparency, accountability, equity and attention for the
local context. A central issue in Irish development co-operation policy is local capacity building.
As a way of facilitating further the ongoing process of gender-responsive budgeting in Tanzania
and Uganda, Irish development co-operation has opted to strengthen the capacity of ministries
of gender and womens affairs.
74
75
APPENDIX
A. AGENDA AND SPEAKERS
16 October
9:00
9:30
Opening
Eddy Boutmans, State Secretary for Development Co-operation,
Belgium
Noeleen Heyzer, Executive Director, UNIFEM
Tony Hutton, Director of Public Management Service Directorate,
OECD
Sigurdur Helgason, Deputy Secretary General, Nordic Council of
Ministers
Session 1 : The context and future challenges
10:00-11:00
11:00-11:30
11:30-13:00
Discussion
Coffee Break
Session 2: Tools and approaches
Chair: Randy Spence, International Development Research Centre
(IDRC)
13:00-14:30
14.30-16.00
Discussion
Lunch
Session 3: Lessons learned in practice
76
16.00-16.30
16:30-18:00
18:00-20:30
Department
of
Budget
and
77
17 October
9:00-10.00
10:00-10:30
10:30-12:30
12:30-13:30
13:30-15:00
Introductory Session
Laurette Onkelinx, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for
Employment and Equal Opportunities, Belgium
Eddy Boutmans, State Secretary for Development Co-operation,
Belgium
Winston Cox, Deputy Secretary General, Commonwealth
Secretariat
Noeleen Heyzer, Executive Director, UNIFEM
Sigurdur Helgason, Deputy Secretary General, Nordic Council of
Ministers
Coffee Break
Session 1 : International Practice and Calls to Action
Chairs: Maria Kaisa Aula, Chair of the Budget Committee and
Member of Finnish Parliament; Noeleen Heyzer, UNIFEM Executive
Director
Country statements
Conclusion
Press conference
Lunch
78
79
their national budgets; and raising awareness on the gender dimensions of the impact
of HIV/AIDS.
Before joining UNIFEM, Dr. Heyzer was policy adviser to several Asian governments
and played a key role in the formulation of several national development policies,
strategies and programmes. She has considerable experience at the community-level,
working with women in the informal sector and in plantations and young women in
prostitution. She was a founding member of several regional and international
networks such as Development Alternative with Women for a New Era (DAWN), the
Asia Pacific Women in Law and Development (APWLD) and Isis International. She was
also responsible for initiating and coordinating the first Asia Pacific NGO Plan of Action
for the 1995 UN Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing.
Dr Heyzer holds a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from Cambridge University, England. Her
key publications include "Woman Farmers and Social Change", "From the Rural
Economy to the Industrial Sector", "Market Growth and State Planning in the Asian
Region" "A Womens Development Agenda for the 21st Century", "Gender, Poverty and
Sustainable Development", "The Trade in Domestic Workers", and "Working Women in
South East Asia".
80
From 1995 to 1999, he worked at the OECDs Public Management Service (PUMA) as
administrator, analysing public management reforms, providing support and advice to
Member countries. Major projects include a comparative study of performance
management practices in OECD countries: (In Search of Results: Performance
Management Practices), preparation of PUMAs Best Practice Guidelines for
Evaluation) and management of relations with non-member countries.
He worked as a Senior Advisor for the Icelandic Ministry of Finance from 1990 to 1995,
providing advice and assistance to the Minister of Finance on public sector
modernisation and professional expertise to ministries and agencies. Major work
includes advice on the Icelandic modernisation policy, benchmarking performance of
public agencies, development of contract management, evaluations of public policies,
management reviews, and formulation of the Governments policy on regulatory
reform.
Mr. Sigurdur Helgason holds a Masters Degree in Public Administration from the
University of Roskilde, Denmark and a degree in Sociology from the University of
Iceland.
Laurette Onkelinx, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Employment and Equal
Opportunities, Belgium
Laurette Onkelinx, was born in Ougre in 1958. She studied Bachelor of Law at the
University of Lige. Before she became member of the PS (socialist party) Party Office
and PS Deputy for the district of Lige in 1988, she was lecturer in Administrative
Sciences and barrister entitled to practice before the court of Lige. Since July 1999,
Laurette Onkelinx is Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Employment and Equal
Opportunities in the federal government. She held different ministerial positions
before: a.o. from 1992 until 1993, she was Minister for Social Integration, Health and
Environment in the national Government; from 1993 until 1995, she was MinisterPresident in the Government of the Communaut franaise, in charge of Civil Service,
the Childhood and the Promotion of Health; from 1995 until 1999, she was MinisterPresident in the Government of the Communaut franaise, in charge of Education, the
Audiovisual, the Youth Help and the Promotion of Health. She is the author of a.o.
Continuons le dbat, Thtre du jeune public.
81
Nancy Spence, Director of the Gender and Youth Affairs Division, Commonwealth
Secretariat, UK
Nancy Spence from Canada, was appointed the Director of the Gender and Youth
Affairs Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat in February 1999.
As Director of Gender and Youth Affairs, she directs the mandate given to the
Commonwealth by Ministers Responsible for Womens Affairs in human rights, peace
and conflict, political advancement and integration of women into economic change.
As Director of Youth Affairs, she manages the portfolio given to the Commonwealth by
Ministers of Youth.
Before 1999, Ms. Spence was Director of the South-East Asian Gender Equity
Programme based in Singapore and funded by the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA). As such, she assisted CIDAs regional efforts to assist
women in their efforts to implement the Beijing Platform of Action.
Prior to that, from 1991 to 1995, she served as the Deputy Executive Director of the
Canada Asean Centre of South East Asia in Singapore, where she developed the CanAsian Business Womens Network to assist women to play more active roles in regional
and international trade. She was also responsible for the design and implementation
of a five-year award programme for graduate students to do field work in South-East
Asia.
With a Masters Degree in Education and an MA in International Affairs, Ms. Spence
began her career as a teacher in Tanzania, Kenya and Canada before moving into
development work.
Winnie Byanyima, Member of Parliament and Chairperson of the Forum for Women in
Democracy, Uganda
Winnie Byanyima is a member of Parliament in Uganda (elected three times) and the
Chairperson of the Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE), a Ugandan nongovernmental organization that promotes gender equality in decision-making. There,
Ms. Byanyima has developed training programs for Uganda and other African countries
to increase women politicians access to and effectiveness in local and national
legislatures. In Parliament, her main focus has been on issues of transparency and
accountability and gender equality. She joined the Uganda National Resistance
Movement (NRM) in the 1980s while it was still fighting the corrupt governments of Idi
Amin and Milton Obote. Ms. Byanyima was an elected delegate to the Constituent
Assembly, which deliberated a new constitution in 1995, and was also elected Chair of
the Assemblys Womens Caucus.
She was Ugandas Deputy Permanent Delegate to the U.N. Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for five years. She was named by the World Economic
Forum as a Global Leader of Tomorrow in 1995 and was voted Woman of the Year
in 1997 and 1998 by the Ugandan press. Ms. Byanyima has been a member of the
executive board of the UN Universitys Institute for New Technologies, and is currently
on the African Capacity-Building Foundation executive board and the Gender Advisory
Board of the U.N Commission on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD).
82
She is also a member of the Advisory Council of Equality Now an international womens
human rights NGO. Recently Ms. Byanyima was appointed to the UNDPs Independent
Commission for the Africa Millennium Project.
Ms. Byanyima holds an M.Sc. in mechanical engineering from Cranfield Institute of
Technology in the United Kingdom and worked for Uganda Airlines as the first female
flight engineer.
83
coordinator for a youth exchange with the Philippines). She has degrees from Bishop's
University, McGill University, and University of Ottawa.
Rhonda Sharp, Research Centre for Gender Studies, University of South Australia
Dr. Rhonda Sharp is a member of the Research Centre for Gender Studies where she
researches in the area of gender, work and the economy and is an Associate Professor
of Economics, School of International Business, University of South Australia. She has
had extensive experience in the field of government budgets and gender policy audits.
She was seconded to the South Australian Department of the Premier and Cabinet in
1985-86 where she developed the conceptual framework and implemented the world's
first gender responsive budget at the state government level. This model was
subsequently adopted by the other state and territory governments in Australia and
underpinned the Commonwealth Secretariat Pilot on gender budgets. She has been an
adviser to governments and international agencies on gender responsive budgets in
Europe, Africa, Asia, the Pacific and the Caribbean. She has held senior policy
appointments with the South Australian government as a member of the State
Transport Authority Board, the government's Task Force on Superannuation and the
Social Justice Advisory Committee to the Minister. She is an author of several articles
and papers on gender responsive budgets including, with Debbie Budlender, How to
Do a Gender-Sensitive Budget: Contemporary Research and Practice. (Commonwealth
Secretariat and AusAid 1998).
84
Lionel Demery, Lead Poverty Specialist, PREM, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
Dr. Lionel Demery is currently Lead Poverty Specialist in the Poverty Reduction and
Economic Management (PREM) group of the World Bank's Africa Region. He joined the
World Bank in 1992, having previously held positions at the Universities of Warwick
and Wales (UK), the Overseas Development Institute (London), and the International
Labour Organisation (Bangkok). He currently plays a lead role in assisting a number of
African countries in their PRSP processes. He has published widely in the field of
poverty. He has worked recently on the dynamics of poverty in Africa during the
1990s, focussing on the relationship between economic reforms, economic growth, and
poverty reduction. He has also completed research on the distributional impact of
public spending in Africa.
85
In 1994 Pregs proposed in Parliaments Budget Debate that South Africa initiate a
gendered budget (the Womens Budget). SA has since adopted and has begun
implementing the Womens Budget. As a Member of Parliaments Finance Committee,
Pregs was instrumental in establishing the Womens Budget Initiative with NGOs,
which produced the Womens Budget Books.
Pregs edited South Africas Country Report on the Status of Women for the Beijing
Conference. During the controversial passage of the bill legalising abortion, her speech
in the Abortion Debate in 1995, received a standing ovation from Members of
Parliament and the public in the gallery. In 1994, she was part of the task team that
conceptualised the Framework for South Africas Womens National Empowerment
Programme.
Prior to being elected to Parliament, she headed the WNC (Womens National Coalition)
as the WNCs Overall Project Manager from 1992 - 1994. In this capacity, she ensured
a successful campaign in which approximately two million women across South Africa
participated. This campaign resulted in substantial research on womens needs as well
as SAs Womens Charter.
Before the Coalition, Pregs worked in the trade union movement as Education Officer
of the national clothing and textile union. This union has the largest membership of
women in SA. Her work in the unions led to her initiating and heading the first
Workers College in South Africa.
Pregs Govenders training and initial work experience was as a teacher at schools and
at the University of Durban-Westville. Her background is rooted in political activism in
student, political, community and womens organisations that fought against apartheid
in the 70s and 80s.
In 1999, Pregs received the international Association for Women in Developments
(AWID) Inspiration Award, recognising an extraordinary individual whose initiative,
leadership, and unrelenting commitment have made a significant impact in advancing
gender equality and social justice around the world.
Pregs has three children: Parusha (19), Yashodan (18) and Saien (17 months)
86
Womens Quest for Power. (Vikas, 1979) Tyranny of the Household (Shakti Books,
1985) Speaking of Faith: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Women, Religion and Social
Change. (Kali for Women, 1986) She is also the sole author of several books, essays
and articles- like Vocabulary of Womens Politics and Contemporary Writings and has
given several distinguished lectures like the Bradford Morse Memorial Lecture 1995,
Nita Barrow Memorial Lecture, University of West Indies, Barbados, 1999 and lectures
to the Board of Directors at UNDP, 1996, and at the MacArthur Foundation, Chicago.
She has served on several National Policy Making Committees of the Government of
India, as well as on their National Committees in preparation for U N Conferences
(Mexico, Nairobi, Cairo, Durban). She has also been a member of UN expert groups,
eminent persons group, high powered review committee (most recent of UNDAF,
2001). She was a member of the Planning Board of the State of Karnataka for 12
years.
Jan Vandemoortele, Principal Adviser and Group Leader on Social Development, United
Nations Development Programme, NY, USA
Jan Vandemoortele is a Belgian national who holds a Ph.D. in Development
Economics. He recently joined UNDP as Principal Adviser and Group Leader on Social
Development. Since 1995, he worked with UNICEF where he headed Policy Analysis.
Between 1991-94, he served with UNDP as Senior Economist in Malawi/Zambia as well
as with the Regional Bureau for Africa in New York. Prior to that, he worked for 12
years for the ILO, mostly in Africa.
During his extensive field experience, his work has focused on labour market policies,
public finance, income distribution, poverty reduction, and social policy. He has
published numerous articles, reports and chapters in books. He is a regular speaker at
international conferences, universities and NGO fora. He is fluent in English, French
and Spanish.
87
88
Among the most relevant are support and professional advise mainstreaming initiatives
in all projects and programmes to the Local Women Fund, financed by the Government
of Netherlands from 1993 to 1997. The other is as Excecutive Director ot the Tanzania
Gender Networking Programme where she has been involved since 1997 in coalition
building, advocacy activities and other lobbying initiatives on gender budgets qnd
through this fqcilitqting the process of empowerment of women qnd other
disempowered groups (poor men and youth).
Celia Reyes, Senior Research Fellow, Philippine Institute for Development Studies and
Project Director of the Micro Impacts of Macroeconomics and Adjustment Policies
(MIMAP) Project
Dr. Celia M. Reyes is a Senior Research Fellow at the Philippine Institute for
Development Studies and Project Director of the Micro Impacts of Macroeconomics and
Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Project in the Philippines. One of her major research
areas is poverty- focusing on the assessment of the impact of policies and program on
poverty and equity. She also has been working on monitoring systems to assist
national and local policymakers and program implementors by providing timely
information on the welfare status of vulnerable groups. She is also very much involved
in developing tools to analyze economic and social policies, particularly
macroeconometric models.
Dr. Reyes obtained her Ph. D in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania. She
also has a Bachelor of Bachelor of Science degree in Statistics from the University of
the Philippines.
Maria Kaisa Aula, Member of the Finnish Parliament, Chair of the Budget Committee,
Finland
Maria Kaisa Aula is a member of Finnish Parliament since 1991. She has been
member of the Finance Committee of the Parliament since 1995 and Chair of the
Committee since 1999. In the Parliament she is also a member of the Grand
Committee (European Affairs). At 1994 she was elected Deputy chair of the Centre
Party of Finland, which is the second largest party in Finland. During the years 19931994 Ms. Aula acted also as a Political Advisor in the Prime Ministers Office.
Ms. Aula was born 1962 in Lapland, Northern Finland. She is a political scientist by
education and has a degree in Political Science from the University of Helsinki. Before
her parliamentary career she worked as a researcher at the University of Helsinki and
at the Finnish Broadcasting Corporation. She studied politics and media at the Harvard
University, USA during 1989-1990 with a Fullbright Grant.
Ms. Aula sits in the administrative boards of both Finnish Broadcasting Corporation and
Finnish Co-operative bank. She chairs the advisory delegation of the State Audit Office
of Finland, too. Ms. Aula also takes part in the European politics as a vice-president of
the ELDR (European liberal democratic and reformers party).
89
Portugal
Ministries
Officials
Raul Belens Jungmann
Minister of Agricultural Development
Anne Konate
Delegated Minister
Ministry of Economy and Finance
Adriana Delpiano Puelma National
Service for Women
Arianne Navarre-Marie
Minister of Womens Rights Child
Devleopment and Family Welfare
Aishu Ismail
Honorable Minister
Federam Ministry of Womens
Affairs And Youth Development
Maria do Ceu Cunha Rego
Secretary of State for Equality and
Womens Rights
OFFICIALS
Canada
Diana Rivington
CIDA
Fernando Cordero
Mayor of Cuencq
Maria Kaisa Aula
Parliament of Finland
Margaretta Wenzel
Weckmann
Federal Ministry for
Economic
Cooperation and
Development
Liz Higgins
Education Advisor
Department of foreign
affairs
Yumiko Tanaka
Senior Advisor
Japan International
Cooperation Agency
Aurora Del Rio
Ministry of Health
Mr. Mohammad
Chafiki
Chef de Cabinet
Ministere de
lconomie et des
Finances
Patti ONeill
Specialist Advisor
Gender and
Ecuador
Finland
Germany
Ireland
Japan
Mexico
Morocco
New Zealand
90
International
Development
Ministry of Trade
Anne Havenor
Senior Advisor
Ministry of Childern
qnd Family Affairs
Raul Martin Pumar
Vilchez
Alcalde
Municipality De Villa
El Salvado
Emilia Boncodin
Secretary Department
of Budget
Gnounka Diouf
Economic Advisor to
the President of the
Republic
Belen Lopez
Chief of Cabinet of
International
Relations
Womens Institute
Lars Back
Political Advisor
Ministry of
Agriculture
Bea Ten Tuscher
Head of Women and
Development Division
Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Winnie Byanyima
Member of Parliament
Phil Evans DFID
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Senegal
Spain
Sweden
The Netherlands
Uganda
United Kingdom
OTHER INSTITUTIONS
Winston Cox
Commonwealth
Deputy Director
Ecuador
IDRC
Mexico
Scotland
Margaret Leniston
Gender Affairs
Pacific Forum
91
Mary
(2001). A
VANDEMOORTELE Jan (2001). Are user fees and narrow targeting gender-neutral?
New York, UNDP, 5 pp.
VARGAS-VALENTE Virginia (2001). Budgets and Democratic Governance Processes.
Peru, 16 pp.
92
E.LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
Alami
Function
Working Place
UNIFEM Headquarters
Antigoni
Aula
Avetta
Bck
Backs
Bartelink
Special Advisor
Ph.D. Per
Bavner
Mrs.
Ms.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Bekman
Bell
Berget
Bertini
Bertulessi
Bettio
Gabriella
Emma
Jann Ola
Pia
Santina
Francesca
Mrs. Magda
Biesmans
Mrs.
Mr.
Mr.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Katherine
Jon
Eddie
Marie
Lily
Emilia
Blakeslee
Blondal
Boelens
Boes
Boeykens
Boncodin
Mr.
Juraj
Borgula
Mrs. Isolina
Boto
Mr. Eddy
Mrs. Anne C.
Boutmans
Brouwers
Mrs. Florence
Butegwa
Political Advisor
Vice-president
Director
Researcher
Boardmember of UNA
Claude - WFUNA - ICW
Director, Women in
Development
Deputy Head
First Attache
Secretary
Project Manager
Regional Programme
Director
Address 1
304 East 45th Street
National Representative to UN on Gender
Issues
VIA XX Settembre, 97
Government Offices
et Ministre de la Mobilit et des Transports
c/o UCOS
Rue de la Loi, 63 - 65
Pleinlaan, 2
93
Address 2
POBox 90801
Rue Wiertz 60
Piazza S. Francesco 7
18 Nobelova Str
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
First Name
Name
Nisreen
KaraliDimitriadi
Maria Kaisa
Maria Cristina
Lars
Annabel
Yvon
Per
Gabriella
Emma
Jann Ola
Pia
Santina
Francesca
Magda
Alami
Antigoni
Aula
Avetta
Bck
Backs
Bartelink
Bavner
Bekman
Bell
Berget
Bertini
Bertulessi
Bettio
Biesmans
Katherine
Blakeslee
Jon
Eddie
Marie
Lily
Emilia
Juraj
Isolina
Eddy
Anne C.
Florence
Blondal
Boelens
Boes
Boeykens
Boncodin
Borgula
Boto
Boutmans
Brouwers
Butegwa
00102
S-103 33
1040
1050
S-103 33
2509LV
BN1 GRE
1225
00191
1047
53100
2018
205238100
35775
1040
1009
3040
88102
6700 AJ
1000
1040
Athens
Helsinki
Roma
Stockholm
Bruxelles
Brussels
Stockholm
Den Haag
Bridge
Copenhagen
Roma
Brussels
Siena
Antwerpen
Washington
Paris Cedex
16
Brussels
Brussels
Huldenberg
San Miguel
Bratislava
Wageningen
Brussels
Brussels
Lagos
Country
USA
Tel
Fax
Greece
Finland
Italy
Sweden
Belgium
Belgium
Sweden
The Netherlands
Great Britain
Denmark
Italy
Belgium
Italy
Belgium
United States of
America
+30 1 36 81 577
+ 358 50 511 30 06
+ 39 06 4761 40 80
+46 8 405 10 00
+32 2 237 67 38
+ 32 2 629 23 05
+46 8 405 10 96
+30 1 36 81 576
+ 358 9 432 22 74
+ 39 06 4761 47 66
+46 8 405 49 20
+32 2 230 18 24
+ 32 2 629 23 06
+46 8 24 71 52
+ 31 70 333 40 49
+ 44 1273 621 202
+45 33 11 78 50
+ 1 202 712 05 70
+ 1 202 216 31 73
kblakeslee@usaid.gov
France
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Philippines
Slovakia
The Netherlands
Belgium
Belgium
Nigeria
+ 33 1 45 24 76 59
+ 32 2 233 74 24
+ 32 2 501 77 17
+32 16 47 74 82
+632 735 49 26
+421 2 49 231 214
+31 317 46 71 57
+ 32 2 549 09 48
+ 32 2 736 39 23
+ 234 1 269 20 06
+33 1 45 24 87 76
+ 32 2 233 70 83
+ 32 2 501 75 97
+32 16 47 36 66
+632 735 49 36
+421 2 492 31 272
+31 317 46 00 67+
+ 32 2 512 21 23
+ 32 2 732 03 14
+ 234 1 269 08 85
jon.blondal@oecd.org
eddie.boelens@minfin.fed.be
boes@cvp.polgroups.senate.be
lily.boeykens@skynet.be
etb@dbm.gov.ph
instore@isternet.sk
boto@cta.nl
antigoni@mfor.gr
maria.kaisa.aula@eduskuntr.fi
mariacristina.avetta@tesoro.it
lars.back@agriculture.ministry.se
annabel.backs@vici.fgov.be
ybarteli@vub.ac.be
helen-lundkvist@industry.ministry.se
gbekman@minszw.nl
+ 44 1273 678 491
e.bell@ids.ac.uk
+45 33 96 03 29
job@nmr.dk
+39 06 36 911
bertini.pia@esteri.it
+32 2 284 71 08
+32 2 284 91 08
sbertulessi@europarl.eu.int
+39 05 77 23 26 48 +39 05 77 23 26 61 bettio@unisi.it
+32 486 61 92 51
94
a.brouwers@sorca.be
florence.butegwa@undp.org
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
First
Name
Winnie
Ann
Dina
Name
Byanyima
Cairo
Cano
Tuukka
Mohamed
Naima
Castren
Chafiki
Charkao
Sophie
Nhi Ha
Valrie
Francesca
Alice
Fernando
JeanMichel
Lorraine
Charlier
Chu
Compernolle
Cook
Cops
Cordero Cueva
Rosalba
Winston
Erika
Maria Do
Ceu
Claudio
Carla
Leen
Cotroneo
Cox
Csongradi
Cunha Rego
Dantos
Dauw
De Becker
Sabine
De Bethune
Ella
De Voogd
Corhay
Corner
Function
Member of Parliament
Statistics on Women
Chef de Cabinet
Responsable Oprations
Interpreter
Oppensioenstelling
Programme Officer
CEL Gender/Genderdesk
1st Vice President of the
Belgian Senate
Policy Advisor Gender,
Women and Development
Henny
De Vries
Vronique Degraef
Aurora
Adriana
Working Place
Government of Uganda
Vrouwen Alliantie
Commissin for Equality and Women's Rights
del Rio
Delpiano Puelma Minister
Address 1
POBox 7178
Janskerkhof1
Avenida da Republica 32 - 1a
Department of Development
Cooperation
Address 2
PL 176
rue Montoyer 14
Rue du Gouvernement Provisoire, 32
39 Hang Chuoi St
avenue Bergmann 8
DAC Secretariat
Voorzitter Vrouwenhuis Diest
Municipalidad de Cuenca
Rue Brederode, 6
Rajdamnern Avenue
VIA XX Settembre, 97
Development Co-operation
1051 Jozsef Na'Dor Te'R, 2-4
Marlborough House
Belgian Senate
Natieplein, 1
Bezuidenhautseweg, 67
Department for the Co-ordination of
Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
Emancipation
Ministre de l'Emploi & Politique de l'Egalit des Chances Cabinet du Vice-Premier Ministre
Directora de Enlace, Programma Mujer
Ministry of Health
y Salud
National Service for Woman (SERNAM)
Teatinos 950 8th floor
Brederodestraat, 6
Brederodestraat, 6
95
POBox 90801
Rue du Commerce 78-80
Jose Vasconcelos 221 1 er Piso,
Col. San Migule Chapultepec
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
First Name
Winnie
Ann
Dina
Tuukka
Mohamed
Naima
Sophie
Nhi Ha
Valrie
Francesca
Alice
Fernando
Jean-Michel
Lorraine
Rosalba
Winston
Erika
Maria Do Ceu
Claudio
Carla
Leen
Sabine
Ella
Henny
Vronique
Aurora
Adriana
Name
Byanyima
Cairo
Cano
Castren
Chafiki
Charkao
Charlier
Chu
Compernolle
Cook
Cops
Cordero Cueva
Corhay
Corner
Cotroneo
Cox
Csongradi
Cunha Rego
Dantos
Dauw
De Becker
De Bethune
De Voogd
De Vries
Degraef
del Rio
Delpiano Puelma
9050-794
Brussels
Bangkok
Roma
London
Budapest
Lisboa
1000
1000
1009
2595 AJ
2509LV
1000
11850
Brussels
Brussels
Brussels
Den Haag
De Haag
Bruxelles
Mexico
SW1Y 5HX
Country
Uganda
The Netherlands
Portugal
Finland
Moroco
Belgium
Belgium
Vietnam
Belgium
France
Belgium
Ecuador
Belgium
Thailand
Italy
Great Britain
Hungaria
Portugal
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
Belgium
Mexico
Chile
Telephone
+ 256 041 342 130
+31 30 233 26 69
+351 21 79 83 000
+ 358 134 16 165
+ 212 37 76 11 13
+32 2 289 28 90
+ 32 2 227 66 80
+84 4 97 38 58
+32 2 672 07 44
+ 33 1 45 24 90 08
+32 13 33 38 90
+ 593 7 88 59 03
+ 32 2 519 07 45
+ 66 2 288 19 34
+ 39 06 4761 40 81
+ 44 20 77 47 61 18
+ 36 1 327 22 61
+351 21 761 34 62
+ 32 2 519 07 62
+ 32 2 519 08 41
+ 32 2 501 77 17
+ 31 70 348 62 48
+ 31 70 333 48 38
+32 2 233 51 11
+52 55 53 03 35
+56 2 54 96 142
96
Fax
+ 254 041 342 123
+31 20 771 35 54
+351 21 79 83 098
+ 358 134 16 100
+ 212 37 76 50 68
+32 2 502 40 61
+84 4 97 38 50
+32 2 672 07 44
+32 13 33 38 90
+ 593 7 834 359
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+ 33 2 280 60 30
+ 39 06 4761 47 66
+ 44 20 79 25 10 24
+ 36 1 327 27 42
+351 21 796 03 32
+ 32 2 519 05 70
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+ 32 2 501 75 97
+ 31 70 333 40 49
+32 2 230 10 67
+52 52 56 01 13 ext. 224
+56 2 549 62 48
e-mail
fowode@steucom.co.ug
annaciro@hetnet.nl
dina.c@cidm.pt
tuukka.castren@formin.fi
sc@entraide.be
vn-bproject@hn.vnn.vn
valika@yucom.be
francesca.cook@oecd.org
fcorderocueva@yahoo.com
unifem-bkk@mozart.inet.co.th
rosalba.cotroneo@tenozo.it
w.cox@commonwealth.int
erika.csongradi@pm.gov.hu
mccunharego@pcm.gov.pt
carla.daw@diplobel.fed.be
leen.debecker@diplobel.fed.be
debethune@senators.senate.be
ella-de.voogd@minbuza?.nl
hdvries@minszw.nl
riozole@hotmail.com
adelpiano@sernam.gov.cl
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
First Name
Mark
Lionel
Dirk
Gnounka
Arno
Yves
Taina
Marie Elena
Zeinab
Bea
Diane
Phil
Peggy
Babakar
Name
Demeer
Demery
Depover
Diouf
Dischinger
Dricot
Eckstein
Efthymiou
Elbakri
Elskens
Elson
Evans
Fairbairn-Dunlop
Fall
Yassine
Andrea
Rona
Alta
Cristina
Fall
Figueroa
Fitzgerald
Folscher
Funes-Noppen
Garcia de
Andoain
Goffinet
Goolis
Govender
Belen
Franoise
Inge
Pregs
Sumantra
Kumar
Nyaradzai
Ruchira
Jane
Carolyn
Anne
Sigurdur
Ria
Function
Lead Poverty Specialist
Conseiller Economique
Head of the Information Direction
Financial Adviser
Principal Administrator
Human Resources Manager, North Region
Director
Working Place
Address 1
State Secretariate for Dev. Coop of Belgium
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Kab. O.S.
Prsidence de la Rpublique
Avenue Roune
Interpreter
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Direction Gnrale de la Coopration
Ministry of Finance
Fiscal Policy Preparation
European Parliament
Sch 06 BO 37
African Development Bank
BPV 316
Kabinet Minister Magda Alvoet
University of Essex
Department of Sociology
Department for International development 94 Victoria Street
UNIFEM
Pacific Regional Office
Direction de la Prvision et de la Statistique Point E, Rue 1 X Bd de l'Est
Fonds de dveloppement des Nations
UNIFEM
Unies pour la femme
Sernam
European Policies Research Centre
University of Strathclyde
Helm-Africa
2nd Floor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Direction Gnrale de la Coopration
Address 2
Rue Brederode, 6
POBox 28
Wivenhoe Park
Private mail bag, c/o UNOP
Chief of Programmes
c/Condesa de Venadito 34
51 Rue Belliard
Direction Gnrale de la Coopration Rue Brederode, 6
PO Box 15
Parliament Buildings
Guha
Gumbonzvanda
Gupta
Haile
UNIFEM
UNIFEM
UNIFEM Headquarters
Medateam / AIDCO
223 Jorbagh
Hannan
Havnor
Helgason
Heremans
Adviser
United Nations
Ministry of Children and Family Affairs
Nordic Council of Ministers
U.N. Information Centre
Deputy Secretary-General
97
Mark
Lionel
Dirk
Gnounka
Arno
Yves
Taina
Marie Elena
Zeinab
Bea
Diane
Phil
Peggy
Babakar
Yassine
Andrea
Rona
Alta
Cristina
Belen
Franoise
Inge
Pregs
Sumantra
Kumar
Nyaradzai
Ruchira
Jane
Carolyn
Anne
Sigurdur
Ria
Country
Telephone
Belgium
United States of America + 1 202 473 48 00
Belgium
Senegal
+221 823 23 18
Belgium
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 05 33
Finland
+ 358 9 160 30 18
Luxembourg
+ 352 22 401
Yvory Coast
+225 20 20 47 15
Belgium
Great Britain
+ 44 1206 873 539
Great Britain
+44 207 917 06 49
Fiji Islands
+ 679 301 178
Senegal
+221 825 00 50
Egypt
+221 823 52 07
Chile
Great Britain
+44 141 548 49 21
South Africa
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 07 45
Guha
Gumbonzvanda
Gupta
Haile
Hannan
Havnor
Helgason
Heremans
India
+91 11 46 04 351
Kenia
+ 254 2 624 383
United States of America +1 212 348 67 16
Belgium
United States of America + 1 212 963 31 04
Norway
+ 47 22 24 25 44
Denmark
+45 33 96 02 27
Belgium
+32 2 289 28 95
110003
NY 10128
New Delhi
Nairobi
New york
10017
0030
1225
1000
New York
Oslo
Copenhagen
Brussels
Spain
Belgium
Belgium
South Africa
+34 91 363 79 07
+32 2 233 41 95
+ 32 2 519 07 45
+27 21 40 32 561
98
Fax
+221 823 50 05
e-mail
mdeneer@cabos.fgov.be
ldemery@worldbank.org
ddepover@cabos.fgov.be
gnoumka@hotmail.com
+ 32 2 519 05 44
+ 358 9 160 47 64
+ 352 27 720
+225 20 20 49 13
yves.dricot@diplobel.fed.be
taina.eckstein@vm.vn.fi
mefthyniou@europarl.eu.int
z.elbakri@afdb.org
drelson@essex.ac.uk
p-evans@dfid.gov.uk
unifem@is.com.fj
babakarfall@yahoo.fr
yassine.fall@undp.org
+ 1 202 473 79 13
rona.fitzgerald@strath.ac.uk
altaf@helm-corp.com
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+34 91 363 80 76
+32 2 233 40 32
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+27 21 461 04 62
bgandouin@mtas.es
goffinet@meta.fgov.be
pgovender@anc.org.za
+91 11 46 22 136
+ 254 2 624 494
+1 212 90 66 336
s.k.guha@undp.org
nyaradzai.gumbonzvanda@unifem.umon.org
rushira.gupta@undp.org
+ 1 212 963 18 02
+ 47 22 24 25 55
+45 33 11 78 50
+32 2 502 40 61
hannan@un.org
anne.havnor@bfd.dep.no
sih@nmr.dk
heremans@unbenelux.org
Function
Programme Manager, Gender Responsive
Budgets
Executive Director
Education Policy & Programme
Development
Guy
Noeleen
Hewitt
Heyzer
Liz
Susan
Nathalie
Anthony
Yvonne
Higgins
Himmelweit
Holvoet
Hutton
Hyde
Researcher
Aisha
Ismael
Honourable Minister
Devaki
Rose-Marie
Kyu-Teak
Susan
Eva
Jain
Trustee
Jauniaux-Soeur Juriste-Fonction Publique
Ji
Joekes
Joelsdotter Berg
Bente
Gerd
Susan
Raul Belens
Maria
Doris
Stefani
Jennifer
Anne
Adam
Warren
Johansen
Section for Gender Equality
JohnssonGender Advisor
Latham
Jolly
Acting manager
Jungmann Pinto
Karadenizi
Advocacy and Network Officer
Klein
Project Officer
Klos
Project Manager
Klot
Konate
Ministre Dlgu
Koodoruth
Krafchik
Milos
Rudy
Shireen
Margaret
Eva
Krssak
Lagnaux
Lateef
Leniston
Lindblom
Ambassador
Advisor
Senior Social Development Specialist
Working Place
Address 1
Address 2
Commonwealth Secretariat
UNIFEM Headquarters
Marlborough House
304 East 45th Street
Pall Mall
99
P.M.B. 229
Tharanga
Dieweg 178
The Ministry of Gender Equality
IDRC
Rue de la Loi, 200
Odborarske Nam 3
Direction Gnrale de la Coopration
6 ADB Avenue
Gender Issues Adviser
Department of Budget
Vasagatan 8-10
Rue Brederode, 6
Mandaluyong City
Private Mail Bag
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
First Name
Guy
Noeleen
Liz
Susan
Nathalie
Anthony
Yvonne
Aisha
Devaki
Rose-Marie
Kyu-Teak
Susan
Eva
Bente
Gerd
Susan
Raul Belens
Maria
Doris
Stefani
Jennifer
Anne
Adam
Waren
Milos
Rudy
Shireen
Margaret
Eva
Name
Hewitt
Heyzer
Higgins
Himmelweit
Holvoet
Hutton
Hyde
Ismael
Jain
Jauniaux-Soeur
Ji
Joekes
Joelsdotter Berg
Johansen
JohnssonLatham
Jolly
Jungmann Pinto
Karadenizi
Klein
Klos
Klot
Konate
Koodoruth
Krafchik
Krssak
Lagnaux
Lateef
Leniston
Lindblom
Postal Code
SW 1Y
NY 10017
NW5 1JH
2020
75020
1200
560080
1180
173 - 756
K1G 3H9
1049
0030
BN 19 RE
1040
65726
65726
NY 10017
03 BP7008
1040
815 70
1000
0401
City
London
New york
Dublin
London
Antwerp
Paris
Brussels
Garki Abuja
Bangalore
Bruxelles
Seoul
Ottawa, Ontario
Brussels
Oslo
Country
Telephone
Great Britain
+ 44 20 77 47 65 45
United States of America +1 212 906 64 35
Ireland
+ 353 1 408 24 53
Great Britain
+ 44 20 7272 84 85
Belgium
+ 32 3 218 06 76
France
Belgium
+32 2 732 62 04
Nigeria
+234 9 52 37 115
India
+ 91 80 334 41 13
Belgium
+32 2 374 28 74
South Korea
+82 2 21 06 52 94
Canada
+1 613 236 61 63
Belgium
+ 32 2 296 36 98
Norway
+ 47 22 24 25 88
Stockholm
Sweden
+46 8 405 58 24
Brighton
Great Britain
+44 1273 87 25 36
Brasilia
Brazil
+55 61 223 80 76
Brussels
Belgium
+ 32 2 545 90 70
Eschborn
Germany
+ 49 6196 79 16 28
Eschborn
Germany
+ 49 6196 79 16 12
New york
United States of America +1 212 906 64 50
Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
+226 32 43 18
Bruxelles
Belgium
+32 2 733 88 99
Washington D.C. US
Bratislava
Slovakia
+421 2 502 39 107
Brussels
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 08 92
Metro Manila
Philippines
+63 2 632 69 04
Suva
Fiji Islands
+679 31 26 00
Sweden
+ 46 8 405 16 39
100
Fax
+ 44 20 79 30 16 47
+1 212 906 64 35
+ 353 1 408 26 26
+ 44 20 1908 654 488
+ 32 3 218 06 50
e-mail
g.hewitt@commonwealth.int
noeleen.heyzer@undp.org
liz.higgins@iveagh.irlgov.ie
s.f.himmelweit@open.ac.uk
nathol@ruca.ua.ac.be
+32 2 732 62 46
+234 9 52 33 644
+ 91 80 346 17 62
+32 2 374 28 74
+82 2 21 06 52 87
+1 613 567 77 48
+ 32 2 296 36 97
+ 47 22 24 25 55
ambel.gov@pophost.eunet.be
+46 8 723 11 76
+44 1273 69 16 47
+55 61 225 53 47
+ 32 2 512 73 42
+ 49 6196 79 73 32
+ 49 6196 79 73 32
+1 212 906 63 36
+226 31 27 15
ssfh@giasbgoi.usul.net.in
jikt@moge.go.kr
sjoekes@idrc.ca
anne-berit.mong-haug@bfd.dep.no
gerd.johnsson-latham@foreign.ministry.se
s.jolly@ids.ac.uk
raul.incra.gov.br
mk.wide@xs4all.be
doris.klein@gtz.de
stefani.klos@gtz.de
jennifer.klot@undp.org
krafchik@cbpp.org
internat.dep@kozsr.sk
h4.infor@badc.fgov.be
slateef@adb.org
margaretl@forumsec.org.fj
eva.lindblom@finance.ministry.se
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
First Name
Belen
Nicole
Nomcebo
Fernando Jos
Karen
Name
Lopez Lopez
Malpas
Manzini
Marroni de Abreu
Mason
Function
Chief of Cabinet of International Relations
Ph.D. Demography
Regional Programme Director
Elisabeth
Minne
Gender Adviser
Mitra
Moadab Motlagh
Momoh
Brigitte
Tanni
Andrew
Mouligneau
Mukhopadhyay
Mwaba
Arianne
Angela
Navarre-Marie
O'Hagan
Harumi
Okawa
Patti
O'Neill
Laurette
Paola
Louise
Kris
Carita
Onkelinx
Ottonello
Palludsen
Panneels
Peltonen
Vice-Premier Ministre
Consultant
Head of Section
Adviseur
Lucia
Gerti
Pilar
Perez Fragoso
Perlaki
Perona Larraz
Project Coordinator
Consultant
Chief unit Gender Equality
Franoise
Christine
Philippe-Raynaud
Pintat
Heike
Bianca
Poherksen
Pomeranzi
Working Place
Women's Institute
CTB
UNIFEM
Ministry of Agrarian Development
The World Bank
Cabinet of Belgian Secretary of State of
Development Co-operation
United Nations Information Center for
Benelux
Address 1
Address 2
c/ Condesa de Veneadito, 34
Conseiller Genre
Rue Haute, 147
7th Floor Takura House
Union Avenue
Esplanada dos Ministerios bloca a Oitavo Andar
1818 H Street, NW
Boulevard du Rgent, 45-46
rue Montoyer 14
Boudewijnlaan 30
United Nations Development Programme
01 B.P. 1387
CSK Building
279 Bath St.
101
Abasolo 176
Austrian Dev. Coop.
Avda Reyes Ctolicos 4
First Name
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
Name
Belen
Lopez Lopez
Nicole
Malpas
Nomcebo
Manzini
Fernando Jos Marroni de Abreu
Karen
Mason
Elisabeth
Minne
Mitra
Moadab Motlagh
Momoh
Brigitte
Mouligneau
Tanni
Mukhopadhyay
Andrew
Mwaba
Arianne
Navarre-Marie
Angela
O'Hagan
Harumi
Okawa
Patti
O'Neill
Laurette
Onkelinx
Paola
Ottonello
Louise
Palludsen
Kris
Panneels
Carita
Peltonen
Lucia
Perez Fragoso
Gerti
Perlaki
Pilar
Perona Larraz
Franoise
Philippe-Raynaud
Christine
Pintat
Heike
Poherksen
Bianca
Pomeranzi
Postal Code
28027
1000
20433
1000
1000
1000
G2 4JL
151-8558
1040
16124
1020
1000
1225
A - 1180
28040
75015
1211
53113
00194
City
Country
Telephone
Madrid
Spain
+34 91 363 79 93
Brussels
Belgium
+ 32 2 505 37 74
Harare
Zimbawe
+ 263 4 792 681
Brasilia
Brazil
+55 61 225 57 09
Washington DC United States of America + 1 202 473 49 66
Brussels
Belgium
+ 32 2 549 09 29
Bruxelles
Belgium
+32 2 289 28 90
Belgium
Brussels
Belgium
+32 2 553 59 28
United States of America +1 212 90 63 699
Abidjan
Yvory Coast
+225 20 20 47 15
Port St Louis Mauritius
+ 230 240 76 34
Glasgow
Great Britain
+44 141 248 58 33
Tokyo
Japan
+ 81 3 5352 53 22
Wellington
New Zealand
+ 64 4 494 85 76
Brussels
Belgium
+ 32 2 233 51 11
Genova
Italy
+39 010 24 700 44
Copenhagen K Denmark
+ 45 33 92 33 11
Brussels
Belgium
+32 2 519 05 95
Copenhagen Denmark
+45 33 96 03 45
Coyoacan
Mexico
+52 56 58 71 14 /29
Vienna
Austria
+43 1 47 01 17 69
Madrid
Spain
+34 915 83 85 02
Paris
France
+ 33 1 53 86 10 51
Genve 19
Switzerland
+41 22 91 94 150
Bonn
Germany
Roma
Italy
+39 06 36 91 62 18
102
Fax
+34 91 363 80 76
+ 32 2 505 18 62
+ 263 4 704 729
+55 61 225 53 47
+ 1 202 522 32 37
+ 32 2 512 21 23
+32 2 502 40 61
e-mail
blopezlo@mtas.es
nicole.malpas@btcctb.org
nomcebo.manzini@undp.org
fabreu@incra.gov.br
kmason@worldbank.org
+32 2 553 60 37
+1 212 90 63 678
+225 20 20 49 13
+ 230 240 77 16
+44 141 248 58 34
+ 81 3 5352 54 90
+ 64 4 494 85 14
+ 32 2 230 10 67
+39 010 247 03 85
+ 45 33 81 31 15
+32 2 519 05 70
+45 33 96 02 16
+52 56 58 76 54
brigitte.mooligneau@coo.vlanderen.be
tanni.mukhopdadhyay@undp.org
a.mwaba@afdb.org
+34 915 83 83 23
+ 33 1 53 86 11 11
+41 22 91 94 160
angela.ohagan@eoc.org.uk
okawa.harumi@jica.go.jp
patti.o'neill@nfat.govt.nz
lop@lige.dk
kris.paneels@diplobel.fed.be
cp@nmr.dk
presupuesto@equitad.org.mx
gp.wide.eu@nextra.at
pilar.perona@aeci.es
francoise.philippe-raynaud@sante.gouv.fr
cp@mail.ipu.org
bianca.pomeranzi@esteri.it
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
First Name
Raul Martin
Unni
Anik
Name
Pumar Vilchez
Ramboll
Raskin
Function
Alcalde
Adviser
Saskia
Stphane
Robrecht
Celia
Diana
Birte
Mary Janeth
Charlotte
Lee
Kristina
Eva
Bernadette
Ravesloot
Renard
Renard
Reyes
Rivington
Rodenberg
Rusimbi
Sachse
Sanghee
Sarjo
Svfors
Schmetz
Wetenschappelijk Onderzoekster
Alain
Sibenaler
Monica
Doris
Josefina
Silvell
Ylva
Nancy
William
Ministerial Adviser
Kristin
Etienne
Vronique
Inge
Yumiko
Bea
Marceline
Ioannidis
Ten Tusscher
Tiendrebeogo
Timsteou
Address 1
AV. Revolucion s/n Sector 2
POBox 8114
CNFL (ASBL)
Schillerpromenade 30
P.O. Box 8921
30 Avenue de Cortenbergh
Ministry of Finance
AIDCO
DGCI
Mariankatu, 9
European Commission
Coopration multilatrale
National Expert on Gender
Mainstreaming
Solis Camion
Srman Nath
Spence
Spence
Spiling
Johanssen
Squilbin
Staes
Stemmler
Tanaka
Working Place
Municipalidad de Vila El Salvador
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Conseil National des Femmes du Luxembourg
Senior Economist
Higher Executive Officer
NORAD
DGIS
DGCI - DGIC
Vrouwen Alliantie
Japan International Cooperation Agency
103
Direction de la Coopration au
Dveloppement
Member of the COE Network on Gender
Mainstreaming
Address 2
Grupo 15
60 rue des Romains
Cellule Mainstreaming
Universiteitsplein 1
Internationale
Legaspi Village
6, rue de la Congrtation
Division for Gender Equality
Pall Mall
Grantully Road
Ruselukkveien 26, PO Box 8034
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
First Name
Name
Raul Martin
Unni
Anik
Saskia
Stphane
Robrecht
Celia
Diana
Birte
Mary Janeth
Charlotte
Lee
Kristina
Eva
Bernadette
Alain
Monica
Doris Josefina
Ylva
Nancy
William
Kristin
Etienne
Vronique
Inge
Yumiko
Bea
Marceline
Ioannidis
Pumar Vilchez
Ramboll
Raskin
Ravesloot
Renard
Renard
Reyes
Rivington
Rodenberg
Rusimbi
Sachse
Sanghee
Sarjo
Svfors
Schmetz
Sibenaler
Silvell
Solis Camion
Srman Nath
Spence
Spence
Spiling Johanssen
Squilbin
Staes
Stemmler
Tanaka
Ten Tusscher
Tiendrebeogo
Timsteou
Postal Code
0032
2444
2610
1000
2020
12049
1040
00170
1049
L - 1352
10333
S - 105 25
SW 1Y 5HX
W9 1HY
0030
1000
1000
3512 BK
162-8433
2594 AV
City
Lima
Oslo
Luxembourg
Wilrijk
Bruxelles
Antwerpen
Makati City
Berlin
Dar-es-Salaam
Bruxelles
Seoul
Helsinki
Bruxelles
Luxembourg
Stockholm
Cuenca
Stockholm
London
London
Oslo
Brussels
Bruxelles
Utrecht
Tokyo
Den Haag
Ouagadouga
Athens
Country
Perou
Norway
Luxembourg
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Philippines
Belgium
Germany
Tanzania
Belgium
DPR of Korea
Finland
Belgium
Belgium
Luxembourg
Sweden
Ecuador
Sweden
Great Britain
Great Britain
Norway
Belgium
Belgium
The Netherlands
Japan
The Netherlands
Burkina Faso
Greece
104
Telephone
+51 909 82 50
+ 47 22 24 39 84
+352 29 65 25
+32 3 820 26 24
Fax
+51 287 64 85
+ 47 22 24 27 34
+352 29 65 24
+32 3 820 28 86
e-mail
martinpumar@hotmail.com
unni.ramboll@mfa.no
secretariat@cnfl.lu
rvsloot@uia.ua.ac.be
+32 3 218 06 68
+632 89 27 385
+632 89 39 586
robrecht.renard@ua.ac.be
creyes@mail.pids.gov.ph
+49 30 62 72 39 88
+255 22 24 43 244
+32 2 234 53 12
+82 2 21 06 51 72
+ 358 9 160 30 90
+32 2 296 14 30
birte.rodenberg@tonline.de
tgnp@tgnp.co.tz
charlotte.sachse@bmaa.gv.at
+352 478 33 46
+ 46 8 405 56 41
+593 7 840 574
+46 8 698 52 43
+ 44 20 77 47 64 61
+ 44 20 7289 49 74
+47 22 24 20 70
+352 22 20 48
+ 46 8 24 71 52
+593 7 834 359
+46 8 698 56 42
+ 44 20 77 47 65 49
+ 44 870 124 48 59
+47 22 24 02 76
alain.sibenaler@mae.etat.lu
monica.silvell@industry.ministry.se
dsolis@etapa.com.ec
Ylva.sorman.nath@sida.se
n.spence@commonwealth.int
rspence@idrc.ca
ksj@norad.no
+32 2 519 08 76
+31 30 233 26 69
+ 81 3 3269 38 51
+ 31 70 348 57 23
+226 36 09 79
+30 1 32 86 171
+31 20 771 35 54
+ 81 3 3269 69 92
+ 31 70 348 48 83
+226 31 27 15
+30 1 32 86 270
kristina.sarjo@um.un.fi
vronique.staes@diplobel.fed.be
barterandtrade@hotmail.com
tanaka.yumiko@jica.go.jp
bm-ten.tusscher@minbuza.nl
chorenu-ioannidis.ebc@dos.gr
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
First Name
Twie Giok
Thi Khue
Reiko
Karin
Franz
Annelies
Martine
Marion
Bloeme
Jan
Virginia
Chris
Anna
Elisabeth
Ursula
Micheline
Margareta
Sushila
Name
Function
Working Place
Tjoa
Staffmember
Vrouwen Alliantie
Truong
Vice-President
Vietnam Women's Union
Tsushima
Programme Analyst
International Labour Organization
Ulmer
Aprodev
Urlesberger
Ministre Pln.
Permanent Representation of Austria to the EU
Van Bauwel
BTC
Van Dooren
Conseiller Gnral
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Van Offelen
Expert Gender, Gender Unit
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Van Roemburg Wetenschappelijk Medewerkster
Centrum voor Vrouwenstudies
Vandemoortele Principal Adviser & Group Leader
United Nations Development Programme
Vargas
UNIFEM
Verhaegen
Focal Point UNO Bejin Conference Vrouw and Maatschappij - CVP
Vidinova
Regional Programme Director for CE UNIFEM
Villagomez
UNIFEM Headquarters
Von Gunten
Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation
Voogt
Senior Advisor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and
Wenzel-Weckmann
Development
Zeitlyn
Department for International development
105
Address 1
Janskerkhof 1
39 Hang Chuoi St
4 Route des Movillons
Rue Joseph II
Expert on Social Affairs
Belgian Technical Cooperation
Direction Stratgies
Direction Gnrale de la Coopration
Universiteit Antwerpen (UIA)
Social Development Group
Andrean Region - Quito Flora Tristan Center
Brusselsesteenweg, 8 70/1
Grosslingova Street, 35
304 East 45th Street
Freiburgstr. 130
Director Multilateral Cooperation
Friedrich-Ebert-Allee, 40
94 Victoria Street
Address 2
30 Avenue de Cortenbergh
Hoogstraat 147
Rue Brederode, 6
Rue Brederode, 6
Universiteitsplein 1
One UN Plaza, room 0C1-2042
Parque Hernan Velarde 42
Rue Brederode, 6
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
First Name
Name
Twie Giok
Thi Khue
Reiko
Karin
Franz
Annelies
Martine
Marion
Bloeme
Jan
Virginia
Chris
Anna
Elisabeth
Ursula
Micheline
Margareta
Sushila
Tjoa
Truong
Tsushima
Ulmer
Urlesberger
Van Bauwel
Van Dooren
Van Offelen
Van Roemburg
Vandemoortele
Vargas
Verhaegen
Vidinova
Villagomez
Von Gunten
Voogt
Wenzel-Weckmann
Zeitlyn
Postal Code
3512 BK
1211
1000
1040
1000
1000
1000
2610
10017
1860
81109
NY 10017
3003
1000
53113
SWIE 5JC
City
Utrecht
Hanoi
Geneva 22
Bruxelles
Bruxelles
Brussels
Brussels
Brussels
Wilrijk
New York
Lima 1
Meise
Bratislava
New york
Bern
Brussels
Bonn
London
Country
Telephone
The Netherlands
+31 30 233 26 69
Vietnam
+84 4 97 38 58
Switzerland
+41 22 799 72 64
Belgium
+32 2 234 68 40
Belgium
+32 2 234 51 42
Belgium
+32 2 505 37 85
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 08 18
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 07 45
Belgium
+32 3 820 28 59
United States of America + 1 212 906 58 62
Perou
+51 1 26 11 531
Belgium
+ 32 2 269 48 95
Slovakia
+ 421 2 593 37 160
United States of America +1 212 906 51 10
Switzerland
+41 31 322 69 78
Belgium
+ 32 2 519 07 02
Germany
+ 49 228 535 37 41
Great Britain
+44 207 917 68 06
106
Fax
+31 20 771 35 54
+84 4 97 38 50
+41 22 799 58 15
+32 2 231 14 13
+32 2 234 53 12
+32 2 508 98 62
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+ 32 2 519 06 83
+32 3 820 28 86
+ 1 212 906 58 57
+51 1 43 39 500
+ 32 2 269 08 58
+ 421 2 593 37 171
+1 212 906 63 36
+41 31 324 87 41
+ 32 2 519 05 70
+ 49 228 535 47 41
+44 207 917 02 97
e-mail
ttjoa@veouwenallentie.nl
vn-bproject@hn.vnn.vn
karin@aprodev.net
ingeborg.torchiani@bmaa.gv.at
annelies.van.bauwel@mail.btcctb.org
martine.vandooren@diplobel.fed.be
marion.vanoffelen@diplobel.fed.be
bloeme.vanroemburg@uia.ac.be
jan.vandemoortele@undp.org
vargas@amauta.rcp.net.pe
chris.verhaegen.meise@kmonet.be
anna.vidinova@undp.org
elizabeth.villagomez@undp.org
ursula.vongunten@deza.admin.ch
wenzelwc@bmz.bund.de
s-zeitlyn@dfid.gov.uk