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Objectives
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Introduction
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XL
VS
VR
1/2X
C
1/2XC
Different lines have different values for R, XL, and XC, depending on:
Length
Conductor spacing
Conductor cross-sectional area
XC is equally distributed along the line
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Resistance in AC Circuits
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Review
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Power Flow
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Where,
P
VS
VR
X
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= Real power in MW
= Sending-end voltage
= Receiving-end voltage
= Line impedance between buses
= Angle delta between bus voltages
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Angle
Angular difference
between buses
VB
VA
Angle
IA
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Question #1
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Question #2
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Question #3
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Question #4
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Scenario 1
EA
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 2
EB
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 3
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 4
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 5
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 6
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
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Scenario 7
Bus
A
Bus
B
MW
MVAR
MW flow
Bus A voltage lags Bus B voltage, MW flow into Bus A
Bus B voltage lags Bus A voltage, MW flow out of Bus A
VARs flow from Bus B and from Bus A into the line
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Question #5
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Question #5
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Summary
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Questions?
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Disclaimer:
PJM has made all efforts possible to accurately document all
information in this presentation. The information seen here
does not supersede the PJM Operating Agreement or the
PJM Tariff both of which can be found by accessing:
http://www.pjm.com/documents/agreements/pjmagreements.aspx
For additional detailed information on any of the topics
discussed, please refer to the appropriate PJM manual
which can be found by accessing:
http://www.pjm.com/documents/manuals.aspx
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