Chapter 20 Solution

CHAPTER 20 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
PROBLEMS
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1.
SSM REASONING Since current is defined as charge per unit time, the current used by the
portable compact disc player is equal to the charge provided by the battery pack (180 C) divided by
the time in which the charge is delivered (2.0 h).
SOLUTION The amount of current that the
20.1:
Dq 180 C
I=
=
Dt 2.0 h
player uses in operation is determined from Equation

1.0 h
3600 s
1
424
3
= 0.025 A
Converts hours
to seconds
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2.
REASONING According to Equation 20.1, the current I is defined as I = (Dq)/(Dt), where Dq is the
charge that flows in a time Dt. This expression can be solved for Dq. Each electron carries a charge
of magnitude e, so that we can divide Dq by e to obtain the number of electrons.
SOLUTION Solving Equation 20.1 for Dq gives Dq = I Dt. Dividing by e reveals that
Number of electrons =
IDt ( 0.27 A )( 60 s)
=
= 1.0 10 20
19
e
1.60 10
C
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3.
REASONING AND SOLUTION Ohms law gives

I=
V 120 V
=
= 8.6 A
R 14 W
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4.
REASONING AND SOLUTION We know that V = IR. Therefore,

I=
V 120 V
=
= 0.21 A
R 580 W
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5.
SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION Ohm's law (Equation 20.2), V = IR , gives the result
directly:
9.0 V
V
= 82 W
R= =
I 0.11 A
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Chapter 20 Problems 607
6.
REASONING AND SOLUTION First determine the total charge delivered to the battery using
Equation 20.1:
Dq = IDt = (6.0 A)(5.0 h)[(3600 s)/(1 h)] = 1.1 105 C
To find the energy delivered to the battery, multiply this charge by the energy per unit charge (i.e.,
the voltage) to get
energy = (Dq)V = (1.1 105 C)(12 V) = 1.3 10 6 J
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7.
REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. The total charge that can be delivered is
Dq = (220 A.h)[3600 s/(1 h)] = 7.9 10 5 C
b. The maximum current is
I = (220A.h)/[(38 min)(1 hr)/(60 min)] = 350 A
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8.
REASONING As discussed in Section 20.1, the voltage gives the energy per unit charge. Thus, we
can determine the energy delivered to the toaster by multiplying the voltage V by the charge Dq that
flows during a time Dt of one minute. The charge can be obtained by solving Equation 20.1,
I = (Dq)/(Dt), since the current I can be obtained from Ohms law.
SOLUTION Remembering that voltage is energy per unit charge, we have
Energy = V Dq
Solving Equation 20.1 for Dq gives Dq = I Dt, which can be substituted in the previous result to give
Energy = V Dq = VI Dt
According to Ohms law (Equation 20.2), the current is I = V/R, which can be substituted in the
energy expression to show that
2
V 2 Dt (120 V ) (60 s )
V
Energy = VI D t = V D t =
=
= 6.2 10 4 J
R
14 W
R
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9.
SSM
REASONING
The number N of protons that strike the target is equal to the amount of
electric charge Dq striking the target divided by the charge e of a proton, N = (Dq)/e. From Equation
20.1, the amount of charge is equal to the product of the current I and the time Dt. We can combine
these two relations to find the number of protons that strike the target in 15 seconds.
608
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
The heat Q that must be supplied to change the temperature of the aluminum sample of mass m by an
amount DT is given by Equation 12.4 as Q = cmDT , where c is the specific heat capacity of
aluminum. The heat is provided by the kinetic energy of the protons and is equal to the number of
protons that strike the target times the kinetic energy per proton. Using this reasoning, we can find
the change in temperature of the block for the 15 second-time interval.
SOLUTION
a. The number N of protons that strike the target is
N=
b.
Dq I D t (0.50 10 -6 A)(15 s)
=
=
= 4.7 10 13
19
e
e
1.6 10
C
The amount of heat Q provided by the kinetic energy of the protons is

Q = (4.7 1013 protons)(4.9 10- 12 J/proton) = 230 J
Since
Q = cmDT
and
since
Table
12.2
gives
the
specific
heat
of
aluminum
as
c = 9.00 102 J/(kg.C), the change in temperature of the block is

DT =
Q
230 J
=
= 17 C
cm
J
2
-3
(15 10 kg)
9.00 10
kg C
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10. REASONING AND SOLUTION Using Equation 20.3 and the resistivity from Table 20.1, we find
2.82 10 8 W m 10.0 10 3 m
rL
R=
=
= 0.58 W
A
4.9 10 4 m 2
)(
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11. REASONING AND SOLUTION Solving Equation 20.5 for a yields

a=
(R / R 0 ) 1 [(43.7 W ) / (38.0 W )] 1
T T0
55 C 25 C
= 0.0050 (C)
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12. REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistance R of the wire is related to its length L by Equation
20.3 as
L
R=r
A
where r is the resistivity of tungsten (see Table 20.1) and A = p r2 is the circular cross-sectional area.
Solving this equation for L and substituting V/I for R (Ohms law), we have
L=R
A V pr 2 (120 V )[p (0.045 10 -3 m) 2 ]

=
= 11 m
=
r I r
(1.24 A )(5.6 10 -8 W m)
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13. SSM WWW REASONING The resistance of a metal wire of length L, cross-sectional area A
and resistivity r is given by Equation 20.3: R = rL / A . Solving for A, we have A = rL / R . We
can use this expression to find the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the aluminum wire to that of the
copper wire.
SOLUTION Forming the ratio of the areas and using resistivity values from Table 20.1, we have
Aaluminum r aluminum L / R r aluminum 2.82 10 8 W m
=
=
=
= 1.64
rcopper L / R
r copper
Acopper
1.72 10 8 W m
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14. REASONING AND SOLUTION With the resistivity of aluminum taken from Table 20.1, Equation
20.3 (R = rL/A) gives
R/L = r/A = (2.82 108 .m)/(7.9 107 m2) = 3.6 10 2 W / m
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15. REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistance of the cable is

R=
V rL
=
I
A
Since A = p r2, the radius of the cable is

r=
rLI
=
pV
(1.72 10 8 W m )(0.24 m )(1200 A ) =

p (1.6 10 2 V )
9.9 10 3 m
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16. REASONING AND SOLUTION From Equation 20.5 we have that R = R0[1 + a (T T0)]. Solving
for T gives
T = T0 +
(R/ R 0 )- 1 = 20.0 C + [(99.6 W ) / (125 W )]- 1 =

a
3.72 10 -3 (C ) -1
-34.6 C
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17. SSM WWW REASONING The resistance of a metal wire of length L, cross-sectional area A
and resistivity r is given by Equation 20.3: R = rL / A . The volume V2 of the new wire will be the
same as the original volume V1 of the wire, where volume is the product of length and cross-sectional
610
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
area. Thus, V1 = V2 or A1L1 = A2L2. Since the new wire is three times longer than the first wire, we
can write
A1L1 = A2 L2 = A2 (3L1)
or
A2 = A1 / 3
We can form the ratio of the resistances, use this expression for the area A2 , and find the new
resistance.
SOLUTION The resistance of the new wire is determined as follows:
R2
R1
rL2 / A 2
rL1 / A1
L2 A1
L1 A2
(3L1 )A1 =
9
L1 (A1 / 3)
Solving for R2 , we find that

R2 = 9R1 = 9(21.0 W) = 189 W
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18. REASONING The resistance of each wire is given by Equation 20.3 (R = rL/A). Since the
resistances of the wires are the same, we can set Rgold equal to Rsilver as the starting point of our
solution. But we also know that the volumes of the two wires are the same. Therefore, it seems
sensible to build the volume V directly into Equation 20.3. The volume of each wire is the length
times the cross-sectional area (V = LA), so we multiply the numerator and the denominator on the
right of Equation 20.3 by A to obtain R = rLA/A2 = rV/A2.
SOLUTION Using Equation 20.3 (modified as just explained) for the resistance of each wire and
setting the two resistances equal gives
rV
rV
=
A 2 gold A 2 silver
14243 14243
Resistance of
gold wire
Resistance of
silver wire
Since the volumes of the wires are equal, the terms V can be eliminated algebraically from both sides
of this result. Substituting A = p r2 gives
r
r
= 2
2
A gold A silver
or
r
r
2 4
= 2 4
p r gold p r silver
Eliminating the factor of p2 algebraically, rearranging, and using resistivity values from Table 20.1
leads to
r gold
rsilver
=4
r gold
=4
r silver
2.44 10 8 W m
= 1.11
1.59 10 8 W m
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19. REASONING AND SOLUTION Suppose that when the initial temperature of the wire is T0 the
resistance is R0, and when the temperature rises to T the resistance is R. The relation between
temperature and resistance is given by Equation 20.5 as R = R0[1 + a (T T0)], where a is the
temperature coefficient of resistivity. The initial and final resistances are related to the voltage and
current as R0 = V/I0 and R = V/I, where the voltage V across the wire is the same in both cases.
Substituting these values for R0 and R into Equation 20.5 and solving for T, we arrive at
T = T0 +
I0
- 1
= 20 C +
1.50 A
- 1
1.30 A
4.5 10 -4 (C ) -1
= 360 C
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20. REASONING AND SOLUTION Using Equation 20.5, we can equate resistances
R0 i 1 + a i (T T0 ) = R 0 g 1 + a g (T T0 )
144424443 144424443
Resistance
for iron wire
Resistance
for gold wire
We can solve this equation for T to obtain

T = T0 +
R0 i R0 g
R0 g a g R0 i a i
= 20.0 C +
5.90 W 6.70 W
= 140 C
(6.70 W )[0.0034 (C )1 ] (5.90 W )[0.0050 (C )1 ]
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21. SSM WWW REASONING We will ignore any changes in length due to thermal expansion.
Although the resistance of each section changes with temperature, the total resistance of the
composite does not change with temperature. Therefore,
R
+R
(1R4444)2+4(R444)3 = 1
44
42444
3
tungsten 0
carbon 0
At room temperature
tungsten
carbon
At temperature T
612
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
From Equation 20.5, we know that the temperature dependence of the resistance for a wire of
resistance R0 at temperature T0 is given by R = R0 [1+ a (T - T0 )], where a is the temperature
coefficient of resistivity. Thus,
(R
) + (R
tungsten 0
carbon 0
= R tungsten
) (1 + a
0
tungsten DT ) +
(Rcarbon )0 (1+ a carbon DT )
Since D T is the same for each wire, this simplifies to
(R
tungsten 0 a tungsten
= (R carbon ) a carbon
0
(1)
This expression can be used to find the ratio of the resistances. Once this ratio is known, we can find
the ratio of the lengths of the sections with the aid of Equation 20.3 (L = RA/r).
SOLUTION From Equation (1), the ratio of the resistances of the two sections of the wire is
Rtungsten
a carbon
0.0005 [(C ) 1 ] 1
0
=
=
=
a tungsten
0.0045 [(C ) 1 ] 9
(Rcarbon )
)
0
Thus, using Equation 20.3, we find the ratio of the tungsten and carbon lengths to be
Ltungsten
Lcarbon
(R 0 A / r )tungsten
(R 0 A / r )carbon
(R
) r
tungsten 0
(Rcarbon )0
carbon
r
tungsten
1 3.5 10 5 W m
=
= 70
8
9 5.6 10 W m
where we have used resistivity values from Table 20.1 and the fact that the two sections have the
same cross-sectional areas.
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22. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Equation 20.6, the power delivered to the battery to
charge it is
P = IV = (19.0 A)(12.0 V) = 228 W
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23. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Equation 20.6c, the power dissipated by the iron is
V 2 (120 V)2
P=
=
= 6.0 10 2 W
R
24 W
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24. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Equation 20.6, we know P = IV, so that
I = P/V = (140 W)/(120 V) = 1.2 A
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25. SSM REASONING According to Equation 6.10, the energy used is Energy = Pt, where P is the
power and t is the time. According to Equation 20.6a, the power is P = IV, where I is the current and
V is the voltage. Thus, Energy = IVt, and we apply this result first to the drier and then to the
computer.
SOLUTION The energy used by the drier is
Energy = Pt = IVt = (16 A)(240 V)(45 min)
60 s
1.04 107 J
1.00 min =
14243
Converts minutes
to seconds
For the computer, we have

Energy = 1.04 10 7 J = IVt = ( 2.7 A )(120 V)t
Solving for t, we find
1.04 10 7 J
1.00 h
t=
= 3.21 10 4 s = 3.21 10 4 s
= 8.9 h
3600 s
(2.7 A )(120 V )
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26. REASONING AND SOLUTION We can determine the total energy used in one year, i.e.,
energy = (5.0 J/s)(1 y)[(8.64 104 s)/(1 d)][(365 d)/(1 y)] = 1.6 108 J
Noting that
1 kWh = (1.0 103 J/s)[(3600 s)/(1 h)](1 h) = 3.6 106 J
Cost = ($ 0.10/kWh)[(1 kWh)/(3.6 106 J)](1.6 108 J) = $4.4
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27. REASONING AND SOLUTION We know P = V2/R.

a.
V = PR = (0.25 W )(680 W) = 13 V
b.
V=
PR = (2.0 W )(680 W ) = 37 V
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28. REASONING AND SOLUTION We know that the resistance of the wire can be obtained from
P = V2/R
R = V2/P
or
614
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
We also know that R = rL/A. Solving for the length, noting that A = r2, and using r = 100 108
W.m from Table 20.1, we find
)(
)2
V2 /P pr2
(120 V )2 p 6.5 10 4 m
RA
V 2p r 2
=
=
=
= 50 m
L=
r
r
rP
100 10 8 W m 4.00 10 2 W
)(
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29. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION As a function of temperature, the resistance of the wire is
given by Equation 20.5: R = R0 [1+ a(T - T0 ), where a is the temperature coefficient of resistivity.
From Equation 20.6c, we have P = V 2 / R . Combining these two equations, we have
P0
V2
=
P=
R 0 1 + a (T T 0 ) 1 + a (T T0 )
where P0 = V2/R0, since the voltage is constant. But P = P0 , so we find

2
P0
2
P0
1 + a (T T0 )
or
2 = 1 + a (T - T0 )
Solving for T, we find

T=
1
1
+ T0 =
+ 28 = 250C
a
0.0045 (C) 1
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30. REASONING AND SOLUTION The electrical energy is converted to heat, so we have
Q = mcDT = mc(T T0)
This energy is also given by,
Q = Pt = I2Ravt = I2[1/2 (R + R0)]t
where we are considering the average resistance, Rav, over the one minute interval. Also
R = R0[1 + a(T T0)]
We have
Q = I2[1/2 (R + R0)]t = I2{1/2 R0[2 + a(T T0)]}t = mc(T T0)
Solving for T in the above expression yields
R I t
0
mc
T=T +
aR I t
1-
2mc
Using R0 = 12 , I = 0.10 A, t = 60.0 s, m = 1.3 103 kg, c = 452 J/(kg.C) from Table 12.2,
a = 0.0050 (C)1, T0 = 20.0 C, we obtain T = 33 C .
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31. REASONING AND SOLUTION The expression relating the peak current, I0, to the rms-current,
Irms, is
Irms = I0/ 2 = (2.50 A)/ 2 = 1.77 A
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32. REASONING AND SOLUTION The current reverses direction TWICE each cycle. The number of
cycles in one day is
cycles = (60 Hz)(8.64 104 s) = 5.18 106
The number of reversals is then 1.04 10 7
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33. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. According to Equation 20.6c, the average power consumed by the iron is
V2
(120 V) 2
P = rms =
= 9.0 102 W
R
16 W
3
b. The peak power is Ppeak = 2P = 1.8 10 W .
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2
34. REASONING The average power is given by Equation 20.15c as P = Vrms
/ R . In this expression
the rms voltage Vrms appears. However, we seek the peak voltage V0. The relation between the two
types of voltage is given by Equation 20.13 as Vrms = V0 / 2 , so we can obtain the peak voltage by
using Equation 20.13 to substitute into Equation 20.15c.
SOLUTION Substituting Vrms from Equation 20.13 into Equation 20.15c gives
616
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
P=
2
Vrms
(V0 / 2 )2
R
V02
2R
Solving for the peak voltage V0 gives

V0 = 2 RP = 2 ( 4.0 W )( 55 W ) = 21 V
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35. REASONING AND SOLUTION The total amount of energy needed is

E = Pt = I2Rt = (25 A)2(5.3 )(31 d)[(9 h)/(1 d)][(3600 s)/(1 h)] = 3.3 109 J
To find the cost, then,
Cost = [$0.10/(1 kWh)](3.3 109 J)(1 kWh)/(3.6 106 J) = $ 92
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36. REASONING AND SOLUTION The power P dissipated in the extension cord is P = I2R (Equation
20.6b). The resistance R is related to the length L of the wire and its cross-sectional area A by
Equation 20.3, R = rL/A, where r is the resistivity of copper. The cross-sectional area of the wire
can be expressed as
A=
rL rI 2
=
R P
L
where the ratio P/L is the power per unit length of copper wire that the heater produces. The wire is
cylindrical, so its cross-sectional area is A = p r2. Thus, the smallest radius of wire that can be used is
r
1.72 10 -8 W m
r= I
= (18 A)
= 1.3 10 -3 m
P
p
(1.0
W
/
m
)
p
L
Note that we have used 1.0 W/m as the power per unit length, rather than 2.0 W/m. This is because an
extension cord is composed of two copper wires. If the maximum power per unit length that the
extension cord itself can produce is 2.0 W/m, then each wire can produce only a maximum of 1.0
W/m.
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37. SSM REASONING According to Equation 6.10, the energy supplied to the water in the form of
heat is Q = Pt, where P is the power and t is the time. According to Equation 20.6c, the power is
P = V2/R, so that Q = (V2/R)t, where V is the voltage and R is the resistance. But for a mass m of
water with a specific heat capacity c, the heat Q is related to the change in temperature DT by
Q = mcDT according to Equation 12.4. Our solution uses these two expressions for Q.
SOLUTION Combining the two expressions for Q, we have Q = mcDT = V2t/R. Solving for t, we
have
RcmDT
(1)
t=
V2
The mass of the water can be determined from its volume Vwater . From Equation 11.1, we have
3
3
m = r water Vwater , where r water = 1.000 10 kg/m is the mass density of water (see Table 11.1).
Therefore, Equation (1) becomes
t=
Rcr water Vwater DT
(2)
V2
The value (see Table 12.2) for the specific heat of water is 4186 J/(kg C). The volume of water is
3.79 10 3 m 3
Vwater = (52 gal )
= 0.197 m 3
1.00 gal
Substituting values into Equation (2), we obtain

t=
(3.0 W)[4186 J/(kg C)](1.000 10 3 kg/m 3 )(0.197 m 3 )(53 C 11 C)

= 7220 s
(120 V) 2
1.00 h
= (7220 s)
= 2.0 h
3600 s
______________________________________________________________________________________________
38. REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. According to Equation 20.15c,
P = Vrms2/R = (240 V)2/(29 ) = 2.0 10 3 W
b. Assuming (3/4) of the energy is converted to heat,
Q = (3/4)Pt = mcDT
Solving for t yields
t = (4/3)mc(Tf To)/P = (4/3)(1.9 kg)[4186 J/(kg.C)](85 C)/(2.0 103 W) = 450 s
______________________________________________________________________________________________
39. REASONING AND SOLUTION The energy Q1 that is released when the water cools from an initial
temperature T to a final temperature of 0.0 C is given by Equation 12.4 as Q1 = cm(T 0.0 C). The
618
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
energy Q2 released when the water turns into ice at 0.0 C is Q2 = mLf, where Lf is the latent heat of
fusion for water. Since power P is energy divided by time, the power produced is
P=
Q1 + Q 2
t
cm (T - 0.0 C) + mL f
t
The power produced by an electric heater is, according to Equation 20.6a, P = IV. Substituting this
expression for P into the equation above and solving for the current I, we get
I=
I=
cm(T - 0.0 C) + mL f
tV
(4186 J/kg C )(660 kg)(10.0 C ) + (660 kg)(33.5 10 4 J/kg)
= 32 A
3600 s
(9.0 h)
(240 V )
h
______________________________________________________________________________________________
40. REASONING Since the two resistors are connected in series, they are equivalent to a single
equivalent resistance that is the sum of the two resistances, according to Equation 20.16. Ohms law
(Equation 20.2) can be applied with this equivalent resistance to give the battery voltage.
SOLUTION According to Ohms law, we find
V = IRs = I (R1 + R 2 ) = ( 0.12 A )(47 W + 28 W ) = 9.0 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
41. SSM REASONING The equivalent series resistance Rs is the sum of the resistances of the three
resistors. The potential difference V can be determined from Ohm's law as V = IRs .
SOLUTION
a. The equivalent resistance is
Rs = 25 W + 45 W + 75 W = 145 W
b. The potential difference across the three resistors is
V = IRs = (0.51 A)(145 W) = 74 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
42. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent resistance of the circuit is

Rs = R1 + R2 = 36.0 + 18.0 = 54.0
Ohm's law for the circuit gives
I = V/Rs = (15.0 V)/(54.0 ) = 0.278 A

a. Ohm's law for R1 gives
V1 = (0.278 A)(36.0 ) = 10.0 V
b. Ohm's law for R2 gives
V2 = (0.278 A)(18.0 ) = 5.00 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
43. REASONING AND SOLUTION The current through either resistor is

I=
P =
R
2.50 W
47.0 W
I = 0.231 A.
Ohm's law applied to the circuit gives
V = IRs = (0.231 A)(94.0 ) = 21.7 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________

a. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
Rs = 9.0 + 5.0 + 1.0 = 15.0
The current through each of the resistors is from Ohm's law
I = (24 V)/(15.0 ) = 1.6 A
b. The voltage drop across the 9.0- resistor is
V1 = (1.6 A)(9.0 ) = 14 V
The drop across the 5.0 resistor is
V2 = (1.6 A)(5.0 ) = 8.0 V
The drop across the 1.0 resistor is
620
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
V3 = (1.6 A)(1.0 ) = 1.6 V

c. The power dissipated in the 9.0 resistor is
P1 = I2R1 = (1.6 A)2(9.0 ) = 23 W
Similarly, for the 5.0 resistor
P2 = (1.6 A)2(5.0 ) = 13 W
and for the 1.0 resistor
P3 = (1.6 A)2(1.0 ) = 2.6 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
45. SSM REASONING Using Ohm's law (Equation 20.2) we can write an expression for the voltage
across the original circuit as V = I 0 R 0 . When the additional resistor R is inserted in series, assuming
that the battery remains the same, the voltage across the new combination is given by V = I(R + R0 ) .
Since V is the same in both cases, we can write I0 R0 = I(R + R0 ). This expression can be solved for
R0 .
SOLUTION Solving for R0 , we have I0 R0 IR0 = IR or R0 (I0 I) = IR ; therefore,
R0 =
(12.0 A)(8.00 W)
IR
=
= 32 W
I0 I 15.0 A 12.0 A
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46. REASONING AND SOLUTION The voltage VCu between the ends of the copper rod is given by
Ohms law as Vcu = IRCu, where RCu is the resistance of the copper rod. The current I in the circuit is
equal to the voltage V of the battery that is connected across the free ends of the copper-iron rod
divided by the equivalent resistance of the rod. The copper and iron rods are joined end-to-end, so the
same current passes through each. Thus, they are connected in series, so the equivalent resistance RS
is RS = RCu + RFe. Thus, the current is
I=
V
V
=
R S R Cu + R Fe
The voltage across the copper rod is

VCu = IR Cu =
V
R
R Cu + R Fe Cu
The resistance of the copper and iron rods is given by RCu = rCuL/A and RFe = rFeL/A, where the
length L and cross-sectional area A is the same for both rods. Substituting these expressions for the
resistances into the equation above and using resistivities from Table 20.1 yield
V
VCu =
rCu
r Cu + rFe
12 V
-8
VCu =
(1.72 10 W m) = 1.8 V
-8
-8
1.72 10 W m + 9.7 10 W m
______________________________________________________________________________________________
47. REASONING AND SOLUTION The 5.0 resistor can tolerate a current of
P
I=
20.0 W
5.0 W
I = 2.0 A.
Similarly, it is found that the 30.0 and 15.0 resistors can tolerate currents of 0.577 A and 0.816 A,
respectively. The maximum current in the circuit can, therefore, only be 0.577 A.
a. Ohm's law for the circuit gives
V = IRs = (0.577 A)(50.0 ) = 28.9 V
b. The battery must deliver
P = IV = (0.577 A)(28.9 V) = 16.7 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
48. REASONING Ohms law provides the basis for our solution. We will use it to express the current
from the battery when both resistors are connected and when only one resistor at a time is connected.
When both resistors are connected, we will use Ohms law with the series equivalent resistance,
which is R1 + R2, according to Equation 20.16. The problem statement gives values for amounts by
which the current increases when one or the other resistor is removed. Thus, we will focus attention
on the difference between the currents given by Ohms law.
SOLUTION When R2 is removed, leaving only R1 connected, the current increases by 0.20 A. In
this case, using Ohms law to express the currents, we have
622
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
VR2
V
V
= 0.20 A
=
R1
R1 + R2
R1 (R1 + R 2 )
14
4244
3 1442443
Current given by
Ohm' s law when
only R 1 is present
(1)
Current given by
Ohm' s law when
R1 and R 2 are present
When R1 is removed, leaving only R2 connected, the current increases by 0.10 A. In this case, using
Ohms law to express the currents, we have
VR1
V
V
=
= 0.10 A
R2
R1 + R2
R 2 (R1 + R2 )
14
4244
3 1442443
Current given by
Ohm' s law when
only R 2 is present
(2)
Current given by
Ohm' s law when
R1 and R 2 are present
Multiplying Equation (1) and Equation (2), we obtain
VR2
VR1
= (0.20 A )(0.10 A )
R1 (R1 + R2 ) R 2 (R1 + R2 )
Simplifying this result algebraically shows that
V2
(R1 + R2 )
= (0.20 A )(0.10 A )
V
=
R1 + R2
or
(0.20 A )(0.10 A ) = 0.14 A
(3)
a. Using the result for V/(R1 + R2) from Equation (3) to substitute into Equation (1) gives
V
0.14 A = 0.20 A
R1
or
R1 =
12 V
V
=
= 35 W
0.20 A + 0.14 A 0.20 A + 0.14 A
b. Using the result for V/(R1 + R2) from Equation (3) to substitute into Equation (2) gives
V
0.14 A = 0.10 A
R2
or
R2 =
12 V
V
=
= 5.0 10 1 W
0.10 A + 0.14 A 0.10 A + 0.14 A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
49. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the circuit elements are in parallel, the equivalent
resistance can be obtained directly from Equation 20.17:
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
Rp R1 R2 16 W 8.0 W
or
Rp = 5.3 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
50. REASONING AND SOLUTION The rule for combining parallel resistors is
1
1
1
=
+
R P R1 R 2
which gives
1
1
1
1
1
R 2 = 446 W
or
=
=
R2 R P R1 115 W 155 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
51. REASONING AND SOLUTION The rule for parallel resistances written for N equal resistors is
1/Rp = N/R
so
N = R/Rp = (4.0 )/(1/16 ) = 64
______________________________________________________________________________________________
52. REASONING AND SOLUTION Each piece has a resistance of 1/3 R. Then
1/Rp = 1/(1/3 R) + 1/(1/3 R) + 1/(1/3 R) = 9/R
or
Rp = R/9
______________________________________________________________________________________________
53. SSM REASONING Since the resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage across each one is
the same and can be calculated from Ohm's Law (Equation 20.2: V = IR ). Once the voltage across
each resistor is known, Ohm's law can again be used to find the current in the second resistor. The
total power consumed by the parallel combination can be found calculating the power consumed by
each resistor from Equation 20.6b: P = I2R. Then, the total power consumed is the sum of the power
consumed by each resistor.
SOLUTION Using data for the second resistor, the voltage across the resistors is equal to
V = IR = (3.00 A)(64.0 W) = 192 W
a. The current through the 42.0-W resistor is
I=
V 192 V
=
= 4.57 A
R 42.0 W
b. The power consumed by the 42.0-W resistor is

P = I 2 R = ( 4.57 A) 2 (42.0 W) = 877 W
while the power consumed by the 64.0-W resistor is
P = I 2 R = (3.00 A) 2 (64.0 W ) = 576 W
Therefore the total power consumed by the two resistors is 877 W + 576 W = 1450 W .
624
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
______________________________________________________________________________________________
54. REASONING AND SOLUTION The power P dissipated in a resistance R is given by Equation 20.6c
as P = V2/R. The resistance R50 of the 50.0-W filament is
R50 =
V 2 (120.0 V) 2
=
= 288 W
50.0 W
P
The resistance R100 of the 100.0-W filament is

R100 =
V 2 (120.0 V ) 2
=
= 144 W
100.0 W
P
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2
/ R p , where Rp is the
55. REASONING The total power is given by Equation 20.15c as P = Vrms
equivalent parallel resistance of the heater and the lamp. Since the total power and the rms voltage
are known, we can use this expression to obtain the equivalent parallel resistance. This equivalent
resistance is related to the individual resistances of the heater and the lamp via Equation 20.17, which
1
1
+ Rlamp
is R p1 = R heater
. Since Rheater is given, Rlamp can be found once Rp is known.
SOLUTION According to Equation 20.15c, the equivalent parallel resistance is

Rp =
2
Vrms
Using this result in Equation 20.17 gives

1
1
1
1
= 2
=
+
R p Vrms / P Rheater R lamp
Rearranging this expression shows that
1
Rlamp
P
2
Vrms
1
R heater
1
84 W
= 4.2 10 3 W 1
2
2
W
(120 V ) 6.0 10
Therefore,
Rlamp =
1
= 240 W
4.2 10 3 W 1
______________________________________________________________________________________________
56. REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel, so the equivalent resistance
is
1
1
1
=
+
R 12 R 1 R 2
Since the current I1 divides equally at junction B, the resistances must be equal, so R1 = R2. The
equivalent resistance becomes R12 = R1/2, so R1 = 2R12. Since the current I divides equally at
junction A, the equivalent resistance R12 must be equal to 16 W.
a. Thus,
R1 = 2R12 = 2(16 W) = 32
b. Since R1 = R2, it follows that R2 = 32 .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
57. SSM REASONING The equivalent resistance of the three devices in parallel is Rp , and we can
find the value of Rp by using our knowledge of the total power consumption of the circuit; the value
2
of Rp can be found from Equation 20.6c, P = V / Rp . Ohm's law (Equation 20.2, V = IR ) can then
be used to find the current through the circuit.
SOLUTION
a. The total power used by the circuit is P = 1650 W + 1090 W +1250 W = 3990 W. The equivalent
resistance of the circuit is
V 2 (120 V) 2
Rp =
=
= 3.6 W
P
3990 W
b. The total current through the circuit is
I=
V
120 V
=
= 33 A
R p 3.6 W
The total current is larger than the rating of the circuit breaker; therefore, the breaker will open .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
58. REASONING AND SOLUTION The aluminum and copper portions may be viewed a being
connected in parallel since the same voltage appears across them. Using a and b to denote the inner
and outer radii, respectively, we have for the equivalent resistance that
A
A
1
= 1 + 1 = Cu + Al
Rp R
R
r L r L
Al
Cu
Cu
2
1 = pa2 + p(b - a )
Rp r L
r L
Cu
Al
Al
626
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Using resistivity values from Table 20.1, we find that Rp = 0.00116 .

______________________________________________________________________________________________
59. REASONING Since the defogger wires are connected in parallel, the total resistance of all thirteen
wires can be obtained from Equation 20.17:
1 13
=
Rp
R
Rp =
or
R
13
where R is the individual resistance of one of the wires. The heat required to melt the ice is given by
Q = mLf , where m is the mass of the ice and Lf is the latent heat of fusion of the ice (see Section
12.8). Therefore, using Equation 20.6c, we can see that the power or energy dissipated per unit time
in the wires and used to melt the ice is
P=
V2
mLf
=
Rp 142
t 43
or
V2
mLf
=
R /13
t
Energy/time
According to Equation 20.3, R = rL / A , where the length of the wire is L, its cross-sectional area is A
and its resistivity is r ; therefore, the last expression can be written
mLf
13V 2 13V 2
=
=
R
t
rL / A
This expression can be solved for the area A.
SOLUTION Solving the above expression for A, and substituting given data, and obtaining the
latent heat of fusion of water from Table 12.4, we find that
A=
=
rLmLf
13V 2 t
(88.0 10 8 W m)(1.30 m)(2.10 10 2 kg)(33.5 10 4 J/kg)
2
13(12.0 V) (120 s)
= 3.58 10 8 m 2
______________________________________________________________________________________________
60. REASONING To find the current, we will use Ohms law, together with the proper equivalent
resistance. The coffee maker and frying pan are in series, so their equivalent resistance is given by
Equation 20.16 as Rcoffee + Rpan. This total resistance is in parallel with the resistance of the bread
maker, so the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination can be obtained from Equation 20.17
1
as R p1 = (R coffee + Rpan ) 1 + R bread
.
SOLUTION Using Ohms law and the expression developed above for Rp1, we find
I=
V
1
1
1
1
= (120 V )
= V
+
+
= 9.2 A
Rp
14 W + 16 W 23 W
R coffee + R pan R bread
______________________________________________________________________________________________
61. SSM REASONING We will analyze the combination in parts. The 65 and 85-W resistors are in
parallel. This parallel combination is in series with the 63-W resistor.
SOLUTION The equivalent resistance for the parallel combination of the 65 and 85-W resistors can
be determined as follows, using Equation 20.17:
1
1
1
=
+
= 0.027 W 1
R p 65 W 85 W
or
Rp =
1
= 37 W
0.027 W 1
This equivalent resistance is in series with the 63-W resistance, the two giving the following total
resistance between points A and B, according to Equation 20.16:
Rs = R AB = 63 W + 37 W = 1.0 10 2 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
62. REASONING AND SOLUTION Circuit A has an equivalent resistance of RA = 310 . If R is the
resistance of a single resistor in circuit B, then circuit B has an equivalent resistance given by
1/Rp = 3/R
or
Rp = R/3
If the equivalent resistances of the circuits are equal, then
R = 3RA = 930
______________________________________________________________________________________________
63. REASONING AND SOLUTION The 6.00 , 5.00 and 3.00 resistors are in series with an
equivalent resistance of Rs = 14.0 .
2.00
10.0
4.00
8.00
14.00
This equivalent resistor is in parallel with the 8.00- resistor, so
628
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1/Rp = 1/(14.0 ) + 1/(8.00 )

2.00
or
Rp = 5.09
4.00
10.0
5.09
This new equivalent resistor is in series with the 4.00- resistor, so Rs' = 9.09 .
2.00
10.0
9.09
Rs' is in parallel with the 10.0- resistor, so

1/Rp' = (1/9.09 ) + (1/10.0 )
or
Rp' = 4.76
2.00
4.76
Finally, Rp' is in series with the 2.00- resistor, so the total equivalent resistance is 6.76 .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
64. REASONING The circuit diagram is shown at the right.

We can find the current in the 120.0- resistor by using
Ohms law, provided that we can obtain a value for VAB,
the voltage between points A and B in the diagram. To
find VAB, we will also apply Ohms law, this time by
multiplying the current from the battery times RAB, the
equivalent parallel resistance between A and B. The
current from the battery can be obtained by applying
60.0
20.0
120.0
15.0 V
Ohms law once again, now to the entire circuit and using the total equivalent resistance of the series
combination of the 20.0- resistor and RAB. Once the current in the 120.0- resistor is found, the
power dissipated in it can be obtained from Equation 20.6b, P = I2R.
SOLUTION
a. According to Ohms law, the current in the 120.0- resistor is I120 = VAB/(120.0 ). To find VAB,
we note that the equivalent parallel resistance between points A and B can be obtained from Equation
20.17 as follows:
1
1
1
=
+
R AB 60.0 W 120.0 W
or
R AB = 40.0 W
This resistance of 40.0 is in series with the 20.0- resistance, so that, according to Equation 20.16,
the total equivalent resistance connected across the battery is 40.0 + 20.0 = 60.0 . Applying
Ohms law to the entire circuit, we can see that the current from the battery is
15.0 V
= 0.250 A
I=
60.0 W
Again applying Ohms law, this time to the resistance RAB, we find that
V AB = ( 0.250 A ) R AB = (0.250 A) (40.0 W ) = 10.0 V
Finally, we can see that the current in the 120.0- resistor is
I120 =
V AB
120 W
10.0 V
= 8.33 10 2 A
120 W
b. The power dissipated in the 120.0- resistor is given by Equation 20.6b as
2
P = I 120
R = 8.33 10 2 A
)2 (120.0 W ) =
0.833 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
65. SSM REASONING When two or more resistors are in series, the equivalent resistance is given
by Equation 20.16: Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . Likewise, when resistors are in parallel, the expression
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... .
to be solved to find the equivalent resistance is given by Equation 20.17:
Rp R1 R2 R3
We will successively apply these to the individual resistors in the figure in the text beginning with the
resistors on the right side of the figure.
SOLUTION Since the 4.0-W and the 6.0-W resistors are in series, the equivalent resistance of the
combination of those two resistors is 10.0 W. The 9.0-W and 8.0-W resistors are in parallel; their
equivalent resistance is 4.24 W. The equivalent resistances of the parallel combination (9.0 W and 8.0
W) and the series combination (4.0 Wand the 6.0 W) are in parallel; therefore, their equivalent
630
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
resistance is 2.98 W. The 2.98-W combination is in series with the 3.0-W resistor, so that equivalent
resistance is 5.98 W. Finally, the 5.98-W combination and the 20.0-W resistor are in parallel, so the
equivalent resistance between the points A and B is 4.6 .
______________________________________________________________________________________________

a. The circuit diagram at the right shows the only way in which
the three resistors can be connected to give an equivalent
resistance of 300.0 . The series combination of the two resistors
in the top branch of the arrangement has an equivalent resistance
of 450.0 + 450.0 = 900.0 , according to
Equation 20.16. This 900.0- resistance is in parallel with the single resistor in the bottom branch.
According to Equation 20.17, the equivalent resistance for the entire combination can be obtained as
follows:
1
Requivalent
1
1
+
900.0 W 450.0 W
R equivalent = 300.0 W
or
b. The circuit diagram at the right shows one way in

which the six resistors can be connected to give an
equivalent resistance of 300.0 . Here, the three resistors
on the left are in parallel, as are the three resistors on the
right. According to Equation 20.17, the equivalent
resistance of each parallel combination of three resistors
can be obtained as follows:
1
R three
1
1
1
+
+
450.0 W 450.0 W 450.0 W
or
Rthree = 150.0 W
The two resistances of 150.0 are in series, and according to Equation 20.16 the equivalent resistance
for the entire arrangement is Requivalent = 150.0 W + 150.0 W = 300.0 W .
The circuit diagram at the right shows a second way in which the
six resistors can be connected to give an equivalent resistance of
300.0 . This arrangement consists of three branches, in each of
which two resistors are connected in series. According to
Equation 20.16, the equivalent resistance for each of the
branches is Rtwo = 450.0 + 450.0 = 900.0 . Thus, the
arrangement consists of three 900.0- branches connected in parallel. Using Equation 20.17, we can
determine the equivalent resistance for the entire arrangement:
1
Requivalent
1
1
1
+
+
900.0 W 900.0 W 900.0 W
or
Requivalent = 300.0 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
67. REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistors in the small network have an equivalent resistance
1
1
1
or
R p = 2.0 W
=
+
R p 2.0 W + 1.0 W 5.0 W + 1.0 W
This resistance is in series with the 4.0- resistor so the equivalent resistance of the circuit is
R = 6.0 . Therefore, Ohm's law gives the total current in the circuit to be
I = V/R = (12 V)/(6.0 ) = 2.0 A
This current, upon entering the parallel branch, will split in the ratios of 3:9 and 6:9, with the largest
current entering the smallest resistance path. The 5.0- resistor then has a current of
I = (3/9)(2.0 A)
The power dissipated in this resistor is
P = [(3/9)(2.0 A)]2(5.0 ) = 2.2 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
68. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent resistance of the initial configuration is given by
1/Rp = 3/R
or
Rp = R/3
The parallel part of the final configuration has a resistance of
Rp' = R/2
so the total equivalent resistance is
Rs = R/2 + R = 3R/2
Now
Rs = Rp + 700
so
3R/2 = R/3 + 700
which gives
R = 600
______________________________________________________________________________________________
69. SSM WWW
REASONING Since we know that the current in the 8.00-W resistor is 0.500 A,
we can use Ohm's law ( V = IR ) to find the voltage across the 8.00-W resistor. The 8.00-W resistor
and the 16.0-W resistor are in parallel; therefore, the voltages across them are equal. Thus, we can
also use Ohm's law to find the current through the 16.0-W resistor. The currents that flow through the
8.00-W and the 16.0-W resistors combine to give the total current that flows through the 20.0-W
resistor. Similar reasoning can be used to find the current through the 9.00-W resistor.
632
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
a. The voltage across the 8.00-W resistor is V8 = (0.500 A)(8.00 W) = 4.00 V . Since this is also the
voltage that is across the 16.0-W resistor, we find that the current through the 16.0-W resistor is
I16 = (4.00 V)/(16.0 W ) = 0.250 A . Therefore, the total current that flows through the 20.0-W
resistor is
I20 = 0.500 A + 0.250 A = 0.750 A
b.
The 8.00-W and the 16.0-W resistors are in parallel, so their equivalent resistance can be obtained
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... , and is equal to 5.33 W. Therefore, the equivalent
from Equation 20.17,
Rp R1 R2 R3
resistance of the upper branch of the circuit is Rupper = 5.33 W + 20.0 W = 25.3 W , since the 5.33-W
resistance is in series with the 20.0-W resistance. Using Ohm's law, we find that the voltage across
the upper branch must be V = (0.750 A)(25.3 W ) = 19.0 V . Since the lower branch is in parallel with
the upper branch, the voltage across both branches must be the same. Therefore, the current through
the 9.00-W resistor is, from Ohm's law,
V
19.0 V
I9 = lower =
= 2.11 A
R9
9.00 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
70. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent resistance of the circuit is

R = 0.15 + 1.50 = 1.65
The current in the circuit is then
I = (12.0 V)/(1.65 ) = 7.27 A
The terminal voltage is
VT = 12.0 V (7.27 A)(0.15 ) = 10.9 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
71. REASONING AND SOLUTION Ohms law gives

r = V/I = (1.5 V)/(28 A) = 0.054
______________________________________________________________________________________________
72. REASONING AND SOLUTION The terminal voltage of the battery is

VT = emf Ir
where
I = emf/(R + r)
so
r/(R + r) = 1 VT/emf = 1 (8.30 V)/(9.00 V)= 0.078

Solving for the internal resistance gives
r = 0.078 (R + r)
or
r = 0.078 R/(1 0.078) = 0.078(1.4 )/(1 0.078) = 0.12
______________________________________________________________________________________________
73. SSM REASONING The terminal voltage of the battery is given by Vterminal = emf Ir , where r
is the internal resistance of the battery. Since the terminal voltage is observed to be one-half of the
emf of the battery, we have Vterminal = emf/2 and I = emf / (2r ) . From Ohm's law, the equivalent
resistance of the circuit is R = emf / I = 2 r . We can also find the equivalent resistance of the circuit
by considering that the identical bulbs are in parallel across the battery terminals, so that the
equivalent resistance of the N bulbs is found from
N
1
=
R p Rbulb
Rp =
or
Rbulb
N
This equivalent resistance is in series with the battery, so we find that the equivalent resistance of the
circuit is
R bulb
+r
R = 2r =
N
This expression can be solved for N.
SOLUTION
Solving the above expression for N, we have

N=
R bulb
2r - r
R bulb
r
15 W
= 30
0.50 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
74. REASONING The internal resistance r of the battery is in series with the external resistance of R =
1.20 that is connected across the battery. Therefore, Ohms law indicates that the current in the
circuit is I = emf/(r + R), where emf denotes the batterys electromotive force. Using this expression
in Equation 20.6b (P = I2R), we can express the power dissipated in the resistance R with and without
the internal resistance and find the desired ratio.
SOLUTION Using Equation 20.6 (P = I2R) and substituting I = emf/(r + R) for the current in the
circuit with internal resistance gives the power dissipated in R as
2
emf
Pwith = I 2 R =
R
r + R
Without internal resistance, r = 0, and the above expression becomes
634
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Pwithout =
I2R
2
emf 2
emf
R=
=
R
R
Forming the ratio of the two power expressions gives
Pwith
Pwithout
emf 2
R
r + R
emf 2
R
(1.20 W )
R2
=
=
= 0.907
2
(r + R )
(0.060 W + 1.20 W )2
2
______________________________________________________________________________________________
75. REASONING AND SOLUTION The power dissipated in the resistor if the battery has no internal
resistance is
Po = Io2R
where Io = V/R, so
Po = V2/R
(1)
The power dissipated if the battery has an internal resistance is
P = I2R
where I = V/(R + r) and P = 0.900 Po, so
0.900 Po = V2R/(R + r)2
(2)
Division of Equation (2) by Equation (1) gives

R2/(R + r)2 = 0.900
or
R/(R + r) = 0.949
or
r/R = 0.054
______________________________________________________________________________________________

a. The voltage between A and B is just the voltage dropped across the resistor. Ohms law gives
VAB = IR = (2.0 A)(6.0 W) = 12 V
b. The voltage between A and C is the sum of the drop across the resistor and the rise across the
battery:
VAC = 12 V + 36 V = 24 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
77. SSM REASONING The current I can be found by using Kirchhoff's loop rule. Once the current
is known, the voltage between points A and B can be determined.
SOLUTION
a. We assume that the current is directed clockwise around the circuit. Starting at the upper-left
corner and going clockwise around the circuit, we set the potential drops equal to the potential rises:
(5.0
(27
10.0
V4
+ (12
W)I
+ (8.0
14W)I
44+4
4W)I
44+4
424
44
44
44W)I
4
3=
Potential drops
30.0
V
123
Potential rises
Solving for the current gives I = 0.38 A .

b. The voltage between points A and B is
V AB = 30.0 V (0.38 A)(27 W) = 2.0 101 V
c.
Point B is at the higher potential.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

a. The two 8.0 resistors are in parallel and have an equivalent resistance of
R1 = 4.0
R1 and the 4.0 resistor are in series and have an equivalent of
R = 8.0
The current in the circuit and through the 4.0 resistor is
I = (16 V)/(8.0 ) = 2.0 A
b. Applying the loop rule to the large loop, we get
16 V = I8(8.0 ) + I(4.0 )
Applying the junction rule to the left junction, we get
I = I8 + I8
or
I8 = I/2
Substituting this result into Equation (1) and rearranging gives I = 2.0 A .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
79. REASONING AND SOLUTION Apply the loop rule to get (with the units suppressed)
9.0 V = I(0.015 ) + I(0.015 ) + 8.0 V
and
(1)
636
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
I = 33 A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
80. REASONING AND SOLUTION Let I1 be directed to the left through the bottom resistor, I2 to the
left through the 8.00-W resistor and I3 to the right through the top resistor.
The loop rule gives for the bottom loop
8.00 I2 = 10.0 + 2.00 I1
or
4.00 I2 = 5.00 + I1
(1)
and for the upper loop

8.00 I2 + 4.00 I3 = 16.0
(2)
The junction rule applied at the left junction gives

I1 + I2 I3 = 0
(3)
Multiply Equation (3) by 4 and add the result to Equation (2) to get
4.00 I1 + 12.0 I2 = 16.0
or
I1 + 3.00 I2 = 4.00
(4)
Solve Equation (4) for I1 and substitute the result into Equation (1) to get
4.00 I2 = 5.00 + (4.00 3.00 I2)
or
7.00 I2 = 9.00
or
I2 = 1.29 A
Our initial arbitrary choice for the direction of I2 was to the left, and the fact that our answer is
positive means that the choice was correct. Thus, the current through the 8.00- resistor is
1.29 A from right to left .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
81. SSM REASONING We begin by labeling the currents in the three resistors. The drawing below
shows the directions chosen for these currents. The directions are arbitrary, and if any of them is
incorrect, then the analysis will show that the corresponding value for the current is negative.
+
5.0 W
I1
+
10.0 W
I2
10.0 W
I3
10.0 V
+
2.0 V
+
15.0 V
We then mark the resistors with the plus and minus signs that serve as an aid in identifying the
potential drops and rises for the loop rule, recalling that conventional current is always directed from
a higher potential (+) toward a lower potential (). Thus, given the directions chosen for
I1, I2 , and I3 , the plus and minus signs must be those shown in the drawing. We can now use
Kirchhoff's rules to find the voltage across the 5.0-W resistor.
SOLUTION Applying the loop rule to the left loop (and suppressing units for convenience) gives
5.0 I1 + 10.0I 3 + 2.0 = 10.0
(1)
Similarly, for the right loop,
10.0 I 2 + 10.0 I 3 + 2.0 = 15.0
(2)
If we apply the junction rule to the upper junction, we obtain
I1 + I 2 = I 3
Subtracting Equation (2) from Equation (1) gives
5.0I1 10.0I2 = 5.0
(3)
(4)
We now multiply Equation (3) by 10 and add the result to Equation (2); the result is
10.0I1 + 20.0I2 = 13.0
(5)
If we then multiply Equation (4) by 2 and add the result to Equation (5), we obtain 20.0I1 = 3.0 , or
solving for I1 , we obtain I1 = 0.15 A . The fact that I1 is positive means that the current in the
drawing has the correct direction. The voltage across the 5.0-W resistor can be found from Ohm's
law:
V = (0.15 A)(5.0 W) = 0.75 V
Current flows from the higher potential to the lower potential, and the current through the 5.0-W
flows from left to right, so the left end of the resistor is at the higher potential.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Let the current through the 20.0 be I1 and flow to the right.
Let the current through the 10.0 be I2 and flow up.
Let the current through the 5.0 be I3 and flow to the right.
Applying the loop rule to the left loop gives
20.0 I1 10.0 I2 = 0
(1)
10.0 I2 + 5.0 I3 = 30.0
(2)
and to the right loop
638
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
The junction rule applied to the upper junction gives

I1 + I2 I3 = 0
(3)
A simultaneous solution of the above gives I2 = 1.71 A .

Since the answer is positive, the current flows in the assumed direction.
from the bottom to the top .
That is,
______________________________________________________________________________________________
40
.0
.0
70
I20
I60
60.0
+
I70
I40
I50
20
50
.0
.0
83. REASONING To find the voltage between points B and

D, we will find the current in the 60.0- resistor and then
use Ohms law to find the voltage as V = IR. To find the
current we will use Kirchhoffs laws, the set-up for
which is shown in the circuit diagram at the right. In
this diagram we have marked the current in each resistor. A
It is I60 that we seek. Note that we have marked each
resistor with plus and minus signs, to denote which end
of the resistor is at the higher and which end is at the
lower potential. Given our choice for the current
directions, the plus and minus signs must be those
shown, and they will help us apply Kirchhoffs loop rule
correctly. If our value for I60 turns out to be negative, it
will mean that the actual direction for this current is
opposite to that in the diagram.
20.0 V
SOLUTION Applying the junction rule to junctions B and D gives

I 40 = I 60 + I 70
1
442443
I 60 + I 20 = I 50
1442443
(1)
At junction B
(2)
At junction D
Applying the loop rule to loops ABD, BCD, and ADC (including the battery) gives
I 40 ( 2.00 ) + I 60 ( 3.00 ) = I 20
(3)
I 70 ( 7.00 ) = I 50 ( 5.00 ) + I 60 ( 6.00 )
(4)
I 40 (40.0 W ) + I 60 (60.0 W ) = I 20 (20.0 W ) or

1
4444
4244444
3 14
4244
3
Potential drops, loop ABD
Potential rises,
loop ABD
I 70 (70.0 W ) = I 50 (50.0 W ) + I 60 (60.0 W ) or

1
4
4244
3 14444
4244444
3
Potential drops,
loop BCD
Potential rises, loop BCD
I 20 (20.0 W ) + I 50 (50.0 W ) = 20.0 V

3
1
4444
4244444
3 1424
Potential drops, loop ADC
Potential rises,
loop ADC
or I 20 ( 2.00 ) + I 50 ( 5.00 ) = 2.00
(5)
Equations (1)-(5) are five equations in five unknowns and must be solved simultaneously.
Remember that it is I60 we seek, so our approach will be to eliminate the other four unknowns.
Substituting I50 from Equation (2) into Equation (5) gives
I 20 ( 7.00 ) + I 60 ( 5.00 ) = 2.00
(6)
Substituting I40 from Equation (1) into Equation (3) gives

I 60 ( 5.00 ) + I 70 ( 2.00 ) = I 20
(7)
Solving Equation (5) for I50 and substituting the result into Equation (4) gives
I 70 ( 7.00 ) = 2.00 I 20 ( 2.00 ) + I 60 ( 6.00 )
(8)
I 60 ( 47.0 ) I 20 (11.0 ) = 4.00
(9)
2.00 I 60 ( 5.00 )
I 60 ( 47.0 )
(11.0 ) = 4.00
7.00
or
I 60 = 0.0156 A
Since this result is negative, the current in the 60.0- resistor is opposite to that shown in the diagram
given in the reasoning step, that is, from point D up toward point B. Thus, point D is at a higher
potential than point B, because conventional current is always directed from the high toward the low
potential. Using Ohms law, we find that the voltage between D and B is
V = I60 R = ( 0.0156 A )(60.0 W ) = 0.94 V, with point D at the higher potential
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Rc = 50.0
84. REASONING Since only 0.100 mA out of the
G
available 60.0 mA is needed to cause a full-scale
deflection of the galvanometer, the shunt resistor must 0.100 mA
59.9 mA
allow the excess current of 59.9 mA to detour around
B
A
the meter coil, as the drawing at the right indicates.
Shunt
resistor R
The value for the shunt resistance can be obtained by 60.0 mA
recognizing that the 50.0- coil resistance and the
shunt resistance are in parallel, both being connected
between points A and B in the drawing. Thus, the voltage across each resistance is the same.
SOLUTION Expressing voltage as the product of current and resistance, we find that
640
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
59.9 10 3 A ( R ) = 0.100 10 3 A (50.0 W )

144424443
14444244443
Voltage across shunt resistance
Voltage across coil resistance
0.100 10 3 A )(50.0 W )
(
R=
=
59.9 10 3 A
0.0835 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
85. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Ohm's law, the voltage across the series
combination of the galvanometer and the resistor, under full-scale conditions is V = I(R + Rg ) where
Rg is the resistance of the galvanometer. Therefore, solving for R, we have
V
30.0 V
3
R = Rg =
180 W = 3.43 10 W
3
I
8.30 10 A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
86. REASONING AND SOLUTION The current through the ammeter is IA = V/RA and the current
through the galvanometer is Ig = V/Rg. The percent of the total current which goes through the
galvanometer is then
(Ig/IA) 100% = (RA/Rg) 100%
The ammeter resistance is the parallel combination of the shunt and galvanometer resistances, RA =
2.8 W. Now
(RA/Rg) 100% = [(2.8 W)/(36.0 W)] 100% = 7.7 %
______________________________________________________________________________________________
87. REASONING AND SOLUTION The voltages across the galvanometer and shunt resistances are
equal since they are in parallel, so
IgRg = IsRs
Rs = (Ig/Is)Rg
or
where Ig = 0.150 103 A and Is = 4.00 103 A 0.150 103 A. Then

Rs = (0.150 103 A)(12.0 )/(3.85 103 A) = 0.468 W
The equivalent parallel resistance can be obtained as follows:
1
1
1
=
+
R p 0.468 W 12.0 W
or
R p = 0.450 W
______________________________________________________________________________________________
88. REASONING AND SOLUTION For the 20.0 V scale
V1 = I(R1 + Rc)
and for the 30.0 V scale
V2 = I(R2 + Rc)
Subtracting and rearranging yields
I = (V2 V1)/(R2 R1) = 8.00 10 3 A
Substituting this value into either of the equations for V1 or V2 gives Rc = 820 W .
______________________________________________________________________________________________
89. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. According to Ohm's law (Equation 20.2, V = IR ) the current in the circuit is
I=
V
V
=
R+ R 2R
The voltage across either resistor is IR, so that we find

V 60.0 V
V
IR =
R= =
= 30.0 V
2R
2
2
b. The voltmeters resistance is R v = V / I = (60.0 V)/(5.00 10 3 A) = 12.0 10 3 W , and this
resistance is in parallel with the resistance R = 1550 W. The equivalent resistance of this parallel
combination can be obtained as follows:
1
1
1
=
+
R p Rv R
Rp =
or
RRv
R + Rv
(1550 W )(12.0 10 3
1550 W + 12.0 10 3 W
= 1370 W
The voltage registered by the voltmeter is IRp, where I is the current supplied by the battery to the
series combination of the other 1550-W resistor and Rp. According to Ohms law
I=
60.0 V
= 0.0205 A
1550 W + 1370 W
Thus, the voltage registered by the voltmeter is

IR p = (0.0205 A ) (1370 W ) = 28.1 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________
642
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

a. The equivalent capacitance for the parallel connection is
C = 2.00 F + 4.00 F = 6.00 F
The charge separated by the battery is then
Q = CV = (6.00 106 F)(60.0 V) = 3.60 10 4 C
b. The equivalent capacitance for the series connection is
1/C = 1/(2.00 F) + 1/(4.00 F)
or
C = 1.333 F
Now
Q = CV = (1.333 106 F)(60.0 V) = 8.00 10 5 C
______________________________________________________________________________________________

a. Add the parallel capacitances to get
C p = 4.0 mF + 8.0 mF = 12.0 mF
b. The total charge stored on the two capacitors is
Q = C p V = 12.0 10 6 F (25 V ) = 3.0 10 4 V

______________________________________________________________________________________________
92. REASONING Our approach to this problem is to deal with the arrangement in parts. We will
combine separately those parts that involve a series connection and those that involve a parallel
connection.
SOLUTION The 24, 12, and 8.0-mF capacitors are in series. Using Equation 20.19, we can find the
equivalent capacitance for the three capacitors:
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Cs 24 mF 12 mF 8.0 mF
or
Cs = 4.0 mF
This 4.0-mF capacitance is in parallel with the 4.0-mF capacitance already shown in the text diagram.
Using Equation 20.18, we find that the equivalent capacitance for the parallel group is
C p = 4.0 mF + 4.0 mF = 8.0 mF
This 8.0-mF capacitance is between the 5.0 and the 6.0-mF capacitances and in series with them.
Equation 20.19 can be used, then, to determine the equivalent capacitance between A and B in the text
diagram:
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Cs 5.0 mF 8.0 mF 6.0 mF
Cs = 2.0 mF
or
______________________________________________________________________________________________
93. SSM REASONING The magnitude q of the charge on each plate of a capacitor is related to the
voltage V across the capacitor plates and the capacitance C by Equation 19.8: q = CV . When two or
more capacitors are in series, the equivalent capacitance of the combination can be obtained from
1
1
1
1
.... Equation 20.18 gives the equivalent capacitance for two or
Equation 20.19:
=
+
+
Cs C1 C2 C3
more capacitors in parallel: Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... .
In this problem two of the capacitors are in series, while the third capacitor is in parallel with the
series combination. We proceed by first finding the equivalent capacitance of the circuit, and then we
can use Equation 19.8 to find the total charge that the battery delivers to all the capacitors.
SOLUTION The equivalent capacitance of the series combination can be obtained as follows:
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
= 1.72 mF
Cs =
= 0.583 (mF )
or
1
Cs 3.0 mF 4.0 mF
0.583 (mF )
The equivalent capacitance of the entire circuit is
C equivalent = Cs = 1.72 mF +10.0 mF = 11.72 mF
Therefore the total charge delivered by the battery is
q = C equivalentV = (11.72 10 6 F)(40.0 V) = 4.69 10 4 C
______________________________________________________________________________________________
94. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent capacitance of the circuit is

1/C = 1/(4.0 F) + 1/(6.0 F) + 1/(12.0 F)
or
C = 2.0 F
The total charge provided by the battery is, then,

Q = CV = (2.0 106 F)(50.0 V) = 1.0 104 C
This charge appears on each capacitor in a series circuit, so the voltage across the 4.0-F capacitor is
V1 = Q/C1 = (1.0 104 C)/(4.0 106 F) = 25 V
______________________________________________________________________________________________

capacitances are
Let Co be the capacitance of an empty capacitor. Then the
644
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
C1 = 3.00 Co
and
C2 = 5.00 Co
The series capacitance of the two is

1/Cs = 1/(2.50 Co) + 1/(4.00 Co)
or
Cs = 1.54 Co
Now
kCo = 1.54 Co
k = 1.54
or
______________________________________________________________________________________________
96. REASONING AND SOLUTION The charges stored on capacitors in series are equal and equal to the
charge separated by the battery. The total energy stored in the capacitors is
energy = Q2/(2C1) + Q2/(2C2)
energy = (1/C1 + 1/C2)Q2/2.
According to Equation 20.19, the quantity in the parentheses is just the reciprocal of the equivalent
capacitance, C, of the circuit, so
energy = Q 2 / ( 2C )
______________________________________________________________________________________________
97. SSM REASONING When two or more capacitors are in series, the equivalent capacitance of the
1
1
1
1
.... Equation 20.18 gives the
combination can be obtained from Equation 20.19,
=
+
+
Cs C1 C2 C3
equivalent capacitance for two or more capacitors in parallel: Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... . The energy
stored in a capacitor is given by
1
2
CV 2 , according to Equation 19.11. Thus, the energy stored in the
2
series combination is 2 CsVs , where
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
= 0.476 (mF )
Cs 7.0 mF 3.0 mF
Cs =
or
1
0.476 (mF) 1
= 2.10 mF
2
Similarly, the energy stored in the parallel combination is 2 Cp Vp where
C p = 7.0 mF + 3.0 mF = 10.0 mF

The voltage required to charge the parallel combination of the two capacitors to the same total energy
as the series combination can be found by equating the two energy expressions and solving for Vp .
SOLUTION Equating the two expressions for the energy, we have
1
2
CsVs = 2 CpVp
Solving for Vp , we obtain the result

Vp = Vs
Cs
Cp
= (24 V )
2.10 mF
= 11V
10.0 mF
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
98. REASONING AND SOLUTION The 7.00 and 3.00-mF capacitors are in parallel. According to
Equation 20.18, the equivalent capacitance of the two is 7.00 mF + 3.00 mF = 10.0 mF. This 10.0-mF
capacitance is in series with the 5.00-mF capacitance. According to Equation 20.19, the equivalent
capacitance of the complete arrangement can be obtained as follows:
1
1
1
1
= 0.300 (mF )
=
+
C 10.0 mF 5.00 mF
or
C=
1
0.300 (mF ) 1
= 3.33 mF
The battery separates an amount of charge

Q = CV = (3.33 106 F)(30.0 V) = 99.9 106 C
This amount of charge resides on the 5.00 F capacitor, so its voltage is
V5 = (99.9 106 C)/(5.00 106 F) = 20.0 V
The loop rule gives the voltage across the 3.00 F capacitor to be
V3 = 30.0 V 20.0 V = 10.0 V
This is also the voltage across the 7.00 F capacitor, since it is in parallel, so V7 = 10.0 V .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
99. REASONING AND SOLUTION Charge is conserved during the re-equilibrium. Therefore, using q0
and qf to denote the initial and final charges, respectively, we have
q10 + q20 = 18.0 C = q1f + q2f
(1)
After equilibrium has been established the capacitors will have equal voltages across them, since they
are connected in parallel. Thus, Vf = q1f/C1 = q2f/C2, which leads to
q1f = q2f(C1/C2) = q2f (2.00 F)/(8.00 F) = 0.250 q2f
646
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Substituting this result into Equation (1) gives

18.0 C = 0.250 q2f + q2f
or
q2f = 14.4 C
Hence,
Vf = q2f/C2 = (14.4 106 C)/(8.00 106 F) = 1.80 V
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
100.REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Equation 20.21, we find that

R=
t
3.0s
=
= 4.0 10 3 W
C 750 10 6 F
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
101. SSM
REASONING
The charge q on a discharging capacitor in a RC circuit is given by

t / RC
Equation 20.22: q = q0e

, where q0 is the original charge at time t = 0. Once t (time for one
pulse) and the ratio q / q0 are known, this expression can be solved for C.
SOLUTION
Since the pacemaker delivers 81 pulses per minute, the time for one pulse is
[1 min/(81 pulses)] [60.0 s/(1.00 min)] = 0.74 s . Since one pulse is delivered every time the fullycharged capacitor loses 63.2% of its original charge, the charge remaining is 36.8% of the original
charge. Thus, we have q = (0.368)q0 , or q / qo = 0.368.
From Equation 20.22, we have
q
RC
= e t /
q0
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we have,
q
t
ln =
RC
q0
Solving for C, we find
C=
t
(0.74 s)
=
= 4.1 10 7 F
R ln(q/q 0 ) (1.8 10 6 W) ln(0.368)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
102.REASONING AND SOLUTION After the switch is opened, the equivalent resistance of the path
through which the capacitor discharges is
R = 250 + 750 = 1.00 103 .
The time constant is
t = RC = (1.00 103 )(150 106 C) = 0.15 s

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
103.REASONING AND SOLUTION In drawing (a) the equivalent capacitance is of the series capacitors
is Cs = C/2. These are in parallel with a capacitance, C, so that the equivalent capacitance is
CA = C/2 + C = (3/2) C
The time constant is tA = (3/2) C R so that
C = (2/3) (tA/R)
(1)
In drawing (b) the equivalent capacitance is

CB = (2/3) C
Therefore, with the aid of Equation (1), we have
tB = RCB = (2/3) C R = (4/9) tA = (4/9)(0.34 s) = 0.15 s
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
104.REASONING AND SOLUTION For charging a capacitor, Equations 20.20 and 20.21 indicate that
q = qo(1 et/t)
or
t/t = ln(1 q/qo) = ln(0.0010) = 6.9
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
105. SSM
REASONING AND SOLUTION
The equivalent capacitance of the combination can be

1
1
1
1
....
obtained immediately from Equation 20.19,
=
+
+
Cs C1 C2 C3
1
1
1
1
1
= 0.587 (mF )
=
+
+
Cs 3.0 mF 7.0 mF 9.0 mF
or
Cs =
1
0.587 (mF )
= 1.7 mF
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
106.REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. According to Equation 20.6c, the resistance is
R = V2/P = (12 V)2/(33 W) = 4.4
b. According to Equation 20.6a, the current is
I = P/V = (33 W)/(12 V) = 2.8 A
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
648
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
107.REASONING AND SOLUTION The definition of current in Equation 20.1 gives

I=
35 C
Dq
=
= 3.5 10 4 A
Dt 1.00 10 3 s
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
108.REASONING AND SOLUTION Label the currents with the resistor values. Take I3 to the right, I2
to the left and I1 to the right.
Applying the loop rule to the top loop (suppressing the units) gives
I1 + 2.0 I2 = 1.0
(1)
2.0 I2 + 3.0 I3 = 5.0
(2)
and to the bottom loop gives
Applying the junction rule to the left junction gives

I2 = I1 + I3
(3)
Solving Equations (1) , (2) and (3) simultaneously, we find I2 = 0.73 A .

The positive sign shows that the assumed direction is correct. That is, to the left .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
109. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION Ohm's law (Equation 20.2, V = IR ) gives the result
directly
V 240 V
= 22 A
I= =
R 11 W
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
110.REASONING AND SOLUTION First, we find a from the known values of T, T0, R, and R0. We
have
47.6 W
-1
35.0 W
a=
=
= 0.0045 (C) -1
T - T0 100.0 C - 20.0 C
R
-1
R0
We know R = R0[1 + a(T T0)], and using R = 37.8 we find
T = T0 +
R
-1
R0
a
37.8 W
-1
35.0 W
= 20.0 C +
= 37.8 C
0.0045 (C ) -1
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
111.REASONING AND SOLUTION The maximum voltage which can appear across the voltmeter is
V = IRv = (180 106 A)(140 000 ) = 25 V
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
112.REASONING AND SOLUTION 1 A.h = 3600 C. The total charge used, therefore, is
(95 A.h)(3600 s)/(1 h) = 3.4 105 C
The power is P = VI = V(Dq)/(Dt), solving for Dt yields
Dt = V(Dq)/P = (12 V)(3.4 105 C)/(120 W) = 3.4 10 4 s
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
113. SSM REASONING When two or more resistors are in series, the equivalent resistance is given by
Equation 20.16: Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . When resistors are in parallel, the expression to be solved
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... .
to find the equivalent resistance is Equation 20.17:
We will use these
Rp R1 R2 R3
relations to determine the eight different values of resistance that can be obtained by connecting
together the three resistors: 1.00, 2.00, and 3.00 W .
SOLUTION When all the resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance is the sum of all
three resistors and the equivalent resistance is 6.00 W . When all three are in parallel, we have
from Equation 20.17, the equivalent resistance is 0.545 W .
We can also connect two of the resistors in parallel and connect the parallel combination in series
with the third resistor. When the 1.00 and 2.00-W resistors are connected in parallel and the 3.00-W
resistor is connected in series with the parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is 3.67 W .
When the 1.00 and 3.00-W resistors are connected in parallel and the 2.00-W resistor is connected in
series with the parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is 2.75 W . When the 2.00 and 3.00W resistors are connected in parallel and the 1.00 - W resistor is connected in series with the parallel
combination, the equivalent resistance is 2.20 W .
We can also connect two of the resistors in series and put the third resistor in parallel with the series
combination. When the 1.00 and 2.00-W resistors are connected in series and the 3.00-W resistor is
connected in parallel with the series combination, the equivalent resistance is 1.50 W . When the
650
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1.00 and 3.00-W resistors are connected in series and the 2.00-W resistor is connected in parallel
with the series combination, the equivalent resistance is 1.33 W . Finally, when the 2.00 and 3.00W resistors are connected in series and the 1.00-W resistor is connected in parallel with the series
combination, the equivalent resistance is 0.833 W .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
114.REASONING AND SOLUTION The power delivered is P = VI so

a.
Pbd = VIbd = (120 V)(11 A) = 1300 W
b.
Pvc = VIvc = (120 V)(4.0 A) = 480 W
c. The energy is E = Pt so;

Ebd/Evc = (Pbdtbd)/(Pvctvc) = (1300 W)(15 min)/[(480 W)(30.0 min)] = 1.4
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
115.REASONING The answer is not 340 W + 240 W = 580 W. The reason is that each heater
contributes resistance to the circuit when they are connected in series across the battery. For a series
connection, the resistances add together to give the equivalent total resistance, according to Equation
20.16. Thus, the total resistance is greater than the resistance of either heater. The greater resistance
means that the current from the battery is less than when either heater is present by itself. Since the
power for each heater is P = I2R, according to Equation 20.6b, the smaller current means that the
power delivered to an individual heater is less when both are connected than when that heater is
connected alone. We approach this problem by remembering that the total power delivered to the
series combination of the heaters is the power delivered to the equivalent series resistance.
SOLUTION Let the resistances of the two heaters be R1 and R2. Correspondingly, the powers
delivered to the heaters when each is connected alone to the battery are P1 and P2. For the series
connection, the equivalent total resistance is R1 + R2, according to Equation 20.16. Using Equation
20.6c, we can write the total power delivered to this equivalent resistance as
V2
(1)
P=
R1 + R 2
But according to Equation 20.6c, as applied to the situations when each heater is connected by itself
to the battery, we have
P1 =
V2
R1
or
R1 =
V2
P1
(2)
P2 =
V2
R2
R2 =
or
V2
P2
(3)
Substituting Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives

P=
V2
V2 V2
+
P1
P2
1
1
1
+
P1 P2
P1 P2
P1 + P2
(340 W )(240 W )
340 W + 240 W
= 140 W
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
116.REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistance of the parallel combination is given by

1/Rp = 1/R + 1/(2.00 )
and the series combination has resistance
Rs = R + 2.00
Ohm's law gives for each case
Ip = V/Rp = V/R + V/(2.00 )
and
Is = V/Rs = V/(R + 2.00 )
We know that Ip = 5Is. Using this with the above equations and suppressing units yields the
quadratic equation
R2 6.0 R + 4.00 = 0
The two solutions of this equation are 5.24 and 0.76 .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
117. SSM
REASONING
The resistance of one of the wires in the extension cord is given by
Equation 20.3: R = rL / A , where the resistivity of copper is r = 1.72 108 W m, according to

Table 20.1. Since the two wires in the cord are in series with each other, their total resistance is
Rcord = Rwire 1 + Rwire 2 = 2rL / A . Once we find the equivalent resistance of the entire circuit
(extension cord + trimmer), Ohm's law can be used to find the voltage applied to the trimmer.
SOLUTION
a. The resistance of the extension cord is
Rcord =
2 rL 2(1.72 10 8 W m)(46 m)
=
= 1.2 W
6 2
A
1.3 10 m
652
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
b. The total resistance of the circuit (cord + trimmer) is, since the two are in series,
Rs = 1.2 W + 15.0 W = 16.2 W
Therefore from Ohm's law (Equation 20.2: V = IR ), the current in the circuit is
I=
V 120 V
=
= 7.4 A
Rs 16.2 W
Finally, the voltage applied to the trimmer alone is (again using Ohm's law),
Vtrimmer = (7.4 A)(15.0 W) = 110 V
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
118.REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. In the first case the parallel resistance of the 75.0 W and the 45.0 W resistors have an equivalent
resistance that can be calculated using Equation 20.17:
1
1
1
=
+
R p 75.0 W 45.0 W
or
R p = 28.1 W
Ohms law, emf = IR gives

emf = (0.294 A)(28.1 + r)
emf = 8.26 V + (0.294 A)r
(1)
In the second case

emf = (0.116 A)(75.0 + r)
emf = 8.70 V + (0.116 A)r
(2)
Multiplying Equation (1) by 0.116 A, Equation (2) by 0.294 A, and subtracting yields
emf = 8.99 V
b. Substituting this result into Equation (1) and solving for r gives r = 2.5 .
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
119.REASONING AND SOLUTION The mass m of the aluminum wire is equal to the density d of
aluminum times the volume of the wire. The wire is cylindrical, so its volume is equal to the crosssectional area A times the length L; m = dAL.
The cross-sectional area of the wire is related to its resistance R and length L by Equation 20.3; R =
rL/A, where r is the resistivity of aluminum. Therefore, the mass of the aluminum wire can be
written as
rL
L
m = dAL = d
R
The resistance R is given by Ohms law as R = V/I, so the mass of the wire becomes
drL 2 I
rL
L =
m = d
R
V
m=
(2700 kg/m 3 )(2.82 10 -8 W m )(175 m ) 2 (125 A )

= 9.7 10 2 kg
0.300 V
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
120.REASONING AND SOLUTION Each resistor can tolerate a current of no more than
I=
P
=
R
0.25 W
= 0.073 A
47 W
Ohm's law applied to a series circuit containing N such resistors gives V = IRs = INR, so
N=
V
9.0 V
=
= 2.6
IR (0.073 A )(47 W )
Only three resistors can be used.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
121. SSM REASONING The foil effectively converts the capacitor into two capacitors in series.
Equation 19.10 gives the expression for the capacitance of a capacitor of plate area A and plate
separation d (no dielectric): C0 = e 0 A / d . We can use this expression to determine the capacitance
of the individual capacitors created by the presence of the foil. Then using the fact that the "two
capacitors" are in series, we can use Equation 20.19 to find the equivalent capacitance of the system.
SOLUTION Since the foil is placed one-third of the way from one plate of the original capacitor to
the other, we have d1 = (2 / 3)d , and d2 = (1/ 3)d . Then
C1 =
e0 A
3e A
= 0
(2 / 3)d
2d
C2 =
3e A
e0 A
= 0
d
(1/ 3)d
and
Since these two capacitors are effectively in series, it follows that
654
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
d
1
3d
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
+
=
+
Cs C1 C2 3e 0 A/ ( 2d ) 3e 0 A / d 3e 0 A e 0 A
But C0 = e 0 A / d , so that d / (e 0 A ) = 1/ C0 , and we have
1
1
=
Cs C0
or
Cs = C 0
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
122.REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistance of the thermistor decreases by 15% relative to its
normal value of 37.0C.That is,
DR/R0 = (R R0)/R0 = 0.15
According to Equation 20.5, we have
R = R0[1 + a(T T0)] or (R R0) = aR0(T T0) or (R R0)/R0 = a(T T0) = 0.15
Rearranging this result gives
T = T0 + (0.15)/a = 37.0C + (0.15)/(0.060/C) = 39.5 C
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 20 Solution

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Chapter 20 Solution

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CHAPTER 20 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

player uses in operation is determined from Equation

REASONING AND SOLUTION Ohms law gives

REASONING AND SOLUTION We know that V = IR. Therefore,

Chapter 20 Problems 607

REASONING AND SOLUTION

The amount of heat Q provided by the kinetic energy of the protons is

c = 9.00 102 J/(kg.C), the change in temperature of the block is

11. REASONING AND SOLUTION Solving Equation 20.5 for a yields

Chapter 20 Problems 609

A V pr 2 (120 V )[p (0.045 10 -3 m) 2 ]

15. REASONING AND SOLUTION The resistance of the cable is

Since A = p r2, the radius of the cable is

(1.72 10 8 W m )(0.24 m )(1200 A ) =

(R/ R 0 )- 1 = 20.0 C + [(99.6 W ) / (125 W )]- 1 =

Solving for R2 , we find that

Chapter 20 Problems 611

We can solve this equation for T to obtain

(6.70 W )[0.0034 (C )1 ] (5.90 W )[0.0050 (C )1 ]

(Rcarbon )0 (1+ a carbon DT )

Since D T is the same for each wire, this simplifies to

Chapter 20 Problems 613

For the computer, we have

27. REASONING AND SOLUTION We know P = V2/R.

where P0 = V2/R0, since the voltage is constant. But P = P0 , so we find

Solving for T, we find

Chapter 20 Problems 615

33. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION

Solving for the peak voltage V0 gives

35. REASONING AND SOLUTION The total amount of energy needed is

Chapter 20 Problems 617

Rcr water Vwater DT

Substituting values into Equation (2), we obtain

(3.0 W)[4186 J/(kg C)](1.000 10 3 kg/m 3 )(0.197 m 3 )(53 C 11 C)

38. REASONING AND SOLUTION

42. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent resistance of the circuit is

Chapter 20 Problems 619

I = V/Rs = (15.0 V)/(54.0 ) = 0.278 A

43. REASONING AND SOLUTION The current through either resistor is

44. REASONING AND SOLUTION

V3 = (1.6 A)(1.0 ) = 1.6 V

The voltage across the copper rod is

Chapter 20 Problems 621

Multiplying Equation (1) and Equation (2), we obtain

(0.20 A )(0.10 A ) = 0.14 A

Chapter 20 Problems 623

b. The power consumed by the 42.0-W resistor is

The resistance R100 of the 100.0-W filament is

SOLUTION According to Equation 20.15c, the equivalent parallel resistance is

Using this result in Equation 20.17 gives

Chapter 20 Problems 625

Using resistivity values from Table 20.1, we find that Rp = 0.00116 .

Chapter 20 Problems 627

This equivalent resistor is in parallel with the 8.00- resistor, so

1/Rp = 1/(14.0 ) + 1/(8.00 )

Rs' is in parallel with the 10.0- resistor, so

64. REASONING The circuit diagram is shown at the right.

Chapter 20 Problems 629

b. The power dissipated in the 120.0- resistor is given by Equation 20.6b as

66. REASONING AND SOLUTION

b. The circuit diagram at the right shows one way in

Chapter 20 Problems 631

69. SSM WWW

70. REASONING AND SOLUTION The equivalent resistance of the circuit is