P REFACE

We would like to thank God The Almighty that we could finish this paper
with the tittle Gerund and To Infinitive. This paper contains about the material of
Gerund and To Infinitive. We wrote this paper as a task that was given to us in
Structures III Subject in the 4th Semester.
In arranging this paper, we do really feel that we are still having a lot
mistakes for the technique or even the contain of the material. Please critique and
suggestions us that it could make us better in writting this paper. We also would
like to thank the people who has contributed in making this paper.
Hopefully, this paper can be useful for us specially for the readers. And do
not forget also the author apologizes for any shortcomings here and there of the
papers authors do.

Banjarmasin, 22nd March 2016

Authors

CONTENT
Preface................................................................................................................................i
Content..............................................................................................................................ii
Chapter I Introduction.......................................................................................................3
A. Background......................................................................................................3
B. The Objective...................................................................................................3
C. Key Word.........................................................................................................3
D. The Scope and Limitation................................................................................3
E. The Significant of Study...................................................................................3
Chapter II Discussion........................................................................................................4
A. Gerund.............................................................................................................4
B. The Meaning of Gerund...................................................................................4
C. The Usages of Gerund......................................................................................4
D. To Infinitives....................................................................................................8
E. The Meaning of Infinitives...............................................................................8
F. Kinds of Infinitives...........................................................................................8
G. To Infinitives Examples and Usages...............................................................8
Chapter III Closing..........................................................................................................13
A. Conclusion.....................................................................................................13
References.......................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER I
2

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background
Grammar is the heart of the language, the mastery of it is very essential for
language learner. The meaning of utterances is determined by some aspect.
One of them is grammar, when the grammar of the utterance is wrong, the
meaning of the sentence is slightly wrong.
According to harmer (1991:22) mastering grammar is very importance for
the learner who want to have good language, by understanding the concept
of grammar they can avoid the wrong use of grammar.
B. The Objective
the objective of this study is to identify the structure of gerund and to
infinitive in English.
C. Key Word
Based on this research this study is about the function of gerund is the same
as that of noun. So it can be used as subject, complement, as object after
preposition.
D. The Scope and Limitation
The limitation about the function of gerund is the same as that of noun. So it
can be used as subject, complement, as object after preposition
E. The Significant Of Study
this study will provide the complete and comprehensive learning about the
structure of gerund and to infinitive in English.

CHAPTER II
3

DISCUSSION

I.

GERUND

A. The Meaning of Gerund

Gerund (kata kerja gerund) adalah bentuk kata kerja yang diberi tambahan huruf-ing dan
berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun) atau membedakan kata kerja. Lebih singkatnya
gerund adalah kata benda dengan pola -ing.
B. The Usages of Gerund
1. Subject of Sentence
Examples :
- Smoking is not good for our health.
- Playing sports is necessary to keep our body healthy.
- Playing football is my hobby
2. Subjective Complement
Examples:
- My uncles favorite sport is diving.
- His hobby is reading.
- My favorite sport is ice skating.
3. Objective Complement
Examples:
- We really like discussing politic.
- My mother likes shopping.
- They love dancing very much.
4. As compound noun or modifier yang diletakkan di depan noun untuk memberikan sifat
yang mengandung arti alat atau tempat.
Examples :
- Swimming pool
This swimming pool is wide.
- Dinning table
Please put the glass on the dining table.
- Shoping bag
There is no shopping bags.
5. As head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan)
Examples:
-

Test preparing
Problem solving

Negative thinking

6. To Express prohibition or warning (No + Gerund)

Examples :
- No parking here.
- This building doesnt have a no smoking area.
4

No speaking!
7. After Possessive Adjective or Possessive Noun
- Examples:
- Cias cooking is very delicious.
- His speaking is not relevant with the fact.
- I really expect her coming to my wedding party
8. Used in sayings
- Examples:
- Kissing is loving
- Seeing is believing
9. After word go or idiomatic expression, menunjukkan kegiatan reaksi.
- Examples:
- Lets go fishing this weekend
- We shall go swimming tomorrow morning
- Our instructor asks us to go climbing
10. After preposition
a. Type 1
-

Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Examples :

He thinks of studying abroad.

Denny gave up smoking before breakfast.
-

b. Type 2
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
- Examples :
- The boy is afraid of falling off from the tree.
- He is interested in drawing.
c. Type 3
Noun + Preposition + Gerund
- Examples :
- You have no reason for leaving so early.
- I dont like the idea of spending much money.
d. Type 4
Preposition + Gerund
5

- Examples :
- They went home after eating.
- He goes out without saying anything.
- He doesnt understand the music before listening.
11. After certain verbs
- Examples :
- Keep
suggest
- Avoid
understand
- Miss
recall
- And etc.
- They enjoy playing scrabble.
- I dont stop speaking

Delay

regret

practice

finish

remember

forget

enjoy

mind

complete

12. As Appositive in sentences.

- Examples :
- His hobby, diving, makes his body strong
- You have a bad habit, drinking alcohol
- That difficult work, sawing hard wood, makes him exhausted.
13. After Phrase, such as:
- Its no use............
- Its no good.
- Cant help
- Theres no harm in..
- Cant stop
Examples :
- I cant help liking the girl
- There is no harm in trying
- Its no use crying like baby
14. The perfect gerunds (gerunds berbentuk perfect tense)
a. Present tense, example:
- Learning
- Walking
- Reading
- Driving
6

b. Perfect tense, example:

- Having learned
- Having read
- Having written
- Having walked
- Bentuk perfect gerunds biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa
yang terjadi lebih dulu dari pada peristiwa lain yang mengikutinya. Contoh:
He regrets not having taken my advice
I dont remember having ever promised you about that
15. The passive gerunds (gerunds bentuk passive)
a. Present, example:
- Being written
- Being asked
- Being eaten
b. Perfect, example:
- Having been written
- Having been asked
- Having been eaten
- Example in sentences:
I remembered being taken to Australia when I was small
Most children enjoy being taken to the zoo
-

II. TO INFINITIVE
A. The Meaning of Infinitive
-

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It

is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
7

Infinitive adalah kata dasar dari sebuah verb (kata kerja). Misalnya: to run, to play,
to sleep, to study, to do, to clean, to grow, to kick, to smoke, dan lain sebagainya.

B. Kinds of Infinitive
-

Pada umumnya infinitive diawali dengan to yang biasa disebut dengan

istilah full infinitive. Akan tetapi ada juga beberapa infinitive yang tidak
diikuti to yang disebut dengan bare infinitive.

1. Infinitive dengan to (full infinitive). 2.

Contoh:

Infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive).

Contoh:

1). The elephant decided to eat the mouse1). I would rather visit Rome.
2). The mouse agreed to marry the

2). She would rather live in Italy.

elephant

3). Would you rather eat steak or fish?

3). You will have to ask her

4). He would rather work in a bank.

4). You are to leave immediately

5). Id rather be a forest than a tree

5). She has to go to Berlin next week

3.
Note:
4.
Infinitive tidak pernah diikuti oleh -s, -es.
Tidak boleh juga diikuti oleh -ing.
5.

6.
7.
Contoh: She wants to goes (x)
Contoh: He want to sleeping (x)

C. To Infinitive Examples and Usages

8. To Infinitives can be used as:
9. An object following the verb:

Jim always forgets to eat

10. A subject at the beginning of a sentence:

To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.

11. An adverb modifying a verb:

You promised to buy me a diamond ring.

12. An adjective modifying a noun:

Tara has the ability to succeed.

13. Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:

Do you want to call your family now?

14. Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:

I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.

He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.

15. Infinitives in negative form:

16.
Just add not before the infinitive. Like, He promised not to eat before
finishing his task.

17.Examples List of Verb + Infinitive:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Hope to
Plan to
Intend to*
Decide to
Promise to
Agree to
Offer to

h. Refuse to
i. Seem to
j.
k. Appear to
l. Pretend to
m. Ask to
n. Expect to

o. Would like to
p. Want to

q. Need to
r.

s. Examples List of Verb + (Pro)Noun + Infinitive:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Tell someone to
Advise someone to**
Encourage someone to
Remind someone to
Invite someone to
Permit someone to
Allow someone to
Warn someone to

i. Require someone to
j. Order someone to
k. Force someone to
l. Ask someone to
m. Expect someone to
n. Would like someone to
o. Want someone to
p. Need someone to

q.
r.
Intend is usually followed by an infinitive.
s.
Example : I intend to go to the meeting.
But sometimes may be followed by a gerund.
t.
Example : I intend going to the meeting.
u.
v.

** A gerund is used after advise if there is no (pro) noun object.

Compare:
1. He advised buying a new car. (Gerund)
2. He advised me to buy a new car. (Infinitive)

w.
x. Common Verbs That followed by infinitive and gerund :
y. 1. Verb +Infinitive or Gerund (with no difference in meaning)

z.

* Begin

* Prefer*

* Love

aa.

* Start

* Hate

ab.

* Continue

* Cant stand

ac.

* Like

* Cant bear

ad.
ae.
af.
ag.Example:
a. It began to rain/It began
raining.
b. I started to work/I started
working.
c. It is beginning to rain.

ah.There is no difference of the

meaning, if the sentence uses a
gerund or an infinitive.

ai.
d. I like getting up early
e. I like to get up early
aj.

ak.There is no difference of the

meaning, if the sentence uses a
gerund or an infinitive.

al.
am.
an. 2. Verb + Infinitive or Gerund (with a difference in meaning)

ao.

* Remember

* Regret

ap.

* Forget

* Try

* Stop

aq. Example:

ar. I remembered to feed the dog

this morning.
as.
at. (I remembered and then I fed
him.)
ax.I remembered to buy milk.
ay. (I was walking home and the
idea that I needed milk came
into my head, so I bought
some)
az.
ba.
bb.
bc.This is when you think of
something that you need to do.
(And usually, you then do the
thing).

au.I remember feeding him his

favorite food.
av.
aw.
(I fed him and later I
remembered the action.)
bd.I remember going to the beach
when I was a child.
be.(I have a memory of going to
the beach).
bf.
bg.
bh.
bi. This is when you remember
something that has happened
in the past. You have a
memory of it, like being able
to see a movie of it in your
head.

a.

Dont forget to meet me at

5:00

b.
c.

Ill never forget going to

Japan.

e.
(Forget with the infinitive
means something happens at
or after a certain time.)

bl. I stopped to smoke.

bm.
bn.---first----- second
bo.
bp.(I paused what I was doing to
have a cigarette.)
bv.I tried to call him because I
needed to meet him.
bw.
bx.(I made an attempt to get in
touch with him.)
by.

ce.
cf.
cg.
ch.
ci.
cj.
ck.
cl.
cm.
cn.

d.

f.

(Forget with the gerund is

often used with never for a
memorable previous action.)

bq.I stopped smoking.

br.
bs. --second-- first
bt.
bu.(I was a smoker, but now I'm
not.)
bz.I tried calling him because I
needed to test my new mobile
phone.
ca.
cb. (I made an experiment with
my mobile.)
cc.
cd.

bj.
bj.
bj.
bj.
bj.
bj.
bj.

co.
cp.
cq.
cr.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
cs.
ct.

A. Conclusion
cu.
cv.

This paper has explored Gerund and To Infinitives as the topic that will be presented
later. Firstly, a gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of
the verb "read" is" reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the
object of a sentence. Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not.". Secondly
infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You
can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not.". Both gerunds and infinitives can be
used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or
complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas
infinitives sound more abstract. Gerunds sound more natural and would be more common
in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and
sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time,
you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

cw.
cx.
cy.
cz.
da.
db.
dc.
dd.
de.
df.
dg.
dh.
di.

dj.
dk.
dl.
dm.
dn.

REFERENCES

do.Faidal, A. & Rahman Ali. 2010. English Grammar Complete Edition. Jakarta
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dp.
dq.Suhud, Aswir. 2013. Smart Way to Grammar. Jakarta : Dunia Cerdas.
dr.
ds. http://documents.mx/documents/makalah-gerund-to-infinitive.html
dt.
du.https://www.scribd.com/doc/245171278/Gerunds-and-Infinitives
dv.
dw. http://www.fauzulmustaqim.com/2015/11/the-structure-of-gerund-andto.html
dx.
dy.
dz.
ea.
eb.
ec.
ed.
ee.
ef.
eg.
eh.
ei.
ej.
ek.
el.
em.