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FRAME BUILDING (IT OFFICE, ALMORA) IN SAP 2000 V14
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Earthquake:
Rocks are made of elastic material, and so elastic strain energy is stored in them during the
deformations that occur due to the gigantic
tectonic plate actions that occur in the
Earth. But, the material contained in rocks
is also very brittle. Thus, when the rocks
along a weak region in the Earths Crust
reach their strength, a sudden movement
takes place there opposite sides of the fault
(a crack in the rocks where movement has
taken place) suddenly slip and release the large elastic strain energy stored in the interface
rocks. The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake - a violent shaking of the Earth when
large elastic strain energy released spreads out through seismic waves that travel through the
body and along the surface of the Earth. And, after the earthquake is over, the process of
strain build-up at this modified interface between the rocks starts all over again. Earth
scientists know this as the Elastic Rebound Theory. The material points at the fault over
2
1.6 Objective
1. Modeling The modeling of I.T. office situated in Almora will be done using SAP 2000
v14.
2. Model Analysis - Dynamic characteristics of structure (Mode Shapes and Time Periods)
3. Seismic Analysis (ESLM & RSM) Comparison is done between the two methods for
calculating the base shear.
4. Calculation of Correction Factor
1.7.1 Introduction:
The introduction i.e. Chapter 1, refer the basics of earthquake engineering in which we have
discussed about the basics of earthquake, how it occurs and its effects on the buildings. The
different seismic zones of India and the different seismic codes used in earthquake resistant
design of structures also been discussed. The seismic analysis procedure, i.e. equivalent static
load method and response spectrum method is bruised up in the chapter along with the
objective of study the project.
1.7.4 Modeling:
In Chapter 4 the steps used to model the structure using SAP 2000 v14 is shown. The seismic
analysis of the building has been carried out by Response Spectrum Method in SAP 2000 v
14.
CHAPTER 2
MODELLING OF REINFORCED
FRAMED CONCRETE BUILDING
2.1 INTRODUCTION
7
10
3D Beam Element
To develop 3-d beam elements, must also add capability for torsional loads about the axis of
the element, and flexural loading in x-z plane.
11
To derive the 3-d beam element, set up the beam with the x axis along its length, and y and z
axes as lateral directions. Torsion behavior is added by superposition of simple strength of
materials.
where,
G = shear modulus
L = length
fxi, fxj are nodal degrees of freedom of angle of twist at each end
Ti, Tj is torques about the x axis at each end
2.4 DIAPHRAGM
A diaphragm is horizontal structural component and it functions as transferring story shears
and torsional moments to lateral force-resisting members as well as distributing gravity loads
to vertical members. Relative stiffness of the diaphragm with respect to stiffness of lateral
members at the diaphragm level determines how it transfers shears and torsional moments. In
addition, it distributes gravity loads based on either one-way or two-way load distribution. To
12
15
CHAPTER 3
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURE
16
17
18
Sl No.
Structure
Importance Factor
1.5
1.0
19
3.3.3.1 Ductility:
Ductility of a structure, or its members, is the capacity to undergo large inelastic
deformations without significant loss of strength or stiffness. Ductility in concrete is
20
failure
increases. Ductility behavior allows a structure to undergo large plastic deformations with
little decrease in strength.
Ductility is increased by,
Significance of Ductility
If ductile members are used to form a structure, the structure can undergo large
deformations before failure. This is beneficial to the users of the structures, as in case
of overloading, if the structure is to collapse, it will undergo large deformations before
failure and thus provides warning to the occupants. This gives a notice to the
occupants and provides sufficient time for taking preventive measures. This will reduce
loss of life.
Structures are subjected to unexpected overloads, load reversals, impact and structural
movements due to foundation settlement and volume changes. These items are generally
ignored in the analysis and design. If a structure is ductile than taken care by the
presence of some ductility in the structure.
21
3.3.3.2 Redundancy:
The intent of the redundancy coefficient is to encourage the design of more redundant
structures, with a greater number of elements provided to resist lateral forces. Introduction of
the redundancy coefficient into the building code was a direct reaction of the observation of
structures damaged by the Northridge earthquake and the resulting conclusion that economic
pressures had led many engineers to design structures with very little redundancy. This was
particularly observed to be a problem for certain classes of moment-resisting steel frame and
concrete shear wall buildings.
3.3.3.3 Overstrength:
Observations during many earthquakes have shown that building structures are able to sustain
without damage earthquake forces considerably larger than those they were designed for. This
is explained by the presence in such structures of significant reserve strength not accounted
for in design. Relying on such overstrength, many seismic codes permit a reduction in design
loads. The possible sources of reserve strength are outlined in this paper, and it is reasoned
that a more rational basis for design would be to account for such sources in assessing the
capacity rather than in reducing the design loads. As an exception, one possible source of
reserve strength, the redistribution of internal forces, may be used in scaling down the design
forces. This is because such scaling allows the determination of design forces through an
elastic analysis rather than through a limit analysis. To assess the extent of reserve strength
attributable to redistribution, steel building structures having moment-resisting frames or
concentrically braced frames and from 2 to 30 storeys in height are analyzed for their
response to lateral loading. A static nonlinear push-over analysis is used in which the gravity
loads are held constant while the earthquake forces are gradually increased until a mechanism
forms or the specified limit on inter storey drift is exceeded. It is noted that in momentresisting frames the reserve strength reduces with an increase in the number of storeys as well
as in the level of design earthquake forces.
22
Fig: 3.2 Graphs between Total Horizontal Load and Roof Displacement ()
A structure with good ductility, redundancy and overstrength is designed for smaller seismic
force and has higher value of R. For example, building with SMRF has good ductility and has
R = 5.0 as against R = 1.5 for unreinforced masonry building which does not have good
ductility.
23
Fig: 3.4(b) In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force When b>a
Discontinuity in Capacity - Weak Storey: A weak storey is one in which the storey lateral
strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey above. The storey lateral strength is the
total strength of all seismic force resisting elements sharing the storey shear in the considered
direction.
25
26
27
CHAPTER 4
MODELING USING SAP 2000 v14
28
1. Zone
2. Importance of Building
3. Number of Stories
4. Floor-to-floor height
5. Depth of slab
6. Thickness of external wall
7. Thickness of interior wall
8. Live load (roof)
9. Live load (floor)
10. Materials
11. Seismic Analysis
: IV
: Office Building
: Four ( G+3)
: 3 meter
: 150 mm
: 230 mm
: 115 mm
: 3 KN/m2
: 1.5 KN/m2
: M25 and Fe500
: Equivalent Static Load Method as per IS code
29
WIDTH(mm)
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
DEPTH(mm)
450
450
450
450
600
450
450
600
600
600
600
450
450
450
450
450
450
DESIGNATED BY
B1
B1
B1
B1
B2
B1
B1
B2
B2
B2
B2
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
30
CROSS SECTION(mm2)
HEIGHT(m)
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
450x300
450x300
450x300
600x300
600x300
600x300
600x300
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
31
Figure: 4.3 Enter the Required number of Grid Lines and Spacing
C. The Quick Grid Lines form is used to specify the grids and spacing in the X, Y, and Z
directions. Set the number of grid lines to 8 for both X and Y direction, and to 5 for the Z
direction and grid spacing as 10 for X Y and Z axis.
D. Click the OK button to accept the changes, and the program will appear as shown in
Figure 3. Note that the grids appear in two view windows tiled vertically, an X-Y Plan
View on the left and a 3-D View on the right.
32
34
35
36
37
38
B. Select the Assign menu > Area Loads >Uniform to frame (shell) command to access
load from the Load Pattern Name drop-down list as shown in Figure 4.14.
39
D. Similarly repeat the above set of steps for the other load patterns defined such as dead
wall load, roof finishing, roof treatment, live loads.
E. Replicate command to transfer the above loads on all the floors @ Z=6, 9 and 12. Figure
15 shows the dead wall load on all the floors.
40
41
= COMB4
43
Cases form.
Click the Add New Case button, which will display Define load Case data form
(Figure: 23).
In Load Case Name Area, Type EQ-X.
In Load Case Type Area, select Response Spectrum from drop-down list.
In Modal Combination Area, Select SRSS option.
In Load applied area
1. In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
2. In Load area, select U1 from dropdown list.
3. In Function area, select IS1893 RS HS from drop down list.
4. In Scale factor edit box, Type 0.3532.
44
4.24).
In Load Case Name area, Type EQ-Y.
In Load Case Type area, select Response Spectrum from drop-down list.
In Modal Combination area, Select SRSS option.
In Load Applied area
1. In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
2. In Load area, select U1 from dropdown list.
3. In Function area, select IS1893 RS HS from drop down list.
4. In Scale factor edit box, Type 0.3532.
5. Click Add button.
46
47
48
49
view to an elevation.
B. Click the Show Forces/Stresses> Frames/Cables
50
51
CHAPTER 5
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
AND
RESULT COMPARISION
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
52
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
54
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
55
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
56
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
58
PLAN @ Z=3
PLAN @ Z=3
Period
Frequency
Circ Freq
Eigen value
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Mode
Sec
1.083936
0.916913
0.859208
0.363585
0.304227
0.266271
0.222449
0.182594
0.168779
0.145616
0.131538
0.105996
Cycle /sec
0.92256
1.0906
1.1639
2.7504
3.2870
3.7556
4.4954
5.4766
5.9249
6.8674
7.6024
9.4344
rad/sec
5.7966
6.8525
7.3128
17.281
20.653
23.597
28.246
34.411
37.227
43.149
47.767
59.278
rad2/sec2
33.601
46.957
53.476
298.64
426.54
556.82
797.81
1184.1
1385.9
1861.8
2281.7
3513.9
Case
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
1.000000
2.000000
3.000000
4.000000
5.000000
6.000000
7.000000
8.000000
9.000000
10.000000
11.000000
12.000000
60
frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical expression.
61
Where,
Determine the design base shear for a R.C. frame (I.T. office, Almora) building.
The given data are as shown below:
62
5.4.2 CALCULATIONS
STEP 1: Calculation of natural fundamental period (Ta)
63
= 0.2356 sec
STEP 2: Calculation of Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
The following expression is used to determine Ah:
= 0.06
STEP 3: Calculation of Seismic weight of the building (W)
Dead-Slab
a)
b)
c)
d)
65
5.5.1 PROCEDURE
A step by step procedure for analysis of the frame by response spectrum method is as follows:
66
M=
K=
For the above stiffness and mass matrices, Eigen values and eigenvector are worked out as
follows:
Taking
By solving the above equation, natural frequencies (Eigen values) of various modes are
Eigen values
67
, is called the
each natural
frequency ( ) of the system has a corresponding eigenvector (mode shape), which is denoted
by
Solving the above equation, modal vector (eigenvector), mode shapes and natural periods
under different modes are
Eigenvector
) of mode k is,
68
where,
=design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per clause 6.4.2 of IS 1893 (part 1):
2002 using the natural period of vibration (
of mode k.
The average response acceleration coefficient for rock sites as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 is
calculated as follows:
For rocky, or hard soil sites
69
those due to each mode in accordance with modal combination i.e. SRSS (square root of sum
of squares) or CQC (complete quadratic combination) methods.
Square root of sum of squares (SRSS)
If the building does not have closely spaced modes, the peak response quantity ( ) due to all
modes considered shall be obtained as,
where,
=absolute value of quantity in mode k, and r is the number of modes being considered.
Complete quadratic combination (CQC)
where,
r= Number of modes being considered,
=Cross modal coefficient,
70
=Frequency ratio ,
=Circular frequency in
mode, and
=Circular frequency in
mode.
There for all the frequency ratios and cross modal components can be represented in matrix
form as,
71
or
And
, at roof and at
Width of strut
And
72
where,
= Elastic modulus of frame material
W=
K=
For the above stiffness mass matrices, Eigen values and eigenvectors are,
73
The average response acceleration coefficient for rock sites as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 is
calculated as follows:
74
Cases form.
Click the Add New Case button, which will display Define load Case data form.
In Load Case Name Area, Type EQ-X.
In Load Case Type Area, select Response Spectrum from drop-down list.
In Modal Combination Area, Select SRSS option.
In Load applied area
1. In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
2. In Load area, select U1 from dropdown list.
3. In Function area, select IS1893 RS HS from drop down list.
4. In Scale factor edit box, Type 0.2354.
5. Click Add button.
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24).
In Load Case Name area, Type EQ-Y.
In Load Case Type area, select Response Spectrum from drop-down list.
In Modal Combination area, Select SRSS option.
In Load Applied area
6.
In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
7.
In Load area, select U1 from dropdown list.
8.
In Function area, select IS1893 RS HS from drop down list.
9.
In Scale factor edit box, Type 0.2354.
10. Click Add button.
76
Case
Step
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Case
Type
Type
EQ X
Linear
Max
FX
KN
585.507
FY
KN
16.563
FZ
KN
0.771
MX
KN-m
91.8241
MY
KN-m
4661.302
MZ
KN-m
7226.038
85.3625
5291.914
Response
EQ Y
Spectra
Linear
Max
16.563
753.840
2.725
Response
6214.396
0
Spectra
window.
F. Evaluate
= 1.69 and
= 1.31 , where
G. Evaluate
H. Evaluate
= 0.40
= 0.31
I. After applying correction type 0.40 for EQ-X load case and type 0.31 for EQ-Y in
Scale Factor edit box as shown in figure for EQ-X load case.
77
Case
Step
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Case
Type
Type
EQ X
Linear
Max
FX
KN
994.914
FY
KN
28.145
FZ
KN
1.309
MX
KN-m
156.0308
MY
KN-m
7920.649
MZ
KN-m
12278.73
21.812
992.738
3.588
8183.784
112.4145
6968.960
Response
EQ Y
Spectrum
Linear
Max
Response
Spectrum
5.7 Results
78
REFERENCES
1. IS 1893 (Part 1): (2002), Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part
1 General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards.
2. P. Aggarwal and Manish Srikhande, Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, PHI
Publication 2010.
3. Prabhat Kumar, Ashwini Kumar, Amita Sinwahl Assessment of Seismic Hazard in
Uttarakhand Himalaya Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee.
4. S.R. Damodarsamy and S. Kavita Basics of Structural Dynamics and asesimic
Design, PHI publications 2012.
5. CSI Computers and Structures INC. Introductory Tutorial for Sap 2000: Linear and
Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Analysis and Design of Three-Dimensional Structures
2011.
6. CSI (2009). SAP 2000: Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis
of Structures Nonlinear Version 14, Computers and Structures.
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