NOTES

NUMISMATIC
AND

MONOGRAPHS

No.

65

IMITATIONS

ROMANO-BRITISH
COINS

BRONZE

OF

CLAUDIUS

BY
C.

The

H.

V.

SUTHERLAND

Numismatic
Society
American
at 156th Strbbt
Broadway
New York
1935

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OF
I

NUMISMATIC
NOTES

AND

MONOGRAPHS

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NumismaticNotes and Monographs

is devotedto essaysand treatises
on subjects relatingto coins, paper money,
medalsand decorationsand is uniform
with Hispanic Notes and Monographs
publishedby the Hispanic Society of
America,and with Indian Notes and
issuedby theMuseumofthe
Monographs
American
Indian- HeyeFoundation.
Publication Committee
AgnesBaldwinBrett,Chairman
StephenH P. Pell
Editorial Staff
SydneyPhilipNoe,Editor
HowlandWood,Associate
Editor

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COPYRIGHT
I935BY
NUMISMATIC
THEAMERICAN
SOCIETY

THE
INTELLIGENCER
PRINTING
CO
PA.
LANCASTER.

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ROMANO-BRITISH
BRONZE COINS

IMITATIONS
OF CLAUDIUS

OF
I

BY
C. H. V. SUTHERLAND

Numismatic
Society
The American
ATI56THSTREET
BROADWAY
NEW
YORK
I935

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IMITATIONS
ROMANO-BRITISH
BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS

OF
I1

By C. H. V. Sutherland
in Englandof
For nearlya century
theexistence
of "barbarous"bronzecoins,
considerable
numbers
imitatedfromtypesof ClaudiusI, has beenrecogof strayspecinized.2 But beyondthe recording
littlehasbeendonein theway
menshereand there,,
and it was
of a generalsurveyof theseimitations,
leftto Cohen3to voice the firsttheoryregarding
theirprovenance.His viewthattheyareofBritish
is at variancewithotheropinionsthat
manufacture
and theobject
morerecently:
havebeenexpressed
ofthispaperis to reopenthequestionand examine
evidencethan
it in thelightofmorecomprehensive
before.
to
have
been
available
appears
1Inpresenting
wishes
toemphasize
thewriter
thismonograph
andthe
ofthematerial
tothesporadic
distribution
that,
owing
ofthesubhistreatment
lackofrelevant
literature,
archaeological
He
exhaustive.
andbynomeans
preliminary
jectisnecessarily
andin
from
assistance
many
quarters,
acknowledges
gratefully
ofthe
andcurators
histhanks
areduetothecommittees
particular
the
toexamine
inthetext
for
their
mentioned
museums
permission
tothe
forcasting;
coins
intheir
andtoselect
collections
charge
number
for
thegenerous
Ashmolean
ofthe
Oxford,
Museum,
Keeper
forthe
both
andtoMr.Harold
ofcaststhere
Mattingly,
made;
coins
andfortheadvantage
ofcasts
ofBritish
Museum
furnishing
criticism.
ofhishelpful
2Cf.Roach
Chron.
Num.
p.147andCat.Museum
Smith,
1841,
ofLondon
Antiquities,
p.92,no.454.
3Description
sousl'Empire
desmdailles
frappes
historique
vol.i,p.257.
romain
(2nded".,1880),
I

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ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

When Augustusattainedsupremepowerafter
Actium,he found,as one of the mosturgentand
prevalentproblemsthat faced him,that of the
reform
ofthecoinage. Fiftyyearsofconstitutional
strifehad seen the issue of gold and silvercoins
of rival " imperabecomepart of the prerogative
the
at theirdiscretion:
tores
," exercisedanywhere
bronzetokencoinage,issuedby the Senate,had
ceasedaltogether
about 82 B. C. The plan ultielaborated
by Augustusmade Lugdunum
mately
thechiefsourceofgoldfortheEmpireand ofsilver
itssupfortheWest:theItalianpeninsula
received
plies of bronze moneyfromthe re-established
Senatorialmint,whileGaul,Spainand Africawere
independently
supplied,the firstby the Gallic
"Altar" series,and the two latterby local town
with
issues. The East supplieditselfabundantly
bothsilverand bronze.
as tokenmoneywas concerned,
So far,therefore,
as
thewestern
partoftheEmpiremaybe regarded
havingbeenadequatelysuppliedduringAugustus'
reign. It was probablyunderTiberiusthat a
ofbronzewas firstfelt. His disinclination
shortage
to continuethe "Altar" seriesin Gaul is balanced
in theissuesof Spainand Africa,
by a diminution
themeasureof hisantipathy
and bothfactsreflect
therevoltof Sacrovir
to theforcesof nationalism:
doubtlessincreased
and the war withTacfarinas4
his nativecaution. UnderCaligulaRomebecame
thesolemintin theWestforgold,silverandbronze:
4Cf.B.M.Cat.Rom.
i.p.xviii
note.
Emp.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

andevenifcertainissueswere,in thisreignas in the

the
last,intendedforpurelyprovincial
circulation,
factremainsthat the westernprovinces
werenow
withouta singlemintdesignedforthe supplyof
bronze.
smallchangegenerally
leads
Shortageof official
to local and unofficial
issues,and it is indisputable
thatduring
thisperioda floodofunorthodox
coinage
makesitsappearanceon thecontinent
in theWest.
Even underAugustus,a certainnumberof imitationsappearto have beenmade:but it was in the
twosucceeding
reignsthattheyfirstbecamereally
the ROM ET AVG and PROVIDENT
numerous,
Altartypes,together
withtheAgrippatype,5
being
especiallycommonin Gaul,whilelocal issueswere
in Spain. The extentoftheunofficial
manufactured
coinagein Gaul can be welljudgedby theresultsof
excavationsat the Claudiancamp at
Ritterling's
Hofheim
:6largenumbers
ofGallicimitations
appear
to have enteredGermanywiththe Romanforces.
Examplesof pre-Claudian
typesfoundin Britain
theresultsof theClaudianinvasion:
are,similarly,
no questionarisesas to theirbeingofanyotherthan
continentalmanufacture.They occur compara- a factlater to be bornein mind
tivelyseldom,
whentheClaudiancopiesmadein Britainare comparedwiththoseof thecontinent.An exampleof
8Probably
ofCaligula's
butfrequently
muled
with
found
reign,
ofTiberius
andClaudius:
cffor
thelatter
Num.
Chron.
types
1931
atLincoln.
p.314 a specimen
8SeeAnnalen
desVereins
und
Altertumskunde
frNassauische
and1912.
Geschichtsforschung,
1904

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ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

is theas of CarthagoNova (Vives,

unusualinterest
La MonedaHispnica, IV, 37. 37) foundat RochesThe
ter,7of stiffstyleand clumsyworkmanship.
otherexamplesare mainlyof theAltartype,as at
or the more frequentAgrippatype,
Wroxeter,8
ofwhichoccurat Roustagein theWychspecimens
Otford
woodForest(Oxon.),9
(Kent),- a brockage,10
- a mulewiththeClaudianMinervaand Lincoln,
typereverse.11
The accessionof Claudius,althoughit was followedin Rome by some years'heavyoutputof
bronzecoinage,was unattended
by any changeof
mints.The frequency
policyin regardto provincial
issuesnow
of imitatedunofficial
on the continent
reachesits peak point: so greatis the floodof
thatit seemsas ifthisunorthoClaudianimitations
if not endox currency
musthave beentolerated,
The figures
couraged,by thecentralgovernment.
fromHofheimshowthat,of thecoinsof Claudius'
are imitations.It is indeed
reign,aboutone fifth
was conthatthislargeproportion
justconceivable
nivedat by theauthorities.But it is morelikely
toallowcommunities
theirwillingness
thatitreflects
to augmentby local issuesthe admittedly
scanty
supplyof bronzefromthe centralmintof Rome:
providedthattheauthentictypewas recognizably
7EastGateHouse
Museum.
8Report,
1913.
P-56.
Num.
Chron.
1863,
p.14s.
10Report,
1928,
p.6.
Num.
Chron.
1.P-3*4193

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

can have had fewgrounds

copied,thegovernment
forobjection.
It now remainsto be seen whetherthe same
can be appliedto Britain. Sir George
hypothesis
and authoritative
Hill, in his important
paperon
the SouthantsHoard,12is disposedto assign a
Gallic originto the Claudiancopiesfoundin this
on the following
grounds:
country,
withwhichtheyoccur.
i. The infrequency
withGaul of the regionsin
ii. The contiguity
whichtheyoccur.
of the nativecoinage(as iniii.The sufficiency
dicatedby its presencein this and other
that it was not suphoards),suggesting
discouraged.
pressed,calledin,or otherwise
An examinationof the evidenceavailable in
provincialmuseumsand recordedin numismatic
literature
makesit possibleto denythevalidityof
each of his firsttwo premises.Hill quotesa few
strayexamplesof ClaudiancopiesfromSouthampand Dorset. The
ton,SantonDownham,
Croydon,
no morethan
claims
to
be
which
list,
following
indicationof
a
fair
gives
representative,
generally
thepartsof Britainwherethesecoinsoccur,and of
Roman
theproportion
thattheybearto theofficial
coinage.13
"Num.Chron.
1911,
pp.42ff.
isWhere
examination
to(Museum),
reference
ismade
personal
toAshm.
references
is implied:
ofClaudian
ofallcoins
period
intheAihmolean
is contained
thatthematerial
Mus.indicate
the
toguarantee
carehasbeentaken
Oxford.
Museum,
Every
aslocal.
inlocalmuseums
ofmaterial
contained
provenance

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ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

KENT
Claudian
RichboroughSome50% of thenumerous
I p. 114,
coinsarecopies. (Reports:
II p. 122.)
some
Maidstone Abouttwentycopiesrepresent
ofClaudian
50%ofthetotalnumber
coins. (Museum.)
but
Rochester Claudiancoinsare notfrequent,
among
copiesare wellrepresented
them. (Museum.)
London

Newbury

MIDDLESEX
of Romancoins
Of thelargenumber
foundin the bed of the Thames,
copiesof Claudiancoins are exnumerous.(Num. Chron.
tremely
ofLondon
1841p. 147;Cat.Museum
p. 92,no.454.)
Antiquities,
BERKSHIRE
Claudiancopiesare foundamongthe
coinsof this
by no meanscommon
reign. (Museum.)

HAMPSHIRE
Claudiancoinsfromthe siteare exandthemajority
numerous,
tremely
of them are copies. (Reading
Museum.)
a good
Winchester Numerouscopies constitute
of the Claudiancoins.
proportion
(Museum.)

Silchester

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

Salisbury
Latton

WILTSHIRE
Copiesarerepresented
amongthefew
orthodox
coinsof Claudianepoch.
(Museum.)
A considerable
ofClaudian
proportion
coins depositedhere consistsof
copies. (Num.Chron.1864p. 216.)

DORSET
Dorchester Copiesaccountforsome20%-^o% of
thefairnumber
of Claudiancoins.
(Museum.)
St. Albans

HERTFORDSHIRE
Claudiancoinsare infrequent,
butinclude severalexamplesof copies.
(Museum.)

*BUCKINGHAMSHIRE

Hambleden Of thesix Claudiancoinsyieldedby

thissite,fivewerecopies. (Archaeologia,Vol. 71 (1920-1) p. 189;
Wroxeter
Rept.(1914)pp. 70 ff.)
OXFORDSHIRE
W00DEATONThis site has suppliedfewcoinsof
Claudius,but thereis at leastone
copy. (Ashm.Museum.)
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Gloucester Claudiancoinsoflocalprovenance
are
and over 50% are
verycommon,
copies. (Museum.)

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ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

coinsof
Cirencester Morethanhalfthenumerous
as at Gloucester.
Claudius
arecopies,
(Museums.)14
CaistorSt.
Edmund

Lincoln

York

NORFOLK
The twoClaudiancoinsso faryielded
by thissiteare bothcopies. (NorwichMuseum.)
LINCOLNSHIRE
At least 50% of the verynumerous
Claudiancoinsare copies. (Musein Num.Chron.
um) (cf.Mattingly
1931pp-313-5)
YORKSHIRE
of Claudian
Ofthesurprising
number
a third
are
coinsoflocalprovenance,
Museum.)
copies. (Yorkshire

SHROPSHIRE
the site producedeight
Wroxeter Originally
- few,ifany,orthoClaudiancoins,
dox (Report,1914). Subsequent
in theForumhave,acexcavations
to information
kindlysupcording
yielded
plied by Prof.Atkinson,
more Claudian coins, of which
are of theMinervatypeas,
twenty
at leastsix copies.
including
14
thoseof theCorinium
Thecollections
examined
include
House.
theCripps
andWatermoor
Museum,
(Bathurst)
Museum,

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

Thereare frequent
examplesfromotherlocalities
of Colchester,15
at
also, as fromthe neighborhood
in
Somerset
R.
S.
1929p. 203),Sandy
(J.
Keynsham,
in Bedfordshire
(Num.Chron.1889p. 333),Asthall,
in Oxfordshire
Ewelme,and Dorchester
(Ashmolean
(Gloucester
Museum), Bolitreein Herefordshire
Museum),BurySt. Edmunds(Museum),Stoke-onTrent(twoexamples:forone Cf. J. R. S. 1930,p.
225: a castofthesecondis in theAshm.Mus.) and
Chester(Museum).
imof mainlychronological
Furtherspecimens,
occurin thefollowing
hoardsor groups:
portance,
Croydon (Surrey) One copy in 2nd. Century
Hoard
hoard. (Num.Chron.
1907
PP-353ff-)
Southants Hoard Thirteen
copiesand fouror(foundnear Dor- thodoxcoinsin 2nd.CenSETborder)
turyhoard. (Num.Chron.
1911 pp. 42 ff.)
Clapton-in-GordanoOne copy in 3rd. Century
hoard. (Num.Chron.
(Somerset)Hoard
1927
pp.209ff.)
Nunney (Somerset) Twocopiesandtwoorthodox
Hoard
coinsinist.Century
hoard.
(Num.Chron.1861pp. 1
ff.)
Astrop (Northants) An exclusively
3rd.Century
Group
coin-groupincludes one
copy. (Rept.Oxfordshire
Arch.Soc. 1911, pp. 12 ff.
16Inthepossession
oftheRev.G.M.Benton,
ofthe
Secretary
Essex
Archaeological
Society.

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IO

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

Astrop (Northants) The coinis in the Ashm.

Group(Cont.)
Museum.)
would multiplythesereFurtherinvestigation
As theystand,however,
sultsalmostindefinitely.
theyleavenodoubtas to theneedforreconsidering
of
Hill's conclusions.First,as to the frequency
- It is hardto makeanyapproximate
thesecopies:
that thesecopies
of the proportion
computation
issueswhentheinvestigation
bearto theorthodox
as at Richis on a nationalscaleand notconfined,
a
well-defined
area.
or
to
Hofheim,
single
borough
is of a
But it is quiteevidentthattheproportion
size,and ifwe wereto put it at
veryconsiderable
about 20% on an averageoverthe wholearea in
whichClaudiancoinsare found,we shouldnotbe
as maybe
farfromthetruth. In certainlocalities,
is welloverhalf. Secondly,
noted,the proportion
thearea overwhichtheyoccur,we
in considering
cannotfail to noticethat theyare evenlyspread
overalmostall theregionembraced
bytheClaudian
conquest,and that theyare foundeven beyond
whatmightbe expectedto formtheirlogicalboundStaffordshire,
ary. The examplesfromYorkshire,
and Shropshire
clearlyshow the extentof their
that
It can scarcelybe held17
spreadnorthward.16
181aminformed
ofthe
andMr.W.P.Hedley
byMr.G.Askew
thatClaudian
BlackGateMuseum,
copies
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
the
Thisconfirms
orDurham.
inNorthumberland
arenotfound
1
Chron.
ofSirG.Macdonald
191
byHillinNum.
quoted
opinion
ina
toberecognized
is perhaps
straggler
pp.42ff.A possible
Soc.
seeProc.
siteinScotland:
coinfound
attheMumrills
worn
Vol.LXIII,p.SSI.
Scot.
Antiquar.
17Conclusions
must
ofthese
distribution
astotheexact
copies

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

ii

in theparts
thesecopiesoccuronly,orevenchiefly,
to Gaul. Thisis notto deny
of Britaincontiguous
ofexamplesmayhavefound
thata certainnumber
it
theirway across the Channel. Nevertheless
wouldbe illogicalto attributea Gallic originto
a groupof coins spreadover the greaterpart of
Britainon the groundthat a fewexamplesmay
fromthecontinent.
havebeenimported
little
is of comparatively
Hill's thirdhypothesis
coinagemayormay
importance.The nativeBritish
nothavebeenrecalled,and in anycase it doesnot
seem to have providedan abundantsupplyof
bronze small change. Hoards containingboth
and
Britishand Romancoinsare notuncommon,18
the generalimpression
gainedfromthemis that,
whilethe autonomous
gold,silverand evenbillon
continuedto circulatefairlysteadilyduringthe
firstcenturyA. D., the Romanbronzealmostat
theneedfora
oncecameintoitsownas supplying
tokencoinage.
whichascribes
thatno theory
It appearstherefore
a continental
originto thesecopiescan be basedon
or of their
groundseitherof theirinfrequency
restriction
to theextreme
South,or of theirsuperhave
theRomanoBritish
sites
berather
tentative
until
necessarily
as
inasmuch
examined.
Buttheabove
beensystematically
lists,
arefairly
ofthevarious
Romano-British
areas,
they
representative
for
ourmain
suffice
hypothesis.
18SeetheTimsbury
Chron.
1908,
Lightcliffe
(Num.
pp.80-1),
Santon
Downham
Chron.
1861pp.79ff.),
Chron.
(Num.
(Num.
Bitterne
Chron.
1869
Honley
1897
pp.293ff.),
pp.319ff.),
(Num.
Hoards.
Chron.
Proc.1908p. 11),andSouthants
(Num.

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12

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

besidethenativeBritish
issues. Thereappear
fluity
to be no otherobviousreasonsforsupposing
them
to be importations,
and we are drivento theconclusionthattheywerestruckfrequently,
andovera
widearea, in Britainitself. This suddenfloodof
irregularcoins can be associatedonly with the
Claudian invasion. The actual area over which
of the
theyare foundexactlycoversthe districts
firstconquests:examplesfoundbeyondthe Fosse
Waybearwitnessto thespreadofthenewcoinage,
and also to its continuance
duringthesubsequent
of the actual
yearsof conquest. An examination
typesfoundis equallystrongevidencefortheconnectionof thesecopieswiththe Claudianlegions.
Sestertii
are of rareoccurrence,
as copies. In the
listof coinswhichservedas a basisforthispaper,
less than5% werecopiedsestertii.Dupondiiare
muchcommoner,
and accountforsome25%. But
it is the as thatwe findmostfrequently
imitated:
some70% oftheClaudiancopiesfoundin England
areso accounted
for. Therecanbe smalldoubtthat
of Clauthewidespread
and suddendissemination
diancoinsbythelegionsoftheconquestleddirectly
to theirmoreor less generalimitation
throughout
thearea undercontrol,
the commoner
typesnatuto
rallybeingmostoftencopied. It is interesting
note that the titleP. P. is hardlyeverfoundon
in Britain:the exampleswith
thecopiesoccurring
P. P. quotedbyHill fromtheSouthants Hoardare
to differrareexceptions.Althoughit is difficult
entiatein datebetweentheissueswithandwithout

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

13

be held that the earlier

P. P., it may justifiably
issues were,in the main,thosewhichnaturally
Britainwiththelegions.19
entered
our
The Claudiancopiesfoundin Britainconfirm
of thevarious
of therelativefrequency
knowledge
, almostall areofthe
imperial
types. Ofthesestertii
an
I):
{Plate
interesting
exceptype
Spes Augusta
at York.
tionis thecoinwithrev.Ob CivesServatos,
The dupondiiincludeboththeCeresAugustatype
(PlateII) and the coins struckwithobv.Antonia
of Claudius' mother
Augustain commemoration
classis themorefrequent.
{PlateIII, 1-8): theformer
Libertas
The assesincludetheConstantiae
Augusti,
and Minervatypes{PlatesIII , 9-10 & IV-VIII ):
is offairly
ofthesethefirst
steadythoughnotvery
whilethesecondis rare. The
occurrence,
frequent
Minervatypeis foundin an overwhelming
proporin
seemto be unknown
tion. Copiesof quadrantes
Britain.
ofall theforegoing
Imitations
typesarefoundin
anddebasement,
stagesofdegradation
veryvarying
to forma simplesysand it nowbecomesnecessary
temof classification
by whichall Claudiancopies
judged.20The systemhere
may be conveniently
19It might
ofClaudian
thatimitations
/Eentered
beobjected
asbythemedium
ofthe
from
Gaulnotsomuch
Britain
bytrade
be
thatlegions
chests.Butitcannot supposed
actual
military
from
Rome
their
derived
cash-consignments
anywhere
except
itself.
20Eachgroup
inthePlates
isheaded
illustrated
ofcoins
bya
asa means
ofrendering
andorthodox
ofofficial
coin
manufacture,
indicates
theGrade
to
easier.TheKeytothePlates
comparison
coinhasbeen
eachillustrated
which
assigned.

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14

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

fourgradesofdebasement,
as
adopteddistinguishes
follows:
Grade I containscoinswhichshowall thedetail,
and muchof the excellenceof fabric,possessed
butlacktheessentially
Roman
bytheirprototype,
ofthemodel. The legendsare correct.
character
Grade II embracescoinsof rougherfabricthan
inadditiona growing
GradeI, showing
inaccuracy
of detail. The legends,wherever
thesize of the
flanallowsoftheirbeingproperly
seen,appearto
be correct.
Grade III includestheroughand unskilful
produccrudeand barbarousstyle.
tionsof. thoroughly
thelegendsare eitherhopeWithfewexceptions
or non-existent.
lesslyblundered
Grade IV is reservedfor the rare instancesof
reversalof one or bothtypes;i. e. as whenthe
head is facingr. insteadof 1.,withor withouta
reversaloftherev
. type.
corresponding
Techniqueand style are the only criteriaby
whichthesecopiescan be compared:weight,alofspecithoughwhenaveragedout overa number
mensit givesresultsofconsiderable
interest,21
may
in the case of singlecoins.
be highlymisleading
Under the headingof technique,or fabric,are
includedthe following:
a. The shapeoftheflan.
b. The reliefoftheobv.and rev.types.
21Seebelow,
p.20.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

15

c. The positionof the types (i. e. corrector

reversed).
ofdies.
d. The adjustment
ofstyle,thereare considered
:As matters
the
treatment
of
the
a The head22
e.
features,
(i.
hair,neckand bust).
of theposib. The rev
. type(i. e. thetreatment
tionand thedrapery
or armour).
c. Obv.and rev.legends(i. e. theiraccuracyand
and theformof theletters).
position,
d. The border.
of theseRomano-British
The prototypes
copies
possessin everycase mostofthequalitiesofa good
and attractive
coin. Designed,as theywere,at a
timewhenthestandardof numismatic
portraiture
a highpointofvigourand skill,
was approaching
head,excellently
proportioned
theyshowa forceful
to the size of the field,surrounded
by a legend
of clearand finelettering
(cf. Plate IV, 1). The
reversesare equally successful:in particularthe
of Minerva,gracefully
clad,hurling
figure
arresting
herweaponin a fieldemptybutforthelargeletters
a typethatappealsto the
S C (PlateV, I, 2), forms
and
imitation.Both the
encourages
imagination
offwitha borderof
obv.and rev.typeswerefinished
are well roundedand
dots. The flansthemselves
is carefuland sharp.
thestriking
22Twomain
ofhead
arefound,
thelong,
head,
types
flat-topped
domed
head(cf.Plate
arefound
andthetall,
IV,3,7). Both
types
from
thetwocorresponding
andresult
indiscriminately,
types
Roman
issues.
ontheofficial
found

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i6

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

The FirstGradeofdegradation
is subtleandoften
hardto analyse. But,in a generalway,it maybe
theRomano-British
said that,fromthefirst,
copies
characterof the originals.This
lack the definite
impliesneitherunskilful
techniquenorpoorstyle:
theflanscontinued
on thecontrary,
to be of fairly
goodshape,thoughtheymayfallto as littleas 25
is not frequent
mm.in diameter.Die-adjustment
in the
in thisGrade,butit occursfarlessfrequently
is
second,thirdand fourthGrades. The striking
in mostcasescareful
and therelief
good,thoughthe
reversestend to sufferin comparisonwith the
oneofthecharacteristics
obverses,
forming
thereby
ofthisGrade:italmostseemsas ifthedie-engravers,
whileanxiousto reproducethe fulldetail of the
in rendering
thecomplexifounddifficulties
original,
of Minerva
ties of the reverse,and particularly
these coins are not
(cf. Plate V). Stylistically,
is clearlydelineated
and
merit:theportrait
without
althoughthe characterization
fullyrecognizable,
(cf.PlateII, 2, 6 and V, 3, 6).
mayappearuncertain
of Claudius,twoofthe
In thecase of theportraits
of theprototypes,
chieffeatures
namely,thelong,
and theindication
muscular
neck,neatlyindented,
of the bust below,are almostalways faithfully
in
copied. The reversetypes,althoughfrequently
lowrelief,
showaccuracyand vigour. The legends,
withperhapsa
011bothobv.and rev.,are correct,
ofA (A): thelettersare
fortheopenform
preference
regular,orthodoxin size, and properlyspaced.
finished
off
Bothsidesof thesecoinsare commonly
witha borderofdots(cf.PlateII, 4).

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

17

Coinsof theSecondGradeare moreeasilyrecognized,fornow,besidestheabsenceof Romancharof rougher

fabric
acter,thereis theaddedcriterion
allied with inaccuratedetail. Flans are more
in shape,and are frequently
too smallfor
irregular
thedies:thisis notablythecasewiththenumerous
Silchester
a
group(cf. Plate VI, 8). Occasionally
flanhas all theappearanceofhavingbeenrestruck.
The reliefoftheobv.ofthisclassofcoinsis notice. now
ablylowerthanthatofGradeI, whiletherev
receivesgreatercare and emphasis. Already,perto whomfellthework
haps,someof themoneyers
ofcopyingtheofficial
coinsfoundin therev
. types,
and especiallyin thatof Minerva,a morestirring
thanwas possessedby theheadof the
composition
thesecoinsshowa technique
obv. Viewedgenerally,
thatis adequateif nothighlycompetent.It is in
thematterofstylethatthereis thegreatest
falling
off. The head,now seldomrecognizable,
exhibits
whichcharacterizes
littleoftheflairforportraiture
theoriginals:
thefeatures
areeitherflatand dull,or
caricatured
(Plate VI, 1, IV, 3). The hairis careand thereis an obviousreluctance
to
lesslyworked,
of the neckmuscles(Plate
attemptthe modelling
VI). The rev.typesshowthe same tendencyto
and lifelessness.Boththeobv.and rev.
inaccuracy
legendsappear to be correctin substance,where
off
theyare readable,but in formthereis a falling
herealso.
The coinsofGradesI and II are theproductions
whereLatin was either
of literatecommunities,

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18

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

understood
in use orat leastso commonly
generally
in thecopying.The ThirdGrade
as to losenothing
,
embracingthe Minervatype almost exclusively
(Plate VII: cf.PlateIII , 6-8), is composedchiefly
of the workof illiteratesto whomLatin was a
closedbook,forthe majorityof legendsare either
blundered
or, in the worseexamples,non-existent.
In all respects,
thesecoinsare crudeand barbarous.
The flansare of all shapes,and varyin size from
- hardlygreaterthana largedebased
28-22 mm.,
antoninianus.In somecases theyhave obviously
mostof
a longprocessof restriking:
beenthrough
themare too smallforthe dies,and nearlyall of
themhave one or both dies badly centred(cf.
PlateIII , 6, VII , 1). Reliefis forthemostpartlow.
Fromthepointofviewofstyle,thisgroupincludes
coins almostworthyof inclusionin the Second
to GradeIII on account
Grade,whicharerelegated
fabric(cf. Plaie VII , 1): and at
of greatlyinferior
theotherend of the scale appearexamplesof the
utmostdegreeof barbarism.In nearlyeverycase
the head is of a newand purelyformaltype,reabsenceofmodelmarkableforan almostcomplete
ling:theheadis blockedout in a mass,theeye,ear
or
and mouthbeingrepresented
by indentations
to
It
is
Plate
incisions
6,
VII, 3, 7).
interesting
(cf.
observethat,in thisgroup,Claudius'chinis usually
- a characterization
neverpresent
andsquare,
strong
in theRomanprototypes.He is givena rudeshock
of hair,and his neck,whetherthinor thick,is
in a plaintruncation.
longand terminates
generally

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

19

The rev
. typeis as devoidofskillas theobv
., butit
a certainvigour. In manycasesthe
stillpreserves
has changedits sex, and has conMinerva-figure
shedall drapery
(PlateVII , 3) : frequently
sequently
tracesof draperyremainin purelyconventional
betweenthe legs (Plate
form,such as _L,vL,
VII , 2, 6, 7). Rareexamplesshowthetypeundergoinga moreradicalchange,in whichpostureand
action are such that the type may properlybe
calleda newone. Coinsof thisgroupare notunfoundpiercedforsuspension.
commonly
The FourthGradeis no morebarbarousthan
GradeIII in respectofdegreeofdebasement,
being
designedmerelyto includeexamplesof reversed
typesuppliesthe only
types. Here the Minervaspecimens(Plate VIII). In one sensethesecoins
sinceit seemsas
are theresultofpainstaking
effort,
so
his
ifthedie-engraver
uponhis
kept eye carefully
modelthat he forgotto engravehis designin a
! Oftherareexamplesthatoccur,
reversed
position
interest.These two coins
two are of exceptional
in
VIII
are
the BritishMuseumand
, 1-2)
(Plate
both obverses
Maidstone Museum respectively:
,
head to r., with
whichshowa crude,blocked-out
blundered
legend,are fromthesamedie:
retrograde
hasa revwithMinerva1.,
coin
while
the
B.
M.
but,
and legendD 3, the Maidstonespecimen,which
oftheobv.die to be a later
appearsbythecondition
showsthe rev.typer., withlegendS C.
striking,
reversalof typescarriedto the
This mayrepresent

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20

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

seconddegree. Otherexamplesof GradeIV come

and St. Albans.24
fromAstrop(Northants)23
As has been said before,the questionof the
withcaution:
ofthesecopiesmustbe treated
weights
so faras the gradingis concerned,
weightis only

TYPE

ORTHODOX
Exx. Av.

Sestertius.
[General]
Ceres
Dupondius.
Antonia
Dupondius.
As.Constantia

13 26. 70
5 154
4

14.88

As. Libertas

7 10.89
7 10.20

As.Minerva

6 10.97

the evidenceof style,

admissibleas confirming
since the weightsof individualspecimensin any
in theaveragetheygiveuseful
givenclass,although
information,
vary widelyin themselves.For inassesfromWoodeatonand
stance,Constantia-type
23Rept.Oxfordshire
1 (thecoinis intheAshSoc.191
Arch.
molean
Museum).
24Journ.
Isles.
Vol.Ill,part
Ass.Brit.
i,PlateIII.
Antiqu.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

21

Dorchester
(Oxon.),bothof GradeII, weigh10.65
and Minerva-type
gm. and 4.99 gm. respectively,
assesfromLincolnand Winchester,
bothof Grade
III, weigh8.75 gm. and 2.60 gm. respectively.
But a calculationof the averageweightsof coins
COPIES
GradeI.

GradeII.

GradeIII.

GradeIV.

Exx. Av. Exx. Av. Exx. Av. Exx. Av.

7 25.33
15 II. 41

15.49
12.12

12.96

4
2

4
2

9-39

8.55

8.75

[il

[8.85]

27

8.53 14

9.00

6.78 15

5.60

9.46

5.32

whichhave been firstgradedby groundsof style

and fabricalone gives interesting
results. The
table above sets out theseresults,and givesfor
comparisonthe averageweightsof the orthodox
coinsto whichthevariouscopiescorrespond.
of the Grade II averagesof
Withthe exception
the Ceresand Libertastypes,both of whichare
somewhatinvalidatedby the small numberof

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22

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

availableforweighing,
thesefigures
conspecimens
firmin a remarkably
thorough
way the resultsof
previousclassification
by style. The rarecopiesof
sestertii
in GradeI,
droplittlemorethana gramme
but GradeII showsa further
dropof 10 grammes.
Withthesmallerdenominations
thedecreaseis less
uneven. GradeI is from2-4 grammes
lowerthan
the orthodoxweightin the case of the dupondii
,
andfrom1-2grammes
lowerinthecaseof theasses.
The lowerGradesof bothdenominations
showa
consistently
decreasing
weight:in GradesIII and
IV of theMinerva-type
as, theweightis onlyabout
one halfof the fullorthodoxweight. In general,
it maybe saidthattheweightofGradeI specimens
of all denominations
and typesshowsonlya small
reduction,and that Grade II specimensof the
commoner
denominations
and typesshowno very
drasticreduction:it is in the Grade III and IV
of the frequent
Minervaexamplesthat
specimens
new weightstandardseemsto have
a completely
beenreached.
Evidenceof provenance,frequency,
style and
weighthas nowbeengiven,and reasonshavebeen
it to be certainthatthesecopies
shownforthinking
in Britain. It remains
werewidelymanufactured
and by whom
to inquireunderwhatcircumstances
and to determinethe
they were manufactured,
periodof time throughwhichtheirmanufacture
persisted.The sharpdivisionofthefourGradesof
one literateand one
copiesintotwomainsections,
formsa possiblestarting
almostentirely
illiterate,

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

23

that the ordinary

point:it is well to remember
Romano-British
villagewas onlyverysuperficially
in
was bredchiefly
Roman,and thatRomanization
in or nearthetowns
thetowns.26It is, naturally,
ofgood
thatthemajority
ofcopies,and particularly
copies, is found. These towns may be either
suchas Lincoln,
andmilitary
administrative
centres,
York and Gloucester,
or tribalcapitalssuch as
Dorchester(Dorset), Silchesterand
Winchester,
Cirencester.From the prevalenceof Claudian
townsit seemsalmostcertain
copiesin themilitary
musthavebeenhad to thecoiningof
thatrecourse
local issuesas an official
methodof upplementing
themilitary
chest:thechestmaynothavebeentoo
and an armyin Britain
fullat thetimeofconquest,
was in a precarious
positionifit had to drawall its
suppliesofcashfromthemintat Rome. The proenough:
portionof copiesat Lincolnis remarkable
it is stillmoreremarkable
at York,whichlay outside the conquestboundary. By the time that
PetiliusCerialismovedLegio IX fromLincolnto
York(A. D. 71), Flaviancoinageand thepreceding
issuesofNerowerepresumably
circulating
regularly
in Britain,
and perhapstheClaudiancopiesat York
. by some kind of
indicatean earlieroccupation,
beendeemed
has
hitherto
than
force,
expeditionary
we mustassumethatClaudian
thecase. Otherwise
whether
a largepartofthecurrency,
copiesformed
although,on
militaryor not, untilthe seventies,,
grounds,the excellenceof the
purelynumismatic
Cf.Collingwood,
Roman
Britain,
pp.86ff.

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24

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

is againstthislatterhypothesis.Gloucesimitation
terprobablysaw thelegionsof Claudiusas partof
of conquest:hereagainthe
theregularprogramme
number
ofhigh-class
copiesis verygreat.26
that
It is, then,difficult
to resistthe conclusion
oflocal
theRomanofficials
saw to themanufacture
the paymentof
coinageas a meansof continuing
suchsemi-official
thelegionaries:27
copieswouldbe
or by native
executedeitherby camp-moneyers
be inwould
since
Britishcraftsmen,
and,
they
theirstyle and
tendedfor militarycirculation,
weightwould be fairlyaccurate. The Grade I
fulfiltheseconditions.In time
copies faithfully
to circulatethroughthe tribal
would
come
they
that
or country
townsof thecivildistricts
centres,
lay betweenand behindthe chiefRomanmilitary
posts,and musthave been welcomedas a muchneededadditionto the existingsuppliesof small
theywould
change. Onceabsorbedintocurrency,
themselvesbe subject to imitation,the secondand
lessfaithful
degreecopiesbeingproportionately
token
a
were
in
since
purely
they
lighter weight
unitof payment.
coinage,and no longera military
It is in theGradeII copiesthatwe shouldexpectto
findthis class of coinage. They are extremely
as Cirencester,
numerous
at suchcentres
Silchester,
and Dorchester(Dorset),whichwere
Winchester
26It maybeadded
atthe
found
ofcopies
thattheproportion
beexplained
ofWroxeter
Claudian
parallel
byexactly
may
outpost
causes.
27Richborough
where
addioneofthefirst
wasmanifestly
places
numerous.
arethere
andcopies
issues
would
bestruck,
tional
very

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

25

ofthebest
towns,composed
civil,and notmilitary,
nativeBritishelementsand capableof producing
passablecopies. In theprocessoftradetheymust
as is perhapsto be
widecirculation
havehada fairly
seenby theexamplesfoundat Dorchester
(Oxon.)
(Plate IV , 6), Woodeaton(Plate IV , 5), Asthall
(Plate VI, 2) and at Bolitreein Herefordshire
theymusthavefrequently
(PlateVI, 5) : moreover,
foundtheirwayintothelargerand military
towns,
as specimensat Richborough,St. Albans and
Gloucester
go to show.
anddistinctions
cannotofcourse
Ourattributions
sincetheremusthavebeen
be entirely
water-tight,
manyexamplesof Grade II copiesmade in the
imitation
townsas a resultofsuccessive
Romanized
of GradeI copies:in the second-class
towns,too,
such as Silchester,
regularimitationof Grade II
coinsprobablyled to theproduction
of manyexamplesofGradeIII, as thecoinsfromthesitetend
of
to show. But it is unlikelythatthe imitation
as longin eitherfirstor
Claudiancoinscontinued
secondclasstownsas it did in smalland essentially
whitherfreshissues of
un-Romansettlements,
orthodox
coinagewouldfindtheirwayonlyslowly
and it is in dealingwiththelower
and irregularly:
Gradesthatwe arebrought
illiterate
and chiefly
up
mostseriously
againstthequestionof theduration
of theSeries. It is perhapsa legitimate
conjecture
thatcopiesofGradesIII and IV, whichclearlyinvolved no specialistknowledgeof coining,were
in the remoterand less civilized
manufactured

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26

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

of the
centresfairlysoonafterthefirstcirculation
Claudianseries. Suchcopieswouldvaryin degree
to thenaturalcapacityor
ofdebasement
according
debasement
ofthecopyist.Butextreme
incapacity
a seriesof everof stylemay also resultthrough
and since thereis some
increasingdegradation,
circulation
ofthese
evidenceforthelong-continued
to accountfora proporcopies,it maybe necessary
tion of the morebarbarousexamplesby the hylatenessof
pothesisthattheyareofan unsuspected
manufacture.
of Claudiancopiesin the
The regularcirculation
A. D. is shownbysuchhoardsas those
first
century
and Nunney,25
and further
at Timsbury28
examples
to be recognized
areprobably
amongthemanyworn
in
theearlycurrency
Claudiancoinswhichformed
is atcirculation
RomanWales.30Second-century
and CroydonHoards;32
testedby the Southants31
ofthese,buriedaboutA. D. 150,contained
thefirst
thirteen
examples,whilethe second,dated a few
yearsearlier,also includeda specimen.That they
is
wellon intothethirdcentury
werestillcurrent
comHoard,33
provedby the Clapton-in-Gordano
88Num.
Chron.
1908,
pp.80-81.
18Num.
Chron.
1861,
pp.1ff.
80Cf.Wheeler,
Rom.Fortat Brecon
, (1926),
p. 90:Gardner,
Cambr.
atCaerhun,
Co.Carnarvon
Rom.
Fort
1925),
p.322;
(Arch.
Fort
at Caerleon
Cambr.
Rom.
NashWilliams.
Legionary
(Arch.
Castle
Grimes,
, Denbighshire
(Y CymmLyons
1932)
pp.100ff.;
rodor
1930)
p.89.
31
Loc.cit.
88Num.
Chron.
1907.
PP-3S3ff.
uNum.
Chron.
1927,
PP-209ff.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

27

Gallienusto Maximian,
together
posedofcoinsfrom
of
Minervawitha barbarous
typeas. Theevidence
this last hoardis confirmed
by a groupof coins
none
foundat Astrop,King's Sutton,Northants,
of which,exceptfora Grade IV Minervatypeas
{Plate VIII j 3), was struckbeforethe reignof
Tetricus.34
Of the foregoing
hoards,thatfromSouthantsis
since
themostvaluableforpurposesofchronology,
it servesto remindus that,evenin the middleof
was
thesecondcentury,
coinageofa nativepattern
still extant,if not being actuallymanufactured.
The presencein thissamehoardof a considerable
of Claudian copies gives rise to the
proportion
whoperhaps
thatthe Britishworkmen
speculation
of autonomous
still specializedin the production
mayhavelookedupontheClaudiantypes
currency
witha respectanalogousto thatfeltby theancient
or by their
ArabiansfortheAtheniantetradrachm,
modernsuccessorsforthe Maria Theresadollar.
If we could postulatea productionof Claudian
the
copiesdownto themiddleofthesecondcentury,
laterwouldbe a
a century
occurrence
ofspecimens
verynaturalpossibility.AfterA. D. 150 thesupthe
plies of bronzein Britainprobablysufficed
have
been
it
well
before
districts:
that,
may
country
and
to resortto fairlyregularimitation,
necessary
is morenaturalthanthatthechoiceof the
nothing
copyistsshouldfallupontheearliestRomanseries
knownto thecountry.It is therefore
possiblethat,
MRept.
Arch.
Oxfordshire
Soc.,191
1,pp.12ff.

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28

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

whilemanyoftheGradeIII and IV examplesrepimitationin backward

resentfairlycontemporary
a considerable
number
and un-Roman
districts,
may
also be assignedto a periodlastinguntilabout a
unskilful
as the increasingly
centuryafterwards,
craftsmen.
productsof ruraland uncivilized
If thishypothesis
is true,it may,in combination
with the undoubtedfact that the post-Claudian
coinagesweremoreplentiful,
help to explainthe
of imitationsof subsecomparativeinfrequency
quentissues. Strayexamplescan be quoted,such
as theasses of Nero,one in theCroydonHoard36
and
and one in the LincolnMuseum,a sestertius
an as of Vespasianat Dorchester(Dorset)36and
a dupondius
and an as of
Cirencester
respectively,
of
and York,and a sestertius
Trajanat Woodeaton37
exHadrianat Cirencester.UndertheAntonines
amplesoccurless seldom,but are neverfrequent:
are foundat Woodcopiesof typesof Antoninus
and Maidstone,of Aureliusat
Gloucester
eaton,38
ofFaustinaII at
andapparently
Woodeaton
again,39
Chesters40
and Cirencester.But thesecoinsare in
withthe
everysensecasualexamplesin comparison
numbersof Claudiancopiesthat occur: mostof
in style,and shouldprobably
themaresophisticated
be assignedsomesuchoriginas has beententatively
86Loc.cit.
This
sestertius
only
weighs
13.21
gm.
37Num.
Chron.
Pl.X,no.2.
1933
38Ibid.no.3.
39Ibid.no.4.
40Ibid.no.i.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

29

givento GradeI and II copiesofClaudius. In the

theClaudiantypemaywellhave
remoter
districts
in vogue.
continued
of
Once the large bronzeissues of Antoninus,
whichcertaintypesseem to have been specially
had succeededin
intendedfor Britishcurrency,
the country,imitationof
throughout
penetrating
bronzemust have virtuallyceased: silver then
becametheproblem.But untilthattimeit is, as
has beenseen,quiteprobablethatthecopiesofthe
originalClaudiancoinagehad a steadycirculation.
in originand style,it
Though widelydiffering
wouldappearthattheyall playedan important
part
in supplementing
themeagrecurrency
ofa province
thatwas as pooras it was remote.
Note
Supplementary
Since the precedingpaper was written,
certain
additionalexamplesof Claudiancopieshave come
to hand. For the sake of completeness
theseare
heregiven.
SUSSEX
Chichester
An imitatedsestertius
of the
NeroDrusustype. (Rev.N.
Shaw,Fishbourne.)
SOMERSET (cf.p. 00)
CombeSt. Nicholas Two imitated
dupondii.
CombeDown
One imitated
.
dupondius
HamHill
Threeimitatedasses, one of
which,weighing
only 3.10

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30

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

gm.,isa remarkable
example
of debasement. (All in
TauntonMuseum.)
One imitatedas belongsto
Wells
thisdistrict.(Museum.)
ESSEX
as. (Rev.G. M.
Colchesterdistrict Oneimitated
Benton,
Fingringhoe.)
YORKSHIRE
Four imitatedasses in the
(? near York)
BlackGate Museum,Newcastle(Stephens
Collection)
are, accordingto Mr. G.
to be given
Askew,
probably
a Yorkshire
provenance.
HamHill ( Cont
.)

NORTHUMBERLAND(cf
p. 10)
coins
bronze
Coventina'sWell, OfsevenClaudian
on loanfor
Procolitia
kindlyprocured
the writerfromChesters
Museumby Mr. G. Askew,
nofewer
thansixarecopies,
and
one beinga dupondius
fiveasses, the lightestof
whichweighs
only3.37gm.
in
The coins accumulated
ofcourse,
thisdeposit
cannot,
be subjectedto the strict
local analysiswhichis applicableto other groups:
nevertheless,
copiesofClaudian bronzewereevidently

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

31

incirculation
intheextreme
northof England,and the
viewadoptedin noteno 16
to p. io preceding
requires
modification.
consequent
Other examplesare recordedas havingbeen
foundat Boughton Monchelseain Kent (Archaein Hampshire
ologia,Vol.29, 1842,p. 418), Bitterne
in
(Num. Chron.1934,p. 223), GreatChesterford
in
Essex (Num. Chron.1934,p. 225), Kingsholm
Vol. i8, 1817,p. 122),
Gloucestershire
(Archaeologia,
Dustonin Northamptonshire
(Num.Chron.1934,
(Victoria
p. 221) and at Stapenhillin Derbyshire
i, p. 275). Specimens
CountyHistory,Derbyshire
of bothdupondiiand asses fromHuntingdonshire
Museum
are recordedas being in Peterborough
i, p.
(VictoriaCounty History,Huntingdonshire
236).

Coventina'sWell,
Procoltia (Cont
.)

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32

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

LIST OF COINS
ILLUSTRATED IN THE PLATES41
PLATE I
(Type:M. and S. 64)
1. Sestertius.LegendE. Orthodox.29.77.Ashm.
2. Sestertius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 25.92.
B. M.
3. Sestertius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 24.62.
Maidstone.
4. Sestertius.LegendD. Copy. GradeII 14.59.
B. M.
5. Sestertius.LegendD. Copy. GradeII 16.00.
Ashm.
6. Sestertius.Legend?. Copy. GradeII
B. M.
PLATE II
(Type:M. and S. 67)
1. Dupondius.LegendD. Orthodox.
12.71. Ashm.
2. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 13.03.
Cirencester.
3. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI
Author.
4. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 14.25.
York.
5. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 10.95.
Ashm.
6. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 11.28.
Lincoln.
7. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeI 12.94.
Maidstone.
Theillustrations
either
in the
ofcoins,
include
a number
Museum
Museum
British
( = Ashm.),
( = B.M.)ortheAshmolean
these
are
cannot
beguaranteed:
a British
towhich
provenance
References
ofdegraded
togive
a fuller
series
inserted
types.
merely
aretoMattingly
andSydenham
descriptions
( = M.andS.),whose
oflegends
inthespecification
title
areobserved
oftheimperial
D andE.
without
P.P.asLegends
andwith

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

33

8. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 9.12.

Dorchester
(Dorset).
9. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 11.55.
Gloucester.
10. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 9.07.
Gloucester.
11. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeII 12.06.
Dorchester
(Dorset).
12. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeII 9.20.
Ashm.
PLATE III
(TYPES:1-8,M. ANDS. 82; 9-10,M. and S. 69).
1. Dupondius.LegendD. Orthodox.14.07. Ashm.
2. Dupondius.LegendD . Copy. Gradei 11.67.
Cirencester.
3. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 10.47.
4. Dupondius.LegendD. Copy. GradeI 14.27.
Ashm.
5. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeII 11.36.
Ashm.
6. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeIII 10.20.
Lincoln.
7. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeIII
Stoke-on-Trent.
8. Dupondius.Legend?. Copy. GradeIII 7.80.
Gloucester.
9. As.
LegendD. Orthodox.12.42. Ashm.
10. As.
Legend?. Copy.GradeI 11.75.York
PLATE IV
(Type:M. and S. 68)
1. As. LegendD. Orthodox. 11.32.Ashm.
2. As. LegendD. Copy.GradeI 12.07.B-M.
3. As. LegendD. Copy.GradeII 10.72.Ashm.
B. M.
4. As. Legend?. Copy.GradeII
5. As. Legend?. Copy.GradeII 10.65.Woodeaton
6. As. Legend?. Copy.GradeII 4.99.Dorchester
(Oxon.).
7. As. LegendD. Copy.GradeII 7.75.Lincoln.
8. As. LegendD. Copy.GradeII 7.53.Cirencester.

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34

ROMANO-BRITISH IMITATIONS

PLATE V. (ALL GRADE I)

(Type:M. an S. 66)
1. As. LegendD. Orthodox.11.77. Ashm.
2. As. LegendE. Orthodox.12.38. Ashm.
3. As. LegendD. Copy.10.05.York.
B. M.
4. As. LegendD. Copy.
5. As. Legend?. Copy.12.20.Lincoln.
6. As. LegendD. Copy. 9.35.Ashm.
(Dorset).
7. As. Legend?. Copy. 8.54.Dorchester
8. As. LegendD. Copy. 8.50.Ashm.
(Dorset).
9. As. Legend?. Copy. 4.43. Dorchester
10. As. LegendD. Copy. 9.97. Dorchester
(Dorset).
11. As. LegendD. Copy. 6.89.Silchester.
12. As. Legend?. Copy. 5.79.Ewelme.
PLATE VI. (ALL GRADE II)
(Type:as last Plate)
1. As. LegendD. Copy. 7.59. Rochester.
2. As. Legend?. Copy. 6.85. Asthall.
(Dorset).
3. As. LegendD . Copy. 7.15. Dorchester
B. M.
4. As. Legend?. Copy.
5. As. Legend?. Copy. 8.55. Bolitree.
6. As. Legend?. Copy. 7.39. Ashm.
7. As. Legend?. Copy. 7.14. Gloucester.
8. As. Legend?. Copy.4.83. Silchester.
9. As. LegendD. Copy. 6.32. Cirencester.
10. As. Legend?. Copy. 6.10. Lincoln.

1. As.
2. As.
3. As.
4. As.
5. As.
6. As.
7. As.
8. As.
9. As.

PLATE VII. (ALL GRADE III)

(Type:as. last Plate)
LegendD?. Copy. 4.99. Silchester.
Copy. 5.09. Gloucester.
Legend?.
LegendD?. Copy. 7.40. Winchester.
(Blundered.)Copy. 6.65. Ashm.
LegendD?. Copy. 8.75. Lincoln.
(Blundered.)Copy. 5.51. Lincoln.
(Blundered.)Copy. 4.53. Gloucester.
B. M.
(Blundered.)Copy.
B. M.
(Blundered.)Copy.

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BRONZE COINS OF CLAUDIUS I

10. As. (Blundered.)Copy.
11. As. (Blundered.)Copy.
12. As. (Blundered.)Copy.

35

B. M.
B. M.
B. M.

PLATE VIII. (ALL GRADE IV)

(Type:as last Plate)
B. M.
I.42As. (Legendblundered.)
Copy.
2. As. (Legendblundered.)
Copy.6.04.Maidstone.
3. As. (Legendblundered.)
Copy.4.60.Astrop.
48Nos.i and2arefrom
obverse
thesame
die:cf.p.19above.

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PLATES

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ANCOIN-TYPES
BRITISH
IMITATIONS
OFCLAUDI

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Pl. I

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ANCOIN-TYPES
BRITISH
IMITATIONS
OFCLAUDI

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PLATEII

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BRITISH
IMITATIONS
OFCLAUDIAN
COIN-TYPES

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PLATE
III

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OFCLAUDIAN
BRITISH
COIN-TYPES
IMITATIONS

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IV
PLATE

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ANCOIN-TYPES
BRITISH
IMITATIONS
OFCLAUDI

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V
PLATE

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BRITISH
OFCLAUDIAN
COIN-TYPES
IMITATIONS

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VI
PLATE

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COIN-TYPES
OFCLAUDIAN
BRITISH
IMITATIONS

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VU
PLATE

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PLATE
VIII

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