Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

Theory

Coupled Circuits:
Consider 2 coils L1 and L2,

Let currents i1 and i2 flowing through coil 1 and 2 respectively.

Consider a case, when current i1 is flowing through coil 1 and current i2
is equal to zero in the second coil. Due to this flux 1 is produced in coil
1.
As both the coils are sufficiently close to each other, part of this flux 1
links with the second coil and due to mutual induction an emf is induced
in second coil.
The emf induced in first coil due to self inductance is given by,
V 1 = L1

i2 = 0
The emf induced in coil 2 due to mutual induction is given by,
V2 = M

i2 = 0
Similarly consider a case when the current i2 is flowing in coil 2 and
current i1 is equal to zero in coil 1.

Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

Theory

The emf induced in coil 2 due to self inductance is given by,

V 2 = L2

i1 = 0
Now if both the current i1 and i2 are flowing in coil 1 and 2 respectively
we can say that,
V 1 = L1

V 2 = L2

+M

+M

-----(1)
-----(2)

In terms of dependent sources, we can represent the above 2

equations as follows,

Now let's consider a case when the dots are placed at the opposite
ends in the 2 coils as shown in figure,

When both the currents i1 and i2 are flowing in coil 1 and 2 respectively
we can write the total EMF induced in coil 1 and 2 as follows,
2

Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

V 1 = L1
V 2 = L2

-M

Theory

-M

This can be expressed in terms of dependent sources as,

REMEMBER THIS:
Rule1: When both the current (i1 in coil 1 and i2 in coil 2) are entering a
leaving the coils at the dotted terminals, the sign of M term (mutual
inductance) will be same as the sign of L term (self inductance).
Example:
In figure 1 both the current i1 and i2 are entering the coil 1 and 2
respectively through dotted terminals.
So here, as per the Rule 1 the sign of M term will be same as the sign
of L term.
Therefore we get,
V 1 = L1

V 2 = L2

+M

+M

-----(1)
-----(2)

Sign of M term is same as sign of L1 term in equation 1 and same in

equation 2, sign of M term is same as sign of L2 term.
But the QUESTION arises,
3

Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

Theory

HOW TO DETERMINE THE SIGN OF L TERM?

Guys we are deciding the sign of M term according to the sign of L
term.
Now let's learn how to get the sign of L term.

Let's find out sign of L term in this figure.

Here in coil 1 the current i1 enters through the positive terminal of input (v1). So
the sign of L1 term is positive.

Same is the case with coil 2, i2 enter through positive end of the input.
So the sign of L2 term is positive.

Here, the current i1 coil 1 enters through negative terminal of input (v1),
so the sign of L1 term is Negative.
While in coil 2, current i2 enters through positive terminal of input (v2),
so the sign of L2 term is positive.
Example on Rule1:
4

Coupled Circuits

V1 = -L1

Coupled Circuits

V 2 = -L2

-M

Theory

-M

Rule 2:
If one current is entering through the dotted terminal while other current
leaving at the dotted terminal, the sign of M term will be opposite of that
of L term.
Example:
1)

V 1 = L1

V 2 = L2

-M

-M

2)

Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

V1 = -L1

V2 = L2

+M

-M

Theory

Q) HOW TO CONNECT THE DEPENDENT SOURCES IN THE

CIRCUIT?
Refer the following figures.
1)

2)

3)

Coupled Circuits

Coupled Circuits

4)

Theory