1.

Traffic Flow is the number of vehicles that present in the some space and measured in
a certain time interval.
Traffic flow in the provision of transport can be divided into 2 categories, they
are:
a. Uninterupted flow
Is the traffic flow that generated by the interaction between vehicles and
between vehicles with characteristic geometric system. The pattern of
traffic flow is controlled only by the characteristics of land use that
generates the trip. There are no external factors that are periodically pause
the flow of traffic.
b. Interupted flow
Is the traffic flow that is not only produced by the interaction between the
vehicle but also the external regulator that periodically suspend traffic
flow. For example, the vehicles must be stopped periodically at the
intersection which is being regulated by traffic lights.
2. Speed
Speed in traffic flow is defined as the distance covered per unit time. The speed of
every vehicle is almost impossible to track on a roadway; therefore, in practice,
average speed is based on the sampling of vehicles over a period of time or area and is
calculated and used in formulas. If speed is measured by keeping time as reference it
is called time mean speed; if it is measured by space reference it is called space mean
speed.
3. Density (k) is defined as the number of vehicles per unit length of the roadway. In
traffic flow, the two most important densities are the critical density (kc) and jam
density (kj).
A. Road Surface Marking
According to the Ministerial of Transportation Regulation No. KM 60/1993 about
Road Marking, Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on
a road surface in order to convey official information. They can also be applied in
other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other
uses.
Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and
information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important
factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist
to standardize such markings across borders. However, countries and areas categorize
and specify road surface markings in different ways.

Path is part of the road which is used for vehicle traffic.

Lane is part of the path that extends, with or without road markings, which
have a wide enough width for one vehicle, in this case other than motorcycles.
Bingkai Jalan (?)is the road shoulder which is generally located on the right or
left side of the road.

Pulau Lalu Lintas (?) is a part of the road that can not be traversed by vehicles,
can be a road that being elevated or something like road markings.

Types of road markings:

1. Longitudinal Marking is a sign that is parallel to the axis
function:
a. Directing traffic,
b. Warned of longitudinal markings in the form of a solid line in front,
c. Divider lines on the road 2 (lane)
if the longitudinal markings in the form of solid line and dashed line, that mean:
a. Traffic that is on the side of the dashed lune may cross the double line.
b. Traffic that is on the side of the solid line is prohibited to cross the double line.
2. The transversal marking is a sign that is perpendicular to the axis of the
road.
There are two types of transversal marking sign:
a. Transversal marking in the form of double- dashed line which states
limit stop of the vehicles.
b. Transversal marking when not equipped with prohibition signs.
3. Oblique Markings are signs that form the solid line which are not included in the definition
of longitudinal markings or transversal markings. This markings are use to declare a road
surface area that is not a path of other traffic.
a. Oblique Markings form solid line mean that is forbidden for vehicles to crossed the line.
b. Oblique Markings are used to declare early or late notification of road dividers, directional
traffic and pulau lalulintas (?).
c. Oblique markings bordered by a solid line frame is used to declare:
1. The area that should not be accessible by vehicle.
2. As early notifications for vehicles which declare that the vehicles are already
approaching the pulau lalulintas(?)
d. Oblique Markings which bounded by the dashed line are used to declare the vehicle
which could not enter the area until there are certainty safety .

4. Traffic Signs
Traffic Signs control the flow of traffic, warn of hazards ahead, guide for destinations, and
inform of roadway services. Traffic signs are signs which contain certain meaning to express

warnings, commands, and prohibitions to supplement or confirm the intention that has been
communicated by signs or other traffic signs.

5. Another Signs

Crosswalk, which are lines that arranged transversely intact longitudinal traffic lanes.
Consist of two (2) solid line cross traffic lanes.

B. Traffics
According to Regulation number. 22/2009 about Traffics and Transportations, Traffic lights
are signaling devices which could control the traffic flow and attached at intesection roads,
pedestrians or crosswalks, and another traffic flow places.
Setting the traffic flow at the intersection is needed to determine how the movement of
vehicles in each group movement of the vehicle (vehicle group movements) can move
alternately so as not to interfere with each other between the existing flow. There are several
types of controls by using a traffic light where these considerations depend on the
circumstances existing intersections such as volume, geometric intersection, etc.
1. TYPES OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
a. based on (cakupan?)
Types of control traffic lights at the intersection of distinguished among others:
1. Isolated traffic signal, is the operation of traffic lights where in its design based only on the
consideration of the intersection point without considering the other nearest intersection.
2. coordinated traffic signals, the operation of traffic lights where in its design considering
several intersections that are on a track / a certain direction.
3. The traffic light network (networking traffic signals), the operation of traffic lights where
in its design considering several intersections contained in a road network in the region.

b. Based Operation Method

Type of control traffic lights at intersections can be divided into:
1. Fixed time signals, namely the operation of traffic lights where the timing does not change
(fixed).
2. Actuated traffic signals, namely the operation of traffic lights where the timing to change
from time to time in accordance with the arrival of the vehicle (demand) from various
intersection.

Traffic signaling devices are:

1. Three Colors Light which is consist of red, yellow, and green lights. Used to get installed
in horizontal or vertical posisition. The traffic light (traffic light) can be equipped with light
colors red and / or green that shows light in the form of arrows.

2. Two Colors Light which is consist of red and green light. Use to get installed in vertical or
horizontal position.
3. Warning Light which is consist of one color either its red nor yellow. Used to get installed
in vertical or horizontal position. Attached at the location of roads which are prone to accidents or
can be placed at the location of traffic conflicts which are not regulated by traffic lights.

According to Ministrial of Transportation Regulation number 62/1993

Three Colors Light

Traffics Signs
The color and shape of traffic sign communicates importants information about the signs
message. In poor visibility conditions, such as heavy fog, you may be able to make out only
the shape of a sign. As you approach a sign