L. Duckstein at all.

TWO real-life examples are presented to show how multicriterion de cisionmaking (MCDM) techniques can help hydropower engineers mitigate the environmental and
social effects of hydropower development and operation. A brief introduction and overview of
MCDM is presented, consisting of an 11-step process that starts with problem definition and
ends with implementation. A typology of MCDM is provided, dividing the techniques into three
groups: outranking, distance-based, and value- or utility-based types. The operation of the Upper
Isar River project in Bavaria is analyzed by means of a value technique and an outranking
technique called multicriterion Q-analysis. Fourteen criteria are considered in that study,
including power production, habitat quality for four groups of species, aesthetics, several
recreation indices, minimum flows, and phosphorus loadings. The case study of the Erlauf River
Division in Austria is evaluated using a distance-based technique, called composite
programming, combined with Monte Carlo simulation. An outcome of that study is that the
facility's owners have increased the minimum instream flow in order to protect ecological values.
John W. Labadie With construction of new large-scale water storage projects on the wane in the
U.S. and other developed countries, attention must focus on improving the operational
effectiveness and efciency of existing reservoir systems for maximizing the benecial uses of
these projects. Optimal coordination of the many facets of reservoir systems requires the
assistance of computer modeling tools to provide information for rational management and
operational decisions. The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in optimization
of reservoir system management and operations and consider future directions for additional
research and application. Optimization methods designed to prevail over the high-dimensional,
dynamic, nonlinear, and stochastic characteristics of reservoir systems are scrutinized, as well as
extensions into multiobjective optimization. Application of heuristic programming methods
using evolutionary and genetic algorithms are described, along with application of neural
networks and fuzzy rule-based systems for inferring reservoir system operating rules.
Q. Goor at all. Stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) is one of the few methods
available to solve multipurpose-multireservoir operation problems in a stochastic environment.
This algorithm requires that the one-stage optimization problem be a convex program so that the
efficient Benders decomposition scheme can be implemented to handle the large state-space that
characterizes multireservoir operation problems. When working with hydropower systems, one

usually assumes that the production of hydroelectricity is dominated by the release term and not
by the head (storage) term to circumvent the nonlinearity of the hydropower production function.
Although this approximation is satisfactory for high head power stations for which the difference
between the maximum and the minimum head is small compared to the maximum head, it may
no longer be acceptable when a significant portion of the energy originates from low and/or
medium head power plants. Recent developments improve the representation of the nonlinear
hydropower function through a convex hull approximation of the true hydropower function. A
network of hydropower plants and irrigated areas in the Nile Basin is used to illustrate the
difference between the two SDDP formulations on the energy generation and the allocation
decisions.
Long Le Ngo at all. the largest reservoir in Vietnam, plays an important role in ood control for
the Red River delta and hydropower generation. Due to its multi-purpose character, conicts and
disputes in operating the reservoir have been ongoing since its construction, particularly in the
ood season. This paper proposes to optimise the control strategies for the Hoa Binh reservoir
operation by applying a combination of simulation and optimisation models. The control
strategies are set up in the MIKE 11 simulation model to guide the releases of the reservoir
system according to the current storage level, the hydro-meteorological conditions, and the time
of the year. A heuristic global optimization tool, the shufed complex evolution (SCE) algorithm,
is adopted for optimising the reservoir operation. The optimisation puts focus on the trade-off
between ood control and hydropower generation for the Hoa Binh reservoir operation in the
ood season and the reservoir level at the beginning of the dry season. The results demonstrate
that an optimized regulation can be found that compared to the present regulations both reduces
downstream ood peaks and maintains a high reservoir level for increasing the hydropower
production in the ood season and in the following dry season. The results also show that the
SCE algorithm is an efcient tool for optimising complex systems.
Henrik Lund at all. This paper presents a comparative study oftwo energy system analysis
models both designed for the purpose ofanalysing electricity systems with a substantial share
ofuctuating renewable energy. The rst model (EnergyPLAN) has been designed for national
and regional analyses. It has been used in the design ofstrategies for integration ofwind power
and other uctuating renewable energy sources into the future energy supply. The model has

been used for investigating new operation strategies and investments in exibility in order to
utilize wind power and avoid excess production. The other model (H2RES) has been designed
for simulating the integration of renewable sources and hydrogen into island energy systems. The
H2RES model can use wind, solar and hydro as renewable energy sources and diesel blocks as
backup. The latest version of the H2RES model has an integrated grid connection with the
mainland. The H2RES model was tested on the power system ofPorto Santo Island, Madeira,
Portugal, Corvo and Graciosa Islands, Azores Islands, Portugal and Sal Island, Cape Verde. This
paper presents the results of using the two different models on the same case, the island of Mljet,
Croatia. The paper compares methodologies and results with the purpose of identifying mutual
benets and improvements of both models.
Nand Kishor at all. The recent increased number of black outs in the power system has been
largely due to growing competition and deregulation among the power industry. Power systems
are complex nonlinear systems and often exhibit low frequency electro-mechanical oscillations
due to insufcient damping caused by severe operating conditions. This needs an advanced
modeling and control techniques for effective control of power plants. In case of hydroelectric
plant the hydro turbine is a non-linear, non-stationary multivariable system whose characteristics
vary signicantly with the unpredictable load on it and this presents a difculty in designing an
efcient and reliable controller. A conservatively designed control fails to perform as expected.
Keeping this in mind, hydro plant control is an application area with an interesting set of
problems for control engineering people. Mainly some of these problems focus towards
regulation of turbine with large load variation in the power system. These problems have not
been adequately solved and continue to pose challenges to the control community. In this review
paper, the authors have tried to broadly categorize the research work done so far on the basis of
hydro plant model development and its controller design under different sections. A substantial
number of relevant research papers can be found on the plant modeling, design aspects of control
methodologies and their performance study.
Edgardo D. Castronuovo at all. Ambitious targets for renewable power production have been
dened for the electric power systems in Europe. The accomplishment of these targets requires
the increase in renewable energy production, namely from wind power generation. However, the
intermittent nature of wind creates several problems to the power system operation and new

approaches based on the combined use of wind power and energy storage technologies need to
be developed. In this paper, the concept of the combined use of wind power production and
hydro storage/production is exploited, through the development of an operational optimisation
approach applied to a wind generator park with little water storage ability. The optimisation
model denes the operational strategy to be followed for the hours ahead by a pump station and
an hydraulic generator embedded in a wind/hydro pumping facility, using the Portuguese energy
remuneration rules. The proposed methodology leads to considerable yearly prots for the wind
generator production.
Erlon Cristian Finardi at all. We describe a new model for the hydro unit commitment and
loading (HUCL) problem that has been developed to be used as a support tool for day-ahead
operation in the Brazilian system. The objective is to determine the optimal unit commitment and
generation schedules for cascaded plants with multiple units and a head-dependent hydropower
model. In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model for the hydropower function where
the mechanical and electrical losses in the turbine-generator are included. We model the HUCL
problem as a nonlinear mixed 01 programming problem and solve it with a strategy that
includes a two-phase approach based on dual decomposition. The computational tool allows the
model to effectively schedule hydro units for the problem in the Brazilian regulatory framework.
Application of the approach is demonstrated by determining a 24-time step HUCL schedule for
four cascaded plants with 4170 MW of installed capacity.
H. Lund at all. Combined Heat and Power production (CHP) are essential for implementation of
the climate change response objectives in many countries. In an introduction period, small CHP
plants have typically been oered xed electricity prices, but in many countries, such pricing
conditions are now being replaced by spot market prices. Consequently, new methodologies and
tools for the optimisation of small CHP plant designs are needed. The small CHP plants in
Denmark are already experienced in optimising their electricity production against the triple
tari, which has existed for almost 10 years. Consequently, the CHP plants have long term
experience in organising when to switch on and o the CHP units in order to optimise their
prot. Also, the CHP owners have long term experience in designing their plants. For instance,
small CHP plants in Denmark have usually invested in excess capacity on the CHP units in
combination with heat storage capacity. Thereby, the plants have increased their performance in

order to optimise revenues. This paper presents the Danish experience with methodologies and
software tools, which have been used to design investment and operation strategies for almost all
small CHP plants in Denmark during the decade of the triple tari. Moreover, the changes in
such methodologies and tools in order to optimise performance in a market with uctuating
electricity prices are presented and discussed.
Juan I. Prez-Daz at all. This paper presents a dynamic programming model to solve the shortterm scheduling problem of a hydropower plant that sells energy in a pool-based electricity
market with the objective of maximizing the revenue. This is a nonlinear and non-concave
problem subject to strong technical and strategic constraints, and in which discrete and
continuous variables take part. The model described in this paper determines, in each hour of the
planning horizon (typically from one day to one week), both the optimal number of units in
operation (unit commitment) and the power to be generated by the committed units (generation
dispatch). The power generated by each unit is considered as a nonlinear function of the actual
water discharge and volume of the associated reservoir. The dependence of the units efciency
and operating limits with the available gross head is also accounted for in this model. The
application of this model to a real hydropower plant demonstrates its capabilities in providing the
operation schedule that maximizes the revenue of the hydro plant while satisfying several
constraints of different classes. In addition, the use of this model as a supporting tool to estimate
the economic feasibility of a hydropower plant development project is also analyzed in the paper.
S. Nikolova at all. This paper presents an approach for solving the generation scheduling
problem of a complex system consisted of conventional and renewable energy sources (RES).
Wind power plants are integrated into the system in order to minimize the total thermal unit fuel
costs. The gained results for wind farm power production are used as input in the system to
determine the optimal amounts of generated power for the thermal generating units and hydro
generating units over the study period. The optimization problem consists of minimizing the total
production costs, respecting power balance equations for each time interval and all operational
system constraints. The proposed approach is applied on a specic system consisted of thermal
power plants (TPPs), storage hydro power plants (HPPs), pumped-storage hydro power plant
(PSHPP) and wind power plant (WPP). The benets of energy production from WPP, in terms of
reducing the production costs of conventional thermal power plants are also investigated. In the

proposed paper two cases are analyzed. In the two analyzed cases power units generation,
thermal units fuel costs and stream ows of hydro units are calculated over the study period.
D. Connolly at all. In this paper, three practical operation strategies (24Optimal, 24Prognostic,
and 24Hsitrocial) are compared to the optimum prot feasible for a PHES facility with a 360
MW pump, 300 MWturbine, and a 2 GWh storage utilising price arbitrage on 13 electricity spot
markets. The results indicate that almost all ( 97%) of the prots can be obtained by a PHES
facility when it is optimised using the 24Optimal strategy developed, which optimises the energy
storage based on the day-ahead electricity prices. However, to maximise prots with the
24Optimal strategy, the day-ahead electricity prices must be the actual prices which the PHES
facility is charged or the PHES operator must have very accurate price predictions. Otherwise,
the predicted prot could be signicantly reduced and even become a loss. Finally, using the
24Optimal strategy, the PHES prot can surpass the annual investment repayments required.
However, over the 5-year period investigated (20052009) the annual prot from the PHES
facility varied by more than 50% on ve out of six electricity markets considered. Considering
the 40-year lifetime of PHES, even with low investment costs, a low interest rate, and a suitable
electricity market, PHES is a risky investment without a more predictable prot.
A.M. Foley at all. Electricity systems models are software tools used to manage electricity
demand and the electricity systems, to trade electricity and for generation expansion planning
purposes. Various portfolios and scenarios are modelled in order to compare the effects of
decision making in policy and on business development plans in electricity systems so as to best
advise governments and industry on the least cost economic and environmental approach to
electricity supply, while maintaining a secure supply of sufcient quality electricity. The
modelling techniques developed to study vertically integrated state monopolies are now applied
in liberalised markets where the issues and constraints are more complex. This paper reviews the
changing role of electricity systems modelling in a strategic manner, focussing on the modelling
response to key developments, the move away from monopoly towards liberalised market
regimes and the increasing complexity brought about by policy targets for renewable energy and
emissions. The paper provides an overview of electricity systems modelling techniques,
discusses a number of key proprietary electricity systems models used in the USA and Europe

and provides an information resource to the electricity analyst not currently readily available in
the literature on the choice of model to investigate different aspects of the electricity system.
Juan I. Prez-Daz at all. This paper presents a novel approach to solve the short-term operation
scheduling problem of a hydropower plant that sells energy in a deregulated electricity market
with the objective of maximizing its revenue. This paper proposes a nonlinear programming
based scheduling model that determines both the optimal unit commitment (start-ups and shutdowns scheduling) and the generation dispatch of the committed units (hourly power output).
The power generated by each hydro unit is considered as a nonlinear function of the water
discharge and the volume of the associated reservoir. The dependence of the units operating
limits (maximum and minimum water ows) on the actual gross head has been also taken into
account in this model. The results from a case study are also presented to illustrate the
application of the proposed approach in a real hydro plant.
lvaro Jaramillo Duque at all. The participation of wind energy in electricity markets requires
providing a forecast for future energy production of a wind generator, whose value will be its
scheduled energy. Deviations from this schedule Because of prediction errors could imply the
payment of imbalance costs. In order to decrease these costs, a joint operation between a wind
farm and a hydro-pump plant is proposed; the hydro-pump plant changes its production to
compensate wind power prediction errors. In order to optimize this operation, the uncertainty of
the wind power forecast is modeled and quantied. This uncertainty is included in an
optimization problem that shifts the production of the hydro-pump plant in an optimal way,
aiming at reducing the imbalance costs. The result of such a method is protable for participants,
the wind farm and the hydro-pump plant. A realistic test case is used to evaluate the proposed
method.
Filipe Vieira at all. Water supply systems (WSS) frequently present high-energy consumption
values, which correspond to the major expenses of these systems. Energy costs are a function of
its real consumption and of the variability of the daily energy tariff. This paper presents a model
of optimization for the energy efciency in a water supply system. The system is equipped with a
pump station and presents excess of available energy in the gravity branch. First, a water turbine
is introduced in the system in order to use this excess of hydraulic available energy. Then, an
optimization method to dene the pump operation planning along the 24 h of simulation, as

well as the analysis of the economic benets resulting from the prot of wind energy to supply
the water pumping, while satisfying the system constraints and population demands, is
implemented, in order to minimize the global operational costs. The model, developed in
MATLAB, uses linear programming and provides the planning strategy to take in each time step,
which will inuence the following hours. The simulation period considered is one day, subdivided in hourly time steps. The rules obtained as output of the optimization procedures are
subsequently introduced in a hydraulic simulator (e.g. EPANET), in order to verify the system
behavior along the simulation period. The results are compared with the normal operating mode
(i.e. without optimization algorithm) and show that energy costs savings are achieved
dependently of the initial reservoir levels or volume. The insertion of the water turbine also
generates signicant economical benets for the water supply system.
Alessandro Franco at all. Renewable energy sources (RES) are mainly used in the electrical
sector. Electricity is not a storable commodity. Hence it is necessary to produce the requested
quantity and distribute it through the system in such a way as to ensure that electricity supply and
demand are always evenly balanced. This constraint is actually the main problem related to the
penetration of new renewables (wind and photovoltaic power) in the context of complex energy
systems. Moreover the design of optimal energy resource mixes in climate change mitigation
actions is a challenge faced in many places. The paper analyzes the problem of new renewable
energy sources penetration. The case of Italian scenario is considered as a meaningful reference
due to the characteristic size and the complexity of the same. The various energy scenarios are
evaluated with the aid of a multipurpose software taking into account the interconnections
between the different energetic uses. In particular it is shown how the penetration of new
renewable energy sources is limited at an upper level by technological considerations and it will
be more sustainable if an integration of the various energy uses (thermal, mobility and electrical)
will be considered. A series of optimized scenarios are developed. In each case the maximum
RES penetration feasible with the constraints was dened. Then analysis is applied to an energy
system model of Italy showing how an integrated development of CHP and electric mobility can
aid a further integration of wind and photovoltaic energy power. Finally the primary energy
consumption saving possible in case of consistent penetration of intermittent renewables and
CHP was identied.

Hasmaini Mohamad at all. Hydro power generation is the oldest generation and provides the
largest contribution among the renewable energy types of generation. In distribution system,
most of the distributed generation (DG) is small scale hydro generation of which utilizes the
natural owing water of the river. This generation requires governor and excitation control unit
to control and sustain the power generation when subjected to any changes of load behavior.
More advanced control strategy is critically expected when considering the recent interest in
distribution system to perform islanding operation of DG. Many of the literature have clearly
highlighted this issue, but only a few have discussed on the islanding operation of small hydro
generation. This paper therefore reviews this topic and relates the discussion with the controller
designed for other type of turbines interfaced with synchronous generator. To strengthen the
knowledge on islanding operation, the background of islanding is also presented in this paper.
S. Soares at all. This paper is concerned withthe optimal operation of reservoirs for electric
generation. It reports several tests carried out on a simple system under special conditions
highlighting some important characteristics of their optimal behavior. The tests were carried out
in a progressive way in order to make clear the influence of several factors including water head,
discount rate, inflow seasonality and system design. The main conclusions have been verified on
an actual large scale system, which demonstrated the conservative nature of the optimal
operation of reservoirs and the different roles they play according to their relative position in the
cascade. The conclusions address the issue of adequately modelling the long term hydrothermal
scheduling problem. The results suggest that the assumption of parallel operation of reservoirs,
implicit in composite reservoir models and some simulation heuristics, could be a modelling over
simplification.
Birger MO at all. his paper describes the structure and identification of a price model that is
used in stochastic optimization of hydro operation and flexible contracts. The price model must
be simple in order to be applicable in a stochastic optimization framework and the model
should incorporate as much of the statistics of the price process as possible. Modelling of
extremes is an important factor for the simulation capabilities of the optimisation models. The
paper shows examples of simulated optimal operation of hydropower plants with the new price
model. The paper also shows how the price model is used in a model that integrates hydro
operation and financial hedging. In the forward market, prices of contracts with delivery several

years ahead vary from one week to the next. In order to model this long-term uncertainty we
have amended our spot price model.
Patricia Teixeira Leite at all. This paper investigates the application of genetic algorithms to
optimize large, nonlinear complex systems, particularly the optimization of the operation
planning of hydrothermal power systems. Several of the current studies to solve this kind of
problem are based on nonlinear programming. This approach presents some deficiencies, such as
difficult convergence, oversimplification of the original problem or difficulties related to the
objective function approximation. Aiming to find more efficient solutions for this class of
problems, this paper proposes and investigates the use of a genetic approach. The characteristics
of the GAs such as simplicity, parallelism, and generality, can provide an effective solution to
these problems. The paper presents an adaptation of the technique and an actual application on
the optimization of the operation planning for a cascade system composed by interconnected
hydroelectric plants.
Kai Sun at all. System splitting problem (SS problem) is to determine proper splitting points (or
called splitting strategies) to split the entire interconnected transmission network into islands
ensuring generation/load balance and satisfaction of transmission capacity constraints when
islanding operation of system is unavoidable. For a large-scale power system, its SS problem is
very complicated in general because a combinatorial explosion of strategy space happens. This
paper mainly studies how to find proper splitting strategies of large-scale power systems using an
OBDD-based three-phase method. Then, a time-based layered structure of the problem solving
process is introduced to make this method more practical. Simulation results on IEEE 30- and
118-bus networks show that by this method, proper splitting strategies can be given quickly.
Further analyses indicate that this method is effective for larger-scale power systems.
Gregor Verbi at all. One of the tasks of the system operator (SO) is to control the frequency of
the system within dened limits. In order to do this, the SO has to provide enough power
reserves which can be provided on the basis of bilateral contracts or on the relevant competitive
market. In this paper, several methods for the power-reserve pricing of frequency control are
presented. These methods are well suited to small power systems, where an insufcient number
of potential bidders makes an ancillary-services market difcult to organize. The proposed
pricing methods are meant for estimating the annual costs for power-reserves provision when

these reserves are provided on the basis of bilateral con- tracts. The proposed pricing methods
are applied to the Slovenian power system.
M. E. El-Hawary at all. The present paper deals with the computational aspects of the
coordination equations for hydrothermal sheduling. The hybrid method of Powell is pro- posed
and its details are given. The method avoids possible causes for divergence encountered with the
application of Newton-Raphson method. As a result a very reliable and efficient algorithm for
fast solution of coordination equations emerges. Comprehensive testing of the performance of
the method in comparison with Newton's is offered in the text. It is concluded that the method
should be used whenever Newton's method is suspected to give doubtful performance.
H. Brannlund at all. This paper presents a procedure for solving the short term generation
scheduling oroblem for a large hydrothermal systen that includes transmission li- mitations. The
integrated system is divided into a hydro and a thermal subsystem. A reduced gradient algorithm
is employed for the solution of the hydro subproblem. This algorithm is specialized to efficiently
solve nonlinear netwrk flow problems with additional constraints of nm- netwrk type. The
thermal subsystem is solved using a fast unit ccnnitxrent and dispatch algorithm. A case study
with the Swedish system is discussed.
Phuc Diem NGUYEN NGOC at all. To limit the impact of the intermittence of wind power, a
water storage ability of the hydraulic storage plant combined with a wind power plant, called the
wind-hydro power system (WS), is used The main objective is to limit the active power output
variations of wind energy resource taking into account the grid needs and the available stored
energy. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem with constraints by using the
linear programming (LP). Based on the forecast information of the wind power, the power
demand of the grid, the penalty cost, an optimal operation strategy is proposed to help the WS
system for better using of wind energy and storage management. An example study case is
presented. A comparison with classical approach of economic gain is also given to illustrate the
interest of the proposed method.
C. P. Ion at all. This paper presents a control strategy that aims to improve the parallel operation
of two micro hydro power plants (MHPP) on an islanded micro-grid (MG). The two MHPP are
equipped with a synchronous (SG) and an induction generator (IG). The proposed control
systems ensures voltage and frequency regulation. The voltage is kept constant by the SG

voltage controller, while the frequency by the use of a dump load circuit (SL). Besides this, the
control system ensures active and reactive power management in order to reduce energy losses
and optimize hydraulic resources utilization. Simulations are carried out in order to highlight the
reliability of such a configuration.
Chun-Tian Cheng at all. Genetic algorithms (GA) have been widely applied to solve water
resources system optimization. With the increase of the complexity and the larger problem scale
of water resources system, GAs are most frequently faced with the problems of premature
convergence, slow iterations to reach the global optimal solution and getting stuck at a local
optimum. A novel chaos genetic algorithm (CGA) based on the chaos optimization algorithm
(COA) and genetic algorithm (GA), which makes use of the ergodicity and internal randomness
of chaos iterations, is presented to overcome premature local optimum and increase the
convergence speed of genetic algorithm. CGA integrates powerful global searching capability of
the GA with that of powerful local searching capability of the COA. Two measures are adopted
in order to improve the performance of the GA. The first one is the adoption of chaos
optimization of the initialization to improve species quality and to maintain the population
diversity. The second is the utilization of annealing chaotic mutation operation to replace
standard mutation operator in order to avoid the search being trapped in local optimum. The
Rosenbrock function and Schaffer function, which are complex and global optimum functions
and often used as benchmarks for contemporary optimization algorithms for GAs and
Evolutionary computation, are first employed to examine the performance of the GA and CGA.
The test results indicate that CGA can improve convergence speed and solution accuracy.
Furthermore, the developed model is applied for the monthly operation of a hydropower
reservoir with a series of monthly inflow of 38 years. The results show that the long term average
annual energy based CGA is the best and its convergent speed not only is faster than dynamic
programming largely, but also overpasses the standard GA. Thus, the proposed approach is
feasible and effective in optimal operations of complex reservoir systems.
Deepak Kumar Lal at all. A large proportion of the worlds population lives in remote rural
areas that are geographically isolated and sparsely populated. This paper proposed a hybrid
power generation system suitable for remote area application. The concept of hybridizing
renewable energy sources is that the base load is to be covered by largest and firmly available
renewable source(s) and other intermittent source(s) should augment the base load to cover the

peak load of an isolated mini electric grid system. The study is based on modeling, simulation
and optimization of renewable energy system in rural area in Sundargarh district of Orissa state,
India. The model has designed to provide an optimal system conFigureuration based on hour-byhour data for energy availability and demands. Various renewable/alternative energy sources,
energy storage and their 3 applicability in terms of cost and performance are discussed. The
homer software is used to study and design the proposed hybrid alternative energy power system
model. The Sensitivity analysis was carried out using Homer program. Based on simulation
results, it has been found that renewable/alternative energy sources will replace the conventional
energy sources and would be a feasible solution for distribution of electric power for stand alone
applications at remote and distant locations.
Bin Xu at all. Seeking the optimal strategy of a multi-reservoir system is an important approach
to develop hydropower energy, in which the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is commonly used as an
effective tool. However, when the traditional GA is applied in solving the problem, the
constraints of water balance equation, hydraulic continuity relationship and power system load
demand might be violated by the crossover and mutation operator, which decreases the efficiency
of the algorithm in searching for a feasible region or even leads to a convergence on an infeasible
chromosome within the expected generations. A modified GA taking stochastic operators within
the feasible region of variables is proposed. When determining the feasible region of constraints,
the progressive optimal approach is applied to transform constraints imposed on reservoirs into a
singular-reservoir constraint, and a joint solution with consideration of adjacent periods at
crossover or mutation points is used to turn the singular-reservoir constraints into singular
variable constraints. Some statistic indexes are suggested to evaluate the performances of the
algorithms. The experimental results show that compared to GA adopting a penalty function or
pair-wise comparison in constraint handling, the proposed modified GA improves the refinement
of the quality of a solution in a more efficient and robust way.
Omid Bozorg Haddad at all. This paper addresses a strategy for the optimal design, control and
operation of small hydropower (run-of-river (RoR) power) plants with the honey bee mating
optimisation (HBMO) algorithm, while taking into account optimal design of the associated
penstock as well as the turbines number, type and their operation in the system. Civil
engineering and electromechanical cost-effectiveness and constraints in an expected stream ow
are also considered. The optimisation is driven by an objective function that includes the annual

difference between generated energy, operating costs and depreciation costs for both initial
investment and operation costs, considering various performance and hydraulic constraints. The
HBMO algorithm species the annual benet of generated energy and simultaneously determines
the annualised operating cost. The solution includes selection of turbine types, number of
turbines, penstock diameter, as well as scheduling the operation of an RoR power plant that
results in maximum annualised benet for a given set of river inow histograms. The results of
the proposed algorithm, which are compared with those of an analytical approach using
Lagrange multipliers (LM), highlight the advantages in design, effective operation, ease of
application and capability of the proposed HBMO algorithm for solving complex problems of
this type.
JAN C. GRYGIER at all. Successive linear programming, an optimal control algorithm, and a
combination of linear programming and dynamic programming (LP-DP) are employed to
optimize the operation of multireservoir hydrosystems given a deterministic inflow forecast. The
algorithm maximize the value of energy produced at on-peak and off-peak rates, plus the
estimated value of water remaining in storage at the end of the 12-month planning period. The
LP-DP algorithm is clearly dominated: it takes longer to find a solution and produces
significantly less hydropower than the other two procedures. Successive linear programming
(SLP) appears to find the global maximum and is easily implemented. For simple systems the
optimal control algorithm finds the optimum in about one fifth the time required by SLP but is
harder to implement. Computing costs for a two-reservoir, 12-month deterministic problem
averaged about seven cents per run using optimal control and 37 cents using successive linear
programming.
WILLIAM W-G. YEH The objective of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of
mathematical models developed for reservoir operations, including simulation. Algorithms and
methods surveyed include linear programming (LP), dynamic programming (DP), nonliner
programming (NLP), and simulation. A general over view is first presented. The historical
development of each key model is critically reviewed. Conclusions and recommendations for
future research are presented.