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Things
to
note:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
following
lecture
outlines
are
indicative
of
what
will
be
discussed
in
the
lectures;
one
lecture
may
overlap
with
another.
The
Reading
sections
are
minimal
readings
from
the
textbook,
Campbell
Biology
Edition
10,
Reece
JB
&
Meyers,
N
et
al.
2015.
There
may
be
figures
shown
in
lectures
that
are
not
directly
from
the
relevant
textbook
chapters.
You
should
read
the
text
around
such
figures.
Always
refer
to
the
lectures
for
what
is
examinable.
The
Assessing
and
Applying
your
Knowledge
sections
give
a
minimal
test
of
your
knowledge.
You
should
also
see
the
Mastering
Biology
website
(on
CloudDeakin)
for
more
practice
quiz
questions,
as
well
as
tutorials.
Topic
1,
Cell
Biology
Topic
2,
Genetics
and
biotechnology
How
the
unit
is
run:
important
information
about
contacts,
lectures,
practical
classes,
assessment,
CloudDeakin.
Biology
is
the
study
of
all
living
things.
The
living
world
consists
of
a
hierarchy
ranging
from
molecules
to
the
organisms
that
form
a
community.
Reading:
Chapter
1,
pp.
118.
For
your
interest
and
education,
you
are
encouraged
to
read
all
of
Chapter
1.
Assessing
and
applying
your
knowledge
1.
2.
Lectures
3
&
4:
Concepts
of
Cell
Biology;
the
diversity
and
structure
of
prokaryotes
Prokaryotic
and
eukaryotic
cells
share
many
features,
but
have
distinct
differences.
Prokaryotes
are
the
simplest
cells.
The
Bacteria
and
the
Archaea
are
the
two
domains
of
Prokaryotes.
All
kingdoms
of
life
evolved
from
ancient
prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes
have
cell
envelopes
(membranes
and
walls),
cytoplasm,
ribosomes,
pili
and
flagella.
DNA
is
present
in
most
prokaryotes
as
a
single,
circular
chromosomeand
sometimes
also
in
plasmids.
Different
types
of
bacteria
can
be
distinguished
from
one
another
on
the
basis
of
appearance,
by
the
use
of
stains
and
by
their
nutrient
requirements.
Replication
is
by
binary
fission.
Formation
of
endospores
(e.g.
Anthrax)
allows
survival
under
adverse
conditions.
Bacteria
cause
about
half
of
all
human
diseases.
Not
all
bacteria
are
pathogens.
Some
are
part
of
the
normal
flora.
Some
bacteria
are
beneficial
to
other
organisms,
some
are
of
economic
importance.
Antibiotics
of
natural
and
synthetic
origin
are
used
to
combat
bacteria.
Eukaryotic
cell
structure
includes
organelles
within
the
cytoplasm
and
a
cytoskeleton;
there
are
some
differences
between
animal
and
plant
cells.
Membranes
partition
the
cell
into
compartments:
the
nucleus,
endoplasmic
reticulum,
Golgi
apparatus,
vacuoles
and
the
lysosomes,
each
with
specialised
functions.
The
nucleus
contains
DNA
bound
up
as
chromatin,
and
the
nucleolus.
Ribosomes
have
an
important
role
in
protein
synthesis.
Mitochondria
and
chloroplasts
come
from
endosymbiosis
of
free-living
bacteria;
they
have
their
own
DNA
and
are
key
structures
in
the
energy
transformations
in
cells.
The
cytoskeleton
is
a
network
of
tubules
and
filaments
in
the
cytoplasm
that
provides
structural
support
and
has
roles
in
transport.
In
multicellular
organisms,
cells
are
interconnected.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What was the flawed assumption in the Miller and Urey experiment of the 1950s?
Lecture
8:
Structure
and
functions
of
cellular
membranes
Cells
are
bounded
by
membranes
that
help
maintain
the
internal
environment.
Membranes
are
composed
of
lipids,
proteins
and
carbohydrates.
Proteins
have
a
variety
of
functions
in
cell
membranes:
peripheral
proteins
act
as
receptors,
adhesion
molecules
or
recognition
sites;
integral
proteins
form
ion
channels
and/or
are
enzymes.
Organisation
of
the
cell
membrane
results
in
selective
permeability.
Substances
cross
the
membrane
by
passive
or
facilitated
diffusion,
active
transport,
endocytosis
or
exocytosis.
Osmosis
involves
the
movement
of
water
across
cell
membranes.
Cell
survival
depends
on
balancing
water
uptake
and
loss.
Reading:
Chapter
7.
Assessing
and
applying
your
knowledge
1.
2.
3.
Reading:
chapter
9.
Assessing
and
applying
your
knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linkage:
the
inheritance
of
two
genes
that
are
on
the
same
chromosome.
Linked
genes
tend
to
be
inherited
together.
Crossing
over
causes
genetic
recombination.
Recombination
data
can
be
used
to
map
genes.
Sex-linked
genes
have
unique
patterns
of
inheritance.
Reading:
chapter
15
Assessing
and
applying
your
knowledge
Test
your
Understanding
questions
1
9.
Scientific
experiments
provided
information
that
DNA
was
the
hereditary
material.
The
structure
of
DNA,
Chargaffs
rules.
DNA
is
packaged
into
chromosomes.
The
double-stranded
nature
of
the
DNA
helix
suggests
possible
mechanisms
for
DNA
replication.
Replication
of
DNA
is
remarkably
accurate.
A
team
of
enzymes
and
other
proteins
functions
in
replication.
Enzymes
also
proofread
DNA
and
repair
damage
to
existing
DNA.
Studies
of
inherited
metabolic
diseases
showed
the
connection
between
genes
and
proteins.
The
flow
of
information
from
genes
to
proteins
occurs
during
transcription
and
translation.
The
structure
and
roles
of
RNA.
The
genetic
code.
Transcription:
the
synthesis
of
messenger
RNA
from
a
DNA
template.
RNA
processing,
splicing.
Translation:
the
synthesis
of
polypeptides
(which
join
to
form
proteins)
from
an
RNA
template.
10
There
are
different
types
of
mutations
ranging
from
point
mutations
to
large
deletions
of
DNA.
Mutation
human
genes
can
cause
genetic
disorders
and
cancer.
Many
different
agents
can
induce
mutations.
Mutagens
are
agents
that
cause
changes
in
the
DNA
code.
Oncogenes
and
tumour
suppressor
genes
are
important
in
cancer.
Transcription
errors
found
Thalassemia
genes
cause
changes
in
the
globin
protein
that
adversely
affect
the
function
of
haemoglobin.
Reading:
chapter
17,
Concepts
17.5
17.6;
chapter
18,
Concept
18.5.
Assessing
and
applying
your
knowledge
Complete
the
following:
1.
2.
3.
Databases,
such
as
GenBank
(accessed
through
the
NCBI),
store
a
wealth
of
genetic
information
that
is
freely
accessible.
Basic
Local
Alignment
Search
Tool
(BLAST)
allows
the
retrieval
of
how
gene
sequences.
GenBank
and
how
to
read
and
interpret
entries.
What
type
of
BLAST
search
would
you
perform
on
the
sequence,
MRITGANRIL?
(Hint,
is
this
nucleotides
or
amino
acids?)
The
study
of
gene
expression
has
informed
the
field
of
developmental
biology.
Different
call
types
result
from
differential
gene
expression
in
cells
with
the
same
DNA.
Specialised
cells
express
only
a
fraction
of
their
genes.
Expression
of
genes
can
be
regulated
at
different
levels.
Organisation
of
chromatin
can
influence
gene
expression.
11
Lecture
28:
Viruses
The
tool
kit
for
DNA
technology:
restriction
enzymes,
a
vector
and
a
host
cell.
Bacterial
plasmids
and
viruses
as
vectors
to
transfer
DNA
sequences
into
cells.
Use
of
restriction
enzymes
to
cut
and
join
DNA.
Reverse
transcriptase
is
a
key
enzyme.
cDNA,
a
DNA
sequence
made
from
mRNA,
is
also
used
for
cloning.
Cloned
genes
can
be
stored
as
libraries.
A
genomic
library
contains
a
copy
of
all
DNA
from
an
organisms
genome.
A
cDNA
library
contains
sequences
that
are
translated.
Gene
cloning
has
many
applications.
Gene
probes:
methods
for
detecting
specific
genes
in
DNA
libraries
and
in
chromosomes.
12
13