Talent 100

HSC Chemistry
Production of Materials III
TALENT 100
REVIEW OF LAST WEEK

ARGUMENTS FOR USING CELLULOSE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
PETROCHEMICALS
Each glucose unit within cellulose has a basic 5 carbon atoms joined together which can be used
as the
Cellulose is a .. resource
Cellulose can be broken down, that is it is. It can be used to make .
ARGUMENTS AGAINST USING CELLULOSE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF

PETROCHEMICALS
Though cellulose is a cheap starting material, the conversion of cellulose to glucose using
enzymatic or acid digestion is very and ..
The process also requires an energy input to drive machinery and heat reaction mixtures. This
typically comes from .
Producing petrochemicals from cellulose to fulfil commercial demand would require vast areas
of land to .
Cellulose has enormous potential as a raw material which can be fulfilled only with further
.
PHB A BIOPOLYMER
The organism that produces PHB is .
The desirable qualities of PHB include that it is a .

.
Potentially PHB can be used in , ., ,

and
The use of PHB is limited because the process is far too .
TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.
www.talent-100.com.au
Page 2 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
REACTIONS INVOLVING ETHANOL
Ethanol can be dehydrated to form ethene. The equation for this reaction is:
Ethene, on the other hand, can be hydrated to produce ethanol and is represented by the
following equation:
USES OF ETHANOL
Ethanol is as an important solvent due to its ability to .

. ..
The hydroxy group is due to the high ...
The alkyl group is
Uses of ethanol include: .
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is the process in which is broken down to and

by the action of .
The equation for fermentation is:
2 + 2
The optimum temperature for fermentation is
An anaerobic environment is maintained, that means there is no
Page 3 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
It is a resource
It produces less toxic during combustion
Ethanol can be incorporated into such as E10
DISADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Large areas of land need to be devoted to the
At concentrations of above 10%, engines
MOLAR HEAT OF COMBUSTION
The molar heat of combustion of a substance is the heat liberated ..

at standard atmospheric pressure
with the final products being
The molar heat of combustion is calculated by the following equation:

molar heat of combustion =
Page 4 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
This lesson begins with an analysis of the fermentation practical. Following that, we will explore the
conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by learning about displacement reactions,
galvanic cells and calculations involving them.
PRACTICAL
FERMENTATION
Aim: To plan an investigation which monitors the changes in mass occurring during the fermentation
of glucose.
Risk Assessment: There was little to no risk involved in this experiment. The only risk that was
involved in the experiment was the possibility of breakage of glassware, and hence keep glassware
away from the edge of the bench.
Equipment: 250mL vacuum flask with rubber stopper and sidearm, 500mL beaker, 50mL measuring
cylinder, large test tube, 20mL glucose solution (10% w/v), 1g Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (yeast
nutrient), limewater, thermometer, electronic balance, equipment for control experiment.
Method
1. Weigh out 1g yeast and add it to the vacuum flask.
2. Measure 20mL of glucose solution using a measuring cylinder and add to the flask.
3. Insert the rubber stopper and weight the apparatus and record exactly the initial mass.
4. Place the reaction apparatus in a 500mL beaker containing water held at 30-35C (see diagram)
5. Over successive days, re-weigh both flasks and record any mass changes that have occurred.
6. Connect the rubber hose to a glass test tube containing limewater. Observe and record any
changes in appearance.
7. Perform the same steps with the control experiment without the addition of the yeast.
Page 5 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Rubber stopper
500 mL beaker
250 mL vacuum flask
Water
with side arm
bath
(30- 35C)
Yeast + Glucose
solution
Observations and Results
The initial yeast solution was milky yellow in colour. It was opaque and its smell resembled
chicken broth.
After 1 day, a creamy layer was on top of the mixture. An odour resembling that of wine was
noted.
After 2 days, the wine odour was much stronger. When the flask was swirled, the creamy
substance on top of the mixture dissolved. Sediment was observed at the bottom of the flask.
The limewater went cloudy.
Time
Mass (g)
10:30 Thursday 26/10
238.410
10:30 Friday 27/10
235.217
1:30 Monday 30/10
234.217
Page 6 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Calculations
Mass of CO lost = 238.410 234.217
= 4.193g
Therefore,
=
4.193
44.01
= 0.095
=
= 0.095
= 0.095 x 46.07 = 4.39g
Discussion
There were several assumptions made in this experiment. The first was that all of the carbon dioxide
gas escaped and all the mass that was lost was due to the escape of carbon dioxide (we verify that
the identity of the gas is CO2 by passing it through limewater and noting the subsequent cloudiness).
Therefore, it is assumed no oxygen or water vapour passed into or out of the flask. Another
assumption made was that all the glucose fermented and there was none left.
However, there were errors in this experiment. If the amount of carbon dioxide lost and the amount
of ethanol produced is added, this amount is more than the original mass of the glucose showing a
violation of the Law of Conservation of Mass. Sources of experimental error include:
Evaporation of water which we might assume was due to carbon dioxide loss.
Lack of sensitivity in the electronic scales (only 1 decimal place)
As leaves the vessel, air enters and occupies mass.
Using a small mass of glucose means the mass of CO2 produced is extremely small. This could be
improved by using more glucose.
A control is used to show that any mass loss in the catalysed reaction is due to the production of CO2
and not the evaporation of the reaction mixture.
Conclusion: We were successfully able to plan an investigation which monitors the changes in mass
occurring during the fermentation of glucose.
Page 7 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Question 1 (7 marks)
If Alistair prepares the solution we prepared above in the experiment and measures it he finds it
weighs 356.32g. Two days later he finds that it weighs 351.17g. Assuming all the glucose has
fermented and the mass loss occurs only because of carbon dioxide escape. Find:
a) The mass of carbon dioxide lost
b) The moles of carbon dioxide lost
c) The volume of carbon dioxide lost
d) The mass of ethanol produced
e) The original mass of glucose
Page 8 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
METAL DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

A metal displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive metal converts the of a
less reactive metal metal into a .. through the .
This occurs because an electron transfer occurs between the ions. One metal loses electrons while
another gains the electrons this metal has just lost. For example consider if we put zinc in a solution
of copper ions:
The zinc loses electrons:

+ 2
Meanwhile the copper ion gains two elections:
+ 2
Therefore, the overall reaction becomes:
+
+
The above example clearly demonstrates metal displacement reactions as electron transfer
reactions. The 2 electrons that the zinc loses are transferred to the copper ion which is converted
to a neutral atom. The copper is said to have been DISPLACED
Page 9 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Thus, displacement reactions involve the transfer of electrons

But does this occur when any metal is place in a solution of metal ions? No. Only certain metals can
displace a particular metal ion from a solution; this is related to the reactivity of the two metals.
Only a more active metal will
If we recall the metal activity series from the preliminary topic:
A metal further to the left will displace the ions of a metal to the right of it from solution. For
example consider if we added magnesium metal to cobalt ion solution. Since magnesium is more
reactive than cobalt, it will displace the cobalt ion and convert it to cobalt metal. Meanwhile, the
magnesium metal will be converted to ion.
However, if we added iron to zinc ions in solution, nothing would happen. This is because iron is less
reactive than zinc, and therefore unable to displace it from solution.
The reaction of metals with dilute acids are also displacement reactions. The metal displaces
hydrogen gas from hydrogen ions in solution e.g.
+ 2

+
Talent Tip: If you are unsure of the reactivity of metals, use the standard table of potentials. Metals
higher on the table are more reactive, while those lower are less reactive.
Page 10 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Worked Example 1
What occurs when copper is placed in silver ion solution? Write appropriate equations in your
answer.
Solution
Since copper is more reactive than silver it will displace the silver ions from solution. The copper
loses two electrons:

+ 2
These electrons are transferred to the silver ion which gains electrons to be converted to neutral
silver metal
2
+ 2 2
This gives an overall reaction of:
2
+
+ 2
The copper has displaced the silver ion from solution.
Worked Example 2
What occurs when lead is placed nickel ion solution? Write appropriate equations in your answer.
Solution
Lead is less reactive than nickel so it will not be able to displace the nickel ion from solution. Hence
no reaction occurs.
Page 11 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Determine what occurs when each of the following metals are placed in the particular metal ion
solutions specified (use equations where appropriate):
a) Magnesium in zinc ion
b) Nickel in cobalt ion
c) Tin in magnesium ion
d) Lead in silver ion
Page 12 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Oxidation and reduction are chemical reactions that change the oxidation number of a particular
atom.
Oxidation State/Number essentially refers to the charge on the ion. The Oxidation State of an
element present in its stable element state is zero- regardless of the formula for that molecule or
element. This means that , , , , , and all have an oxidation state of zero.
For ions, or when the element is part of a molecule, the oxidation number is the charge. So has
an oxidation number of +3, and has an oxidation number of -2. In , oxygen has an oxidation
number of -2, and carbon has one of +4.
In a molecule, the oxidation number is equal to the sum of the oxidation numbers of the individual
atoms that make up that molecule.
Worked Example 3
What is the oxidation number of chromium in ?
Solution
We know that the oxidation of is equal to -2. This means if we add up the oxidation
numbers of each individual atom in this molecule, we should get an answer of -2. We know that
when it is within a molecule , oxygen has an oxidation number of -2.
So let the oxidation number of chromium = N. Note there are two chromium atoms here.
2 + 72 = 2.
2 14 = 2
2 = 12, = 6.
The oxidation number of chromium is +6.
Page 13 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Question 3 (1 mark)
What is the oxidation number of manganese in ?
A change in oxidation state of a species corresponds to a loss or gain of electrons

is a gain of electrons leading to a decrease (or reduction) in oxidation number
is the loss of electrons leading to an increase oxidation number.

When these two reactions occur at the same time we get an overall REDOX reaction. Metal
displacement reactions are an example of redox reactions. The displaced metal gains electrons so it
is reduced. Meanwhile the metal that has done the displacing has lost electrons and been oxidised.
If we refer back to the activity series, we can see that as we move to the right, it becomes more
difficult to oxidise these metals. This also means it becomes easier to reduce them.
We can also tell this from the table of standard potentials, which is on your infocard. The meaning of
these numbers will become clearer later and for now this is a good indication of how easy a certain
species is to reduce or oxidise.
Talent Tip: Oxidation and reduction must occur simultaneously. A good mnemonic to remember the
difference between oxidation and reduction is OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons); Reduction Is
Gain (of electrons)
Page 14 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
GALVANIC CELLS
A galvanic cell is a device that uses a spontaneous chemical reaction to .
It converts energy into energy.
A galvanic cell utilises electron transfer reactions to generate electricity by physically separating the
oxidation reaction and a reduction reactions. A galvanic cell consists of two-half cells. In one half-cell
oxidation occurs while in the other reduction occurs. These are connected by a conducting pathway
(such as an external wire or circuit) so that when electrons are released upon oxidation, they flow
through the circuit to the reduction half-cell where they are consumed. This electron flow
constitutes electrical energy and can be used to do work.
HOW GALVANIC CELLS OPERATE

The principle of a galvanic cell is best demonstrated through the use of an example. Consider we
have a piece of zinc metal dipped into zinc sulfate solution. This zinc metal is connected to a piece of
copper metal in copper sulfate solution by a wire. At the zinc half cell oxidation will occur:

+ 2
Meanwhile at the copper half cell reduction will occur:

+ 2
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HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Talent Tip: This cell can be represented using the shorthand Zn / Zn

// Cu
/Cu where
the electrodes are written on the ends and the corresponding solutions in the middle. The left side
corresponds to the anode half cell and the right side corresponds to the cathode.
The electrons are released by oxidation travel from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode in the
reduction half cell which produces a current and voltage through the external wire.
Electrodes: The metallic conducting plates
The electrodes in the above cell are the zinc and copper metals. There are two electrodes in each
galvanic cell; an anode and a cathode.
Anode: The electrode at which oxidation occurs. It is marked as negative (-) in galvanic cells.
In the case of our cell, the anode is the zinc metal as this is where oxidation occurs.
Cathode: The electrode at which reduction occurs. It is marked as positive (+) in galvanic cells.
It this case the cathode is the copper metal as this is where reduction occurs. Since electrons flow
from the site of oxidation to the site of reduction, it follows that:
In a galvanic cell, electron flow ALWAYS occurs from the to the .
This is because electrons are liberated at the anode and consumed at the cathode. Another
important aspect of the galvanic cell is the electrolyte.
An electrolyte is a substance which in solution or molten state conducts electricity
The electrolytes from the above cell are the copper sulfate and zinc sulfate solutions. Without the
electrolytes, the reactions would not be able to occur and there would be no voltage or current
generated.
Talent Tip: The Anode is where oxidation occurs, and reduction occurs at the cathode good way to
remember the definition of anode and cathode is by the mnemonics AN OX and RED CAT.
Page 16 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
THE SALT BRIDGE

Since we are removing electrons from the anode, the anode compartment becomes more and more
positively charged. Similarly, the cathode compartment becomes more and more negatively charged
due to an excess of electrons and because positive ions are being consumed in the reaction. Thus if
electrons were the only moving charged particles, there would be an electrical imbalance and the
cell would not function. Therefore, galvanic cells require salt bridges.
The salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality and completes the circuit by allowing the migration
of ions to occur between the two half cells.
The salt bridge used is usually a piece of filter paper or chromatography paper soaked in an
electrolyte such as which joins the two half cells. The salt bridge ensures electrical neutrality
between the two half cells, allowing the cell to continue functioning. It provides anions
which flow to the anode to make up for the loss of negative charge; and cations which flow to
the cathode to make up for the excess negative charge. It is easy to remember that:
From the salt bridge:
Anions flow to the anode
Cations flow to the cathode
Page 17 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Galvanic cells have a number of components
1
a) Define an electrode
b) Define an electrolyte
c) Identify the purpose of the salt bridge?
All these features of galvanic cells are evident on the diagram on page 14.
Summary: How a Galvanic Cell operates
Page 18 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100

The following combinations of half-cells are set up:
1. Copper in copper nitrate solution and silver in silver nitrate solution.
2. Zinc in zinc sulphate solution and cobalt in cobalt nitrate solution
3. Magnesium in magnesium nitrate solution and silver in silver nitrate solution
4. Iron (II) in Iron (II) nitrate and aluminium in aluminium nitrate solution
Draw a sketch of each of these combinations and answer the following questions:
a) Which is the anode?
b) Which is the cathode?
c) Write reaction half equations for each half cell and an overall reaction equation
d) Draw a labelled diagram of the galvanic cell showing all important features including the
direction of electron and ion flow
Page 19 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Page 20 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
PRACTICAL
INVESTIGATING THE CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A GALVANIC CELL
Aim: To identify the conditions under which a galvanic cell is produced
Equipment list
2 pairs of copper electrodes.
2 pairs of zinc electrodes.
A pair of graphite electrodes
1 mol / L of sodium chloride solution
1 mol/ L of sulfuric acid solution
150 ml Beakers
Electrical leads
Distilled water
Safety glasses
Voltmeter
Alligator clips
Risk Assessment: Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive so it is advisable to wear safety goggle to avoid any
acid splash in the eyes. The voltages created are too low to cause a risk so this experiment would
therefore be a low risk experiment.
Method
1. Set up the apparatus as shown.
Page 21 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
2. Construct the following 6 galvanic cells and vary the electrodes A, B and the electrolytes A, B and
C in the following combinations.
3.
Experiment No
Electrode A
Electrode B
Electrolyte C
Zn
Distilled Water
Zn
Cu
IM
Zn
Cu
1M 2 4
Zn
Cu
1M 2 4 , Touch the bottoms of A and

B together
Zn
Zn
1M 2 4
Zn
1M 2 4
4. Observe and record any signs of chemical reaction

5. Measure the voltage reading
Results
Experiment No
Electrode A
Electrode B
Electrolyte C
Results
Zn
Distilled Water
Nothing occurs
Zn
Cu
1M
0.75V reading on voltmeter
Zn
Cu
1M 2 4
1V on voltmeter which falls to

0.95 over time. Zinc bubbles
violently
Zn
Cu
1M 2 4 , Touch Voltage drops to 0 as there is a

the bottoms of A short circuit
and B together
Zn
Zn
1M 2 4
Nothing occurs
Zn
1M 2 4
Reading on Voltmeter
Page 22 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Discussion
Cell 1 did not function like Cells 2 and 3 because the electrolyte in Cell 1 was weak. This meant that
there were no free ions so there was no reduction occurring at the copper electrode. There also was
no oxidation of zinc at the zinc electrode and no voltage could be generated. It can be concluded
that a strong electrolyte is required between the electrodes for an effective cell.
At Cell 4, the electrodes are touching each other creating a short circuit. This means that the current
does not go through the external circuit. It can be concluded that in a galvanic cell the electrodes
cannot be touching and they must be in contact with an electrolyte between them
Cell 5 had copper electrodes in both compartments. This meant that the electrodes were at the
same potential and there was no potential difference between them so there was no current or
voltage. It can be concluded that a potential difference between the electrodes is required for an
effective galvanic cell.
It can be concluded from these experiments that a galvanic cell forms when two electrodes of
different potential are placed in a strong electrolyte. The electrolyte causes reduction at the cathode
and oxidation at the anode and thus a net flow of charge between the electrodes.
Conclusion: We were successfully able to identify the conditions under which a galvanic cell is
produced
Page 23 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
CALCULATING THEORETICAL POTENTIALS PRODUCED BY

GALVANIC CELLS
Recall the table of standard electrode potentials we first encountered on page 7. Here it is again:
1
Ease of reduction increases
Ease of oxidation increases
Table of Potentials from Board of Studies NSW 2007
Page 24 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
This table shows the standard electrode potential for each reduction reaction. It essentially shows
the voltage that would be generated if we placed that electrode in a cell in which the standard
hydrogen electrode is the other electrode. More about the standard hydrogen electrode follows on
the next page.
A positive reduction potential indicates that that process occurs spontaneously and thus liberates
energy. Conversely, a negative standard reduction potential indicates that that process requires an
input of energy to occur (i.e. it does not occur spontaneously).
The of an electrode refers to the potential of that electrode
in its standard state relative to the standard hydrogen electrode
A STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE CONSISTS OF:
A piece of Platinum metal immersed in a 1.000mol/L solution of HCl (note the significant
figures).
Hydrogen gas being bubbled through at pressure of 100.0kPa
Temperature of 25C
It is used as a reference electrode to measure the potential of other electrodes in their standard
state. This is because cell emf depends upon variables such as concentration of species present,
temperature and pressure.
Also, note that the term standard electrode potential may only be applied to reduction half
equations and never oxidation half reactions.
The table of standard potentials is very useful in determine the theoretical voltages/emf generated
by galvanic cells. In order to do this we must know the two half equations. The following is the
procedure for determining the voltage- or cell emf (if we do not know which species undergoes
oxidation and which undergoes reduction):
Page 25 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
1. Identify the half-cell equations and their standard reduction potentials:
+ , = +0.80
+ 2 , = 0.76
2. Select the half-cell reaction with the most positive , and write the half-equation and value.
This half-reaction is the reduction reaction (this occurs because as we go down the left hand side
of the table, the ease of reduction for each ion increases. The ion that is easier to reduce will,
logically, be reduced):
+ , = +0.80
3. Reverse the direction of the other half-cell reaction and change the sign of . This half-reaction
is the oxidation reaction (this occurs because the reduction of the other ion is more favourable
so this reaction will become an oxidation):

+ 2 , = 0.76
The balanced equation is:
2
+ 2 +
Talent Tip: To get the oxidation equation, we reverse the reduction half equation. In doing so, we
must reverse the sign of the value
4. Calculate the cell voltage by adding the half-cell potentials.
EMF = EMF + EMF
= 0.80 + 0.76
= 1.56
Talent Tip: From the balanced equation we saw that two times the silver ions are required to react
with zinc. When calculating the cell voltage, the ratio does not affect the calculated EMF and thus we
do not need to multiply 0.80 V by 2 for silver. The cell voltage of a galvanic cell must always be
positive. If we already know which is the reduction half equation and oxidation half equation we can
skip to step 3 and merely reverse the standard emf for the oxidation equation.
Page 26 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
We can use our knowledge of the standard table to explain the observations we made on page 7 and
8 about of oxidation and reduction:
1. As we move down the table, the reduction potentials become more positive. Therefore, the
reduction reactions become more spontaneous and the ease of reduction for the species on the
left hand side increases.
2. As we move up the table, the oxidation potentials become more positive. Therefore, the
oxidation reactions become more spontaneous and the ease of oxidation for the species on the
right hand side increases.
Worked Example 4
Find the voltage generated when a galvanic cell is made of magnesium in magnesium nitrate
solution and zinc in zinc nitrate solution.
Solution
The two equations are:
+ 2 , = 0.76
+ 2 = 2.36
From the equations we can see that zinc ion is more easily reduced so therefore the magnesium is
oxidised rather than reduced and we reverse the equation and the voltage:

+ 2 = 2.36
Therefore this gives a net equation of:
+
+
Therefore, the cell voltage is:
= 2.36 + 0.76
= 1.6
Page 27 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Calculate the voltage generated by a galvanic cell with the following combinations of half-cells.
Assume standard conditions:
a) magnesium and magnesium nitrate with copper (II) and copper (II) nitrate
b) aluminium and aluminium nitrate with and silver and silver nitrate
c) iron and iron (II) nitrate with silver and silver nitrate
Page 28 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
PRACTICAL
POTENTIALS OF DIFFERENT METAL COMBINATIONS IN ELECTROLYTE
Aim: To measure the difference in potential of different combinations of metals in electrolyte
solution.
Equipment list
Pair of zinc electrodes
Pair of copper electrodes
Pair of magnesium electrodes
Pair of lead electrodes
1M zinc sulfate
1M copper sulfate
1M magnesium sulfate
1M lead nitrate
150mL beakers
Chromatography paper
Potassium nitrate solution
Voltmeter
Electrical Leads
Alligator clips
Emery paper
Risk Assessment: Lead nitrate is toxic so we must ensure we wash our hands after this experiment
and clean up any spills of lead nitrate immediately. Do not dispose of lead solutions down the sink.
Overall, this is a low risk experiment.
Page 29 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Method
1. Clean the metal electrodes with emery paper.
2. Set up the galvanic cell as follows:
V
A
B
S
3. Construct the following galvanic cells

Cell
Beaker A
Beaker B
Cu + 1M CuSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
Mg + 1M MgSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
Cu + 1M CuSO4
Mg + 1M MgSO4
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Cu + 1M CuSO4
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Mg + 1M MgSO4
4. Record the measured net voltage and the polarity of the electrodes
Page 30 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Results
Cell
Beaker A
Beaker B
Result
Cu + 1M CuSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
0.48V
Mg + 1M MgSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
-1.4V
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Pb + 1M Pb(NO3)2
-0.6V
Cu + 1M CuSO4
Mg + 1M MgSO4
1.95V
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Cu + 1M CuSO4
-0.8V
Zn + 1M ZnSO4
Mg + 1M MgSO4
0.9V

For all the above cells:
a) Find the cathode and anode
b) Write the oxidation and reduction half equations
c) Write the net ionic equation
d) Calculate the theoretical cell voltage
Page 31 of 32
HSC Chemistry
TALENT 100
Discussion
The cell voltages we obtained were lower than the theoretical cell voltages we calculated above.
This occurred for a number of reasons:
We used low quality voltmeters which created a load on the circuit causing the voltage to drop
significantly
While the concentrations were kept at approximately to 1M (1 significant figure), we could not
ensure standard conditions were maintained i.e. solute concentration of 1.000mol/L (4
significant figures), temperature of 25C, and pressure of 100.0kPa. This may have affected the
voltages slightly
The voltmeter had markings only at every 0.1V increment so there may have been errors reading
the values of the analogue voltmeter. This could be improved by having a more sensitive, digital
voltmeter.
The metals may not have been completely pure. This is why we cleaned the electrodes with
emery paper to remove oxide layers and other impurities.
There may have been impurities in the electrolyte solutions.
Conclusion: We were successfully able to measure the difference in potential of different

combinations of metals in electrolyte solution.
Page 32 of 32

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HSC Chemistry

Production of Materials III

REVIEW OF LAST WEEK

Cellulose can be broken down, that is it is. It can be used to make .

ARGUMENTS AGAINST USING CELLULOSE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF

The organism that produces PHB is .

The desirable qualities of PHB include that it is a .

Potentially PHB can be used in , ., ,

The use of PHB is limited because the process is far too .

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

REACTIONS INVOLVING ETHANOL

Ethanol is as an important solvent due to its ability to .

The hydroxy group is due to the high ...

The alkyl group is

Uses of ethanol include: .

Fermentation is the process in which is broken down to and

The equation for fermentation is:

The optimum temperature for fermentation is

An anaerobic environment is maintained, that means there is no

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

It produces less toxic during combustion

Ethanol can be incorporated into such as E10

DISADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Large areas of land need to be devoted to the

At concentrations of above 10%, engines

MOLAR HEAT OF COMBUSTION

The molar heat of combustion of a substance is the heat liberated ..

The molar heat of combustion is calculated by the following equation:

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

with side arm

Observations and Results

The limewater went cloudy.

10:30 Thursday 26/10

10:30 Friday 27/10

1:30 Monday 30/10

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

Lack of sensitivity in the electronic scales (only 1 decimal place)

As leaves the vessel, air enters and occupies mass.

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

b) The moles of carbon dioxide lost

c) The volume of carbon dioxide lost

d) The mass of ethanol produced

e) The original mass of glucose

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

METAL DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

Meanwhile the copper ion gains two elections:

Therefore, the overall reaction becomes:

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

Thus, displacement reactions involve the transfer of electrons

If we recall the metal activity series from the preliminary topic:

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED.

Production of Materials III

This gives an overall reaction of: