Module

BRIDGING THE BREADTH OF VOCABULARY
KNOWLEDGE
Prepared by:
Jarold Kim Pomar
Christian Jay Presidente
Joy Escarez
Mara Pastera
Charrizze Anne Patrona
Cherry Mae Patrona
Module 1
Root Words
Introduction
Hi! Welcome to module 1. This will be your first step in developing your vocabulary knowledge.
Many of the words that we use every day come from a root word. Once we pull off any affixes the
root word will be normally at the end or at the back of the remaining word. According to Nebi Caka, root is a
form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is the basic
part always present in a lexeme. When we are talking to our friends or when we read, we are constantly
hearing root words because root words are the basic of many common-everyday-words.
In this module you will encounter words from Latin and Greek origin and I hope you will be able to
use this in your daily life. So, be ready for we are about to start our lesson.
Objectives:
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
1. Understand what root words are.
2. Define root words.
3. Develop vocabulary knowledge through root words.
Preliminary activity
Think of words that have psych as the root word and put your answers on the big box below.
PSYCH
Preliminary questions:
1. How many words did you form?
2. Do they have the same meaning? If yes, what is it? If no, why?
3. What do you think, are they related to each other?
Root Words
Roots are base words to which other characters or letters like prefixes and suffixes
are attached. Because they have the same meaning this become the base of other related
words.
Example:
The underlined part of the words is the root:
rewrite
kindness
reading
hopeful
More than half of the words that we encounter in a dictionary has

Latin and Greek origin, example of this is the word illiterate (unable to read
and write) and literal (sticking to facts or the first and the most obvious
meaning of an idea) that share the same root litter, derived from the Latin
word Litera meaning Letter. We can also encounter this this in
subjects like English and Science, for example in the words geology,
archeology, geological and geography they share the same root word geo
which is a Greek word.
Roots
are
base
words
to
which
other
charact
ers or
letters
like
prefixes
and
suffixes
are
Root
words
have
two
origins
the
Latin
and
the
Greek
Below are some common Latin and Greek words with meaning and example.
Roots
Meaning
Example
act
do, act
Counteract
bene
good
Beneficial, Benefit, Benevolent
bio
life
Biology, Biography
cred
believe
Credible, Credit, Credence
dom
home
Domestic, Domicile
fact, fac
make, do
Factory
fin
end, limit
Finish
gram, graph
write
Autograph
hydro
water
Hydroplane
pater
father
Paternity, Patriarch
aud
hear
Audio, Audible, Audience
phono
sound
Phonology
photo
light
Photography
thermo
heat
Thermometer
Before we check your understanding of root words let me remind you that in developing vocabulary
knowledge, it is important that you have a deep understanding of root words because you can use this as your
prior knowledge in encountering unfamiliar words in a text. So, bare in minds that every word has its origin it
may be Latin or Greek.
To learn more just visit the following sites:

http://www.slideshare.net/carmenconcepcion/root-words-interactive-slide-show
http://www.slideshare.net/Bayanalshareef/root-words-8571553
Activity 1.
Match column A to column B.
Direction: Find the meaning of the root words from column A to column B.
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
med
temp
nom
bio
luc
discere
vid
psych
tele
dic
1. say
2. time
3. middle
4. light
5. to see
6. far
7. life
8. name
9. soul, mind
10. Teach
Check your score

If you get a score of 8, 9, 0r 10 Good Job! Youve learn a lot in your
previous lessons.
If you get a score of 5, 6, or 7 Nice Try! Try to learn more.
If you get a score of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Nice Try but you need to review
Activity 2.
Fill in the blanks.

Direction: pick the appropriate root word in the box to complete the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ject
dict
hydro
manu
psych
graph
logue
ped
cede
Arianne always interrupts when he ob_______s to something she disagrees with.

A human has two feet and is therefore called a bi______.
At the end of the court case, the jury announced a guilty ver_____.
As a ______aulic engineer, Joy designs a system that will allow water and other liquids to flow in
controlled ways.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The psychic told me my future; her pre______ion described a life of joy and wealth.
Jarold got his shoelace caught in the _______al shift of his bicycle.
The old car had a ________al shift and roll-down windows nothing was automatic.
The star-struck fan asked for her idols auto_______.
On a wedding, the bridesmaid usually pre______.
The actor spoke his mono_______ with great passion, bringing the audience to tears.
Check your score

previous lessons.
Test yourself:
Test I.
Find one or two words which contain each of the roots listed below. After each word write its
meaning and check with the dictionary. Compare your lists in class.
Root
pes, pedis (Latin)
vocare, vocatus (Latin)
caedere, cid (Latin)
geo, ge (Latin)
logos (Greek)
scriber, scriptus (Latin)
Example
pedestrian
vocal
suicide
geography
biology
inscribe, inscription
Meaning
Foot
Call
Kill
Earth
Science of
write
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Check your score

previous lessons.
Test II.
In the lesson that we have taken pick at least 5 root words and make a web of words out of the words
that you pick.
Check your score

previous lessons.
Test III.
Through their roots, try to find the meaning of these words taken from the selection below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aura
Describe
Luminescent
Transform
Vivid
6. Brilliance
7. Delicate
8. Reply
9. Decor
10. Comfort
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Catch Me a Star
(An excerpt)
Bernard Harrison
The boy and I gradually moved closer to each other. He looked up at me, wide-eyed in a way I was to
learn his characteristics, and told me it was his birthday. We had watched the setting sun, strangers on that
long quiet beach. The fiery ball was slowly sinking into the straight horizon as we stood in silence. Its last
rays reflected in his round brown eyes. His high forehead shone orange and that mop of unkempt, curly hair,
salty and windblown, was golden. I looked at this little boy standing no higher than my waist, listened to his
story and without question, believed him.
What present, then? I asked. His young face seemed to wrinkle into thought, transforming him from
a youth to an elderly sage. It was a wizened old man, deep in thought that replied.
Catch me a star. He pointed to the heavens. Yes, thats what I want. A star. There are so many up
there in the night sky.
I looked down at him. He was once again a frail, young boy. Slowly, his request sunk home and I
laughed.
A star, I mused with a smile. Catch you a star?
I lay back onto the powdery sand and looked up into the darkening sky which was dotted with pin
pricks of early evening star. For the first time since my childhood, I studied the sky in its entire panoramic
splendor. It seemed endless, to be millions of miles in depth. There were so many stars up there, so very
many. Stars I had never imagined ever existed, circling the luminescent moon. Moths around a naked bulb.
Surely you can catch me a star, he persisted, a faint smile on his lips. After all, youre grown-up. If
my father was here, he would cast his net up into the sky and catch a net full and Im only asking for one.
I studied his face in the moonlight. He seemed to be testing me and I was sure he was older than he
looked. He could have been eight or eighteen, I could not tell.
Okay, Ill catch you a star, I said quietly. But you must give me some time.
I awoke with a start. The boy was shaking my arm.
This is our stop, he said. And we climbed off the bus.
As we walked to his kampong in the light drizzle of the afternoon, I recalled a vivid picture of
Malacca town from a hill. I supposed it was a dream and describing what I remembered to the boy, he told me
it was a view from the Church of St. Paul on the hill.
Tomorrow Ill take you there. It is your last day, isnt it?
Yes, I replied rather sadly.
We walked into the house and the boy went to the back to feed his mynah bird which lived there in a
bamboo cage. I have to catch some grasshoppers, he shouted from the kitchen.
We walked out into the blazing afternoon. The air was close and I could feel the sweat starting to
form on my nose. The lush vegetation was still dripping and as we turned to walk through the lallang in
search of grasshoppers, I could feel the water droplets trickling down my bare legs. The lallang was rough but
did not seem to slow down the boys pace. He carried a small cloth net attached to a thin bamboo pole. I
followed holding a glass jar.
Soon, we had caught enough amounts for a weeks supply and sat down in the shade of a large
coconut palm. The bare sand was cool and a relief from the heat of the unshaded field from which we had
come. The boy looked up at the crown and spotted some young nuts. Asking me to stand up and cup my
hands, he used them to start his climb. In no time, with hands and feet gripping the ridged trunk, he was
throwing down the young, green nuts.
We sat after having pried open the nuts with stone, and drunk the water. I lay my head back against
the trunk and found a comfortable spot among the shallow roots. The sun was low in the sky now and shadow
cast by the tree trunk fell across my body. The boy had once again disappeared.
By now, the sky was starting to darken, the sun behind a cloud above the horizon glowed with pinks
and grays. The boy returned and sat by my side, an egg which looked like a ping pong ball in his palm. I took
it from him. It was tough and leathery.
Where did you get it? I asked.
I dug it up from the beach. Its a turtle egg. There are many more there. Have you ever eaten them
before? he asked.
No, I replied. What are they like?
Nice. But the white never turns hard when you boil it. Do you want to try?
I was surprised that he should have discovered a turtles nest for they are rare on the west coast.
No, thank you, I replied, why dont you put it back in the nest so it can grow up to be a turtle?
Okay, he replied and scurried off back to the beach. He carried with him life, so small, so delicate
yet with the potential to develop and hatch into a minute replica of the parents. The shell, like the aura around
the little boy, allowed only what was good to filter in. but one day, what was inside the shell would use its tiny
beak to break out of that protective shell and emerge to face the cruel and harsh elements. Only three turtles in
every hundred make it, the rest perish on the way, eaten by crabs and birds and other creatures.
Dusk was close. The sun in its usual fashion on the west coast had again sunk into the calm sea which
seemed to quench its fiery thirst. Its last rays lacked the biting heat of the afternoon. Now, like a humble giant,
it quietly disappeared from view.
We walked along the evening beach, the boy with his net, I with my jar, to where the sand turned to
mud. After a while, I stopped and touched him lightly on the shoulder. He followed my pointing finger into
the swamp and there amongst the ghostly shapes of the trees was a speck of light. It flickered in the blackness
like a star.
Theres your star, I whispered quietly.
Taking his net and giving him the jar, I clambered carefully over the gnarled roots and fallen stumps.
The mud in places came to my knees but I climbed on, daring not even to look down for fear of what I might
see. At last, I came to within an arms length of the tiny flashing specks of light.
Gently, oh so gently, in case I should scare it, I placed the net over the branch on which it lay and
carefully twisting the net, held up my prize. Through the translucent cotton, I could see its faint glow.
Your star, I said triumphantly as I made my way back to the lights of the kampong. In his house, we
found another jar and decorated the inside with some twigs. Then, the great moment came. I placed the star
inside and he sealed the top.
I turned down the flame of the lamp in the room and held the jar up the darkness. The star glowed its
brilliance, lighting up the boys beaming face. The lost soul had found a friend. They had found each other,
perhaps only for a night but that did not matter.
You caught me a star, he grinned. I knew you could if you really tried.
Happy birthday, I said.
Source: Malacca and Beyond: To Catch Me a Star.
Singapore: Media Masters, 1984
Summary
For you to have a deeper understanding of your
vocabulary knowledge as a young person, you need
to know more about root words. Remember that
knowing the origin of the words will help you
understand unfamiliar words that you may
encounter in a text.
Root words are base words to which other
characters or letters like prefixes and suffixes are
attached. Because they have the same meaning this
become the base of other related words. Root words
have two origins the Latin and the Greek origin.
In the movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding,
Tulas father may have been right when he said
Give me a word, any word, and Ill show you that
the root of that word is Greek.
References
Alejandro S. Bernardo. Developmental Reading 1. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, inc..
Perla M. Villanueva, Dolores C. Acurantes, Roberta C. Aranzaso, and Angelita P. Makalinao. English
Skills for College Freshmen. Quezon City: KATHA Publishing Company, inc.. 1995
Virginia F. Bermudez, Ed. D., Josephine M. Cruz, Ph. D., Remedios F. Nery, Milagros A. San
Juan, Ph. D. English Expressways II. Quezon City: SD Publications, Inc., 2010
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-root-words.html
http://www.vocabulary.co.il/root-words/#bottom
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/quiz/en18root-e3-quiz
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_root_word_and_stem_word
Module
Prefixes
Hello!
Introduction
heHeH
Hello! Welcome to the world of Prefixes. Today I am your guide to your second step in
building your vocabulary knowledge.
To read efficiently you must have a wide range of vocabulary knowledge in order to
understand what you are reading. By decoding meaning from text is one example to enrich your
vocabulary knowledge. Mastering prefixes is like learning a code. Once you crack the code, you can
not only spell words more correctly but also recognize and perhaps even define unfamiliar words.
In this module, you will encounter the different prefixes and their meanings and I hope
that you will be able to understand it and apply to your daily life. Be ready and clear your mind
because we were about to start our lesson.
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Understand what prefix is
2. Determine the different prefixes and their
meanings
3. Decode meaning through the use of prefixes
Tell me what youve got
I. Preliminary Activity
Direction: Think of words that started in syllable un. Put your answer in the circle.
un
1. What are the words did you form that started in syllable un?
2. Do you know the meaning of those words?
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters added at the beginning or before the root word.
Prefix is itself a word formed with a prefix: pre- before + to fix. A prefix then is something affixed
before a word.
For example:
The word unhappy consists of the prefix un (which means not) combined with the
word happy; the word unhappy means not happy.
In every time you added the prefix at the beginning of the word the meaning of the word is
also change. Prefixes can be categorized into five categories Negative and Positive, Size, Location,
Time and Order and Number.
Part 1: Negative and Positive Prefixes

This prefix type is used to change the meaning of the word negatively or positively.
For example.
The girl is lucky.
The meaning of the word happy in the example sentence above means that the girl feels
glad about something or anything. But if I change the sentence into like this The girl is
unlucky. What can you observe? You observe that there is a syllable un at the beginning of the
word lucky so it will change the meaning of the word or sentence. The girl now is not lucky.
Study the chart below:
These are the kinds of negative and positive prefixes that you need to learn.
1. Negative and positive prefixes:

Negative:
Positive:
Prefix
uninimilirnonmismaldisdisantideunderreover-
Meaning
Examples
not
unmagnified
not
incomplete
not
impossible
not
illegal
not
irregular, irrelevant
not connected with
non-programmable
bad, wrong
misdirect
bad, wrong
malfunction
opposite feeling
disagree
opposite action
disconnect
against
antiglare, antistatic
reduce, reverse
demagnetize, decode
too little
underestimate
do again
reorganize
too much, extra or beyond Overload
I hope that youve learned a lot on the different types of negative and positive prefixes. So
let us see how much youve learned.
Activity 1
Activity 1.
Directions: Match the correct meaning of the prefix in column A to column B
Match A
1. un
2. dis
3. re
4. im
5. mis
6. de
7. anti
8. il
9. ir
10. in
Match B
a. not complete
b. wrong calculate
c. reduce code
d. against war
e. not honest
f. not legal
g. not honest
h. not lucky
i. not relevant
j. tell again
Check your score
If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Job well done! Youve learn a

lot in your previous lessons
If you get a score of 5, 6, or 7 Nice! try to learn more
If you get a score of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Nice try! But you need to
review your lesson before you proceed to the next topic.
Activity 2
Direction: Look at the prefixes and their meanings below. Write one word with each
prefix. Then, write a sentence with that word.
Example A: mis
Answer: misbehavior- The boy was sent to the principal office because of his misbehavior.
1. un: not- __________________________________________________________________.
2. dis: opposite - ________________ ____________________________________________.
3. im: not- _____________________ ____________________________________________.
4. re: do again - ___________________ __________________________________________.
5. mis: bad or wrong - ________________ ________________________________________.
6. in: not - _______________________
-___________________________________________.
7. over: extra or beyond - __________________ ___________________________________.
Check your score
If you get a score of 6 or 7 Job well done! Youve learn a lot

in your previous lessons
If you get a score of 4 or 5 Nice! try to learn more
If you get a score of 1, 2, or 3 Nice try! But you need to
review your lesson before you proceed to the next topic.
Now that youve learned about the first type of prefix, we will now precede to the second type the
prefixes of size.
Part 2: Prefixes of Size

This type of prefix is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a size concept.
For example:
Ana wants a small computer for her birthday present. (small computer)
Ana wants a minicomputer for her birthday present. (minicomputer)
Ok! What did you observe? The two words small and computer change into one word and
that is minicomputer. Since the meaning
2. Prefixes of size:
Prefix
semiequiminimicromacromegaover-
Meaning
half, partly
equal
small
very small
large, great
large, great
too much
Examples
semiconductor
equidistant
minicomputer
microcomputer, microscopic
macroeconomics
megabyte
overeat
Now that youve learned about the prefixes of size, you will now test what you have learned.
Test Yourself
Direction: In the box below choose the appropriate prefixes in the given definition.
semi
mini
micro
equi
1. small computer = _______________

2. very small organism = ________________
3. half cook = ______________________
4. equal distant= _____________________
5. too much heat= _____________________
mega
macro
over
Lets proceed in the third type of prefix and that is the prefixes of location or locative prefixes.
Part 3: Prefixes of Location

This type of prefix is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a location concept.
Locative prefixes determine the place, or relative place, or (relative) direction, of action or objects.
Also, abstract nouns and processes or relations are determined in terms of locality.
For example:
extra+ ordinary = extraordinary- beyond ordinary
super+ terrestrial = superterrestrial= above terrestrial
3. Prefixes of location:
Prefix
intersupertransexextrasubinfraperi-
Meaning
between, among
over
across
out
beyond
under
below
around
Examples
interface, interactive
supersonic
transmit, transfer
exclude, extrinsic
extraordinary
subschema, subtraction
infra-red
peripheral, periscope
Since that youve learned about locative prefixes I want you to answers the activity below.
Activity 1
Direction: In the box below choose the appropriate definition of the given prefixes.
beyond
below
between
over
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
peri =_______________
infra =_______________
sub = _______________
extra =______________
trans =______________
inter =______________
super =_______________
ex = _______________
under
around
out
across
Next, you will learn the fourth types of prefix.
Part 4: Prefixes of time and order

This type of prefix is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a time or an order
concept.
For example:
The students take their pretest, before they proceed to the next lesson.
Study the chart below
4. Prefixes of time and order:

Prefix
antepreprimepostretro-
Meaning
before
before
first
after
backward
Examples
antecedent
prefix, preceding, precedent
primary, primitive
postdated, post-natal
retrograde, retroactive
Test Yourself
Direction: Write the appropriate prefixes to the given definition and

sentences.
1. backward-__________
2. before test- _________
3. before-__________
4. first- _______________
5. after- _______________
6. He took ______cautions against burglary by installing an alarm.
7. He added a _____script at the end of the letter.
You will now precede to the last type of prefixes, the prefixes of numbers.
Part 5: Prefixes of numbers

This type of prefix is used to aggregate the word meaning with a numbers or count concept.
For example:
Maria can speak a bilingual language. (bilingual means she can speak two languages)
5. Prefixes of numbers:
Prefix
semimonobitrimulti-
Meaning
half
one
two
three
many
Examples
semicircle
monochromatic
binary
triangle
multiplexor, multicoloured
Test
yourself
Write three words for each number prefixes given below.
bi
mono
tri
1. ________________-___________________-_________________
2. ________________-___________________-_________________
3. ________________-___________________ -_________________
In order to understand the word you must also determine the different prefixes and their
meanings because if the word is added by the prefix the meaning of the word will also definitely
change. I hope that youve learned a lot in this lesson. For more information of this lesson see the
link below.
See this link: http://personales.mundivia.es/emca/english4u/wordfor.html
Englishlinx.com
Practice
Yourself
Match column A with Column B
Direction: Find the meaning of the prefixes from column A to column B.
Column A
1. dis
2. post
3. un
4. pre
5. im
6. mis
7. mono
8. ex
9. re
10.
Column B
a. means not
b. means wrong
c. out
d. do again
e. not
f. opposite
g. under
h. means before
i. means one
j. after
sub
Check your score
If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Very good Job! Youve learn a

If you get a score of 5, 6, or 7 Nice ! try to learn more
If you get a score of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Nice try but you need to
review your lesson
Practice
Yourself
Directions: Connect the prefix to the root word and give the meaning of the new word.
1. mis + information = _______________ means _________________
2. pre + test
= _______________ means _________________
3. mono + tone
= ________________ means _________________
4. post + natal
= ________________ means _________________
5. in + complete
6. ir + regular
= ________________ means _________________

= _________________ means _________________
7. micro + organism = ________________ means _________________

8. extra + curricular = ________________ means _________________
9. mal + nutrition = _________________ means _________________
10. anti + war
= _________________ means _________________
Check your score
If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Very good Job! Youve learn a

If you get a score of 5, 6, or 7 Nice! try to learn more
If you get a score of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Nice try but you need to
review your lesson
Test yourself
Test 1
Direction: Rewrite the underlined words using the appropriate prefix to complete the sentence.
1. The girl tell again the story in front of her classmate.
2. The house is no longer to be used because of the fire.
3. What do you mean by this! This is not possible.
4. The teacher give his student a test before he proceed to the next lesson.
5. Ana got angry because of wrong interpretation.
Test 2:
Test 3.
Direction: Pick out the words that have prefixes and write the meaning of those words below.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
The Story of an Hour

By Kate Chopin
Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as
gently as possible the news of her husband's death.
It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half
concealing. Her husband's friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper
office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of
"killed." He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to
forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message.
She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept
its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the storm of
grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.
There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed
down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.
She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new
spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The
notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were
twittering in the eaves.
There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one
above the other in the west facing her window.
She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob
came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.
She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength.
But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of
blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.
There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not
know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her
through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air.
Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was
approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will--as powerless as her two white
slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly
parted lips. She said it over and over under the breath: "free, free, free!" The vacant stare and the look of
terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the
coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.
She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her. A clear and exalted
perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep again when she
saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and
gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong
to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.
There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would
be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a
right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem
no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.
And yet she had loved him--sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the
unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as
the strongest impulse of her being!
"Free! Body and soul free!" she kept whispering.
Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission.
"Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door--you will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For
heaven's sake open the door."
"Go away. I am not making myself ill." No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open
window.
Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all
sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday
she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.
She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There was a feverish triumph in
her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and
together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom.
Someone was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little
travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the
accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards'
quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife.
When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease--of the joy that kills.
Summary
Summary
Children who cannot or do not read tend to have vocabularies limited to their immediate
environments (Foil & Alber, 2002). It is quite important to understand what different prefixes mean as they
can help to understand the meanings of any new vocabulary that you learn. However, you do need to be
careful, as sometimes a prefix can have more than one meaning!
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters added at the beginning or before the root word. Prefix is itself
a word formed with a prefix: pre- before + to fix. A prefix then is something affixed before a word.
These are some of the different kind of prefixes
Negative and positive prefixes - is used to change the meaning of the word negatively or
positively.
Number prefixes - is used to aggregate the word meaning with a numbers or count concept.
Location prefixes - is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a location concept.
Prefixes of size - is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a size concept.
Prefixes of time and order - is used to aggregate the meaning of the word with a time or an
order concept.
Always remember that prefixes are easier to learn than suffixes and are more useful in decoding
words. Prefixes are more useful when they contribute to the meaning of a word and can be added to
the other words.
References:
Thomas G. Gunning. Creating Literacy: Instruction for all Students (5th ed.). USA: Pearson
Education, Inc. 2005.
Alejandro S. Bernardo. Developmental Reading 1. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, inc..
Perla M. Villanueva, Dolores C. Acurantes, Roberta C. Aranzaso, and Angelita P. Makalinao. English
Skills for College Freshmen. Quezon City: KATHA Publishing Company, inc.. 1995
http://personales.mundivia.es/emca/english4u/wordfor.html
Englishlinx.com
http://www.marthabianco.com/RD115/Worksheet1.pdf
http://peisker.net/wordformation.htm
Module 6
Pre-Activity
COMPOUND WORDS
Looking for the Jumbled Roots

Introducti
Hi there! Its a nice reading again with you. Here we are to empower you for more words that will
surely give you more mouth to say and more hand to write!
Let us take these words such as ice cream, butterscotch, shrimp paste, dried mango,
strawberry jam, or cupcake; In spite of their mouth-watering taste that will surely beg you to munch
such, these have something with our lesson for today, not the food, but the FORM of the word itself.
The enumerated words in the first sentence are examples of COMPOUND WORDS.
Le
t
us
k
O now
b
j
e
c
tiv
As we take compound words, at the end, you are expected to:
es
Know whats all about compound words

Identify the categories of compound words
Use the some compound words in the sentence
are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new m
Compound words are so prevalent in the English language. We dont think much about
Hot dog
key chain
Notebook
Powerpoint
Editor-in-chief
Chief-of-staff
Since compound words are written as one or separate words, it is divided into 3 categories:
Open Compound words- E.g. Living room, Full moon, Dinner table, North
America
Give your own definition

Open compound word is____________________________________
Closed Compound words- E.g. cannot, baseball, fireworks, passport

Closed Compound word is___________________________________
Hyphenated compound words -E.g. runner-up, warm-up, self-service, motherin-law

Hyphenated Compound words is______________________________
Let us know them
Categories of Compound Words
- have a space
between the words but
when they are read
together a new meaning is
formed
1.Open Compound Words
-An open compound

word refers to cases when the
modifying adjective is
generally used with its noun
to create a new noun. (This
isnt the same as a noun with
a modifying adjective.) We
just use a space between the
adjective and the noun, so
sometimes it can be hard to
identify; however, if the two
words are commonly used
together, its considered to be
a compound word.
Example:
Give us more Open Compound Words here:

_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
2.Closed Compound Word

are formed when two unique words are joined together. They dont have a space between them
and they are the type that generally comes to mind when we think of compound words.
are the ones that look like one word. At one point, these words werent used together, but
theyre now accepted as a real word in the English language. Closed compound words are usually
made up of only two words
Example:

_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
3. Hyphenated Compound Words
are connected by a hyphen. To avoid confusion, modifying compounds are often hyphenated, especia
Here are more examples of hyphenated compound words.
Rub your Hands and be READY!
...
For we will be preparing for some

Activity 1.
Getting to know me
Activity 2.
Find my Perfect Match
Instruction: Look for
compound words and
identify them if they are
closed, open, and
Hyphenated.
Check your score
If you get a score

of 8, 9 or 10 Job
well done! Youve
learn a lot in your
previous lessons
If you get a score
of 5, 6, or 7 Nice!
try to learn more
If you get a score
of 1, 2, 3, or 4
Nice try! But you
need to review
your lesson before
you proceed to the
next topic.
ACTION!
I learned all of the ways of the fox, mastering all of the skills that my mother could teach me.
I was her best student. My intelligence, strength, and speed made me quickly surpass even my
mothers skills, and when I had learned my lessons well enough, I fell asleep one night, on the night
of a full moon, feeling more tired than I could ever remember. I awoke with a terrible pain in my
chest. The pain ran down my spine to my missing tail, which throbbed with the most horrible
sensation. Then, before my eyes, the tail appeared, silvery and ghost-like at first, but growing more
solid with time. By morning, the pain was gone, and I had my first tail.
My five littermates were all nearly grown, ready to leave and seek out lives of their own, but
I was beyond them. I was the fastest, smartest, and most daring of the six, and it was I who left
first. I remember meeting my mothers eyes
for the
time as I left the den. She knew I was
The First
Tail last
Story
different. She knew there would be more for me.
By: Andrew Frinkle
I was born as a fox with no tail...

This is not a normal situation for foxes. Foxes are supposed to have long bushy tails, but I had
only a stub where a long tails should have been. I did not know it at the time, but it was because I
was special. My mother, who was a smart fox, could not explain it to me either, because foxes cant
talk.
Just how can I talk then? Well, Im not really, completely a fox. Im not a person either. Im
something in-between, something called a Gumiho. You see, this nub of a tail was just the beginning
of a collection of tails that I would have to grow, but I dont want to get ahead of myself. Let me tell
you how I got my first tail.
I later learned that my mother had once been caught in a snare trap. When the hunter came
and saw her stuck there, he decided he could not keep her for her furs. It was too cruel of a fate.
No, he decided that he should let her go. Of course, my mother was a wild fox, and she was already
in pain from having a snare cutting into her foot, so she was not ready to trust any human.
When the hunter reached for the snare to set her free, she snapped and snarled at him. He
backed away and put on gloves. Then he reached to set her free again. This time she bit down and
pierced his skin, even through the gloves! She drew a drop of blood as he unhooked her foot, and
that drop of blood is part of what made me a Gumiho, instead of a young fox kit like the rest of my
littermates.
In that one instant, her fox eyes meeting his human ones, a flicker of understanding passed
between the two. She was changed forever. He rubbed some salve on her wounded leg, and then let
her go. She retreated into the woods, but they watched each other for a long while before they
finally turned to leave. After that, my mother was smarter, different from the other foxes in the
woods.
When I was born, I had five brothers and sisters, my littermates. I alone of the six fox kits
inherited her intelligence, but a little something else came with it, or didnt come with it, I should
say, and that was my missing tail. As a Gumiho, I had to earn the right to a tail that all other foxes
would have been born with. My siblings and I watched my mother and learned from her. She taught
us what it was to be a fox: how to survive and how to live. She could cleverly catch bugs, frogs,
Compound Word
Check your score
If you get a score

of 8, 9 or 10 Job
well done! Youve
learn a lot in your
previous lessons
If you get a score
of 5, 6, or 7 Nice!
try to learn more
If you get a score
of 1, 2, 3, or 4
Nice try! But you
need to review
your lesson before
you proceed to the
next topic.
Category
Summary
Compound Words are formed when
two or more words are put together to
form a new word with a new meaning. They
can function as different parts of speech,
which can dictate what form the compound
takes on.
Compound words are divided into 3
categories:
Open compound words- have a
space between the words but when they
are read together a new meaning is
formed.
Closed compound words- are
formed when two unique words are joined
together. They dont have a space between
them and they are the type that generally
comes to mind when we think of compound
words.
References:
http://files.havefunteaching.com/free-worksheets/reading-comprehension/the-first-tail-fourth-gra
Module 6
COMPOUND WORDS
Introducti
Hi there! Its a nice reading again with you. Here we are to empower you for more words that will surely give
you more mouth to say and more hand to write!
Let us take these words such as ice cream, butterscotch, shrimp paste, dried mango, strawberry jam, or
cupcake; In spite of their mouth-watering taste that will surely beg you to munch such, these have something
with our lesson for today, not the food, but the FORM of the word itself. The enumerated words in the first
sentence are examples of COMPOUND WORDS.
Pre-Activity
Looking for the Jumbled Roots
L
e
tu
s
Ob know
j
e
c
ti
v
es
As we take compound words, at the end, you are expected to:

Know whats all about compound words
Identify the categories of compound words
Use the some compound words in the sentence
are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new meaning. They
Compound words are so prevalent in the English language. We dont think much about them until it
Hot dog
key chain
Notebook
Powerpoint
Editor-in-chief
Chief-of-staff
Since compound words are written as one or separate words, it is divided into 3
categories:
Open Compound words- E.g. Living room, Full moon, Dinner table, North America
Open compound word is____________________________________
Closed Compound words- E.g. cannot, baseball, fireworks, passport
Closed Compound word is___________________________________
Hyphenated compound words -E.g. runner-up, warm-up, self-service, mother-in-law
Hyphenated Compound words is______________________________
Let us know them
Categories of Compound Words
4.
- have a space between the
words but when they are
read together a new
meaning is formed
4.Open Compound Words
-An open compound word

refers to cases when the
modifying adjective is
generally used with its noun
to create a new noun. (This
isnt the same as a noun with
a modifying adjective.) We
just use a space between the
adjective and the noun, so
sometimes it can be hard to
identify; however, if the two
words are commonly used
together, its considered to be
a compound word.
Example:

_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
5.Closed Compound Word

are formed when two unique words are joined together. They dont have a space between them and
they are the type that generally comes to mind when we think of compound words.
are the ones that look like one word. At one point, these words werent used together, but theyre now
accepted as a real word in the English language. Closed compound words are usually made up of
only two words
Example:

_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________
______________
6. Hyphenated Compound Words
are connected by a hyphen. To avoid confusion, modifying compounds are often hyphenated, especia
Here are more examples of hyphenated compound words.
Rub your Hands and be READY!
...
For we will be preparing for some
Activity 1.
Getting to know me
ACTION!
The First Tail Story

By: Andrew Frinkle
I was born as a fox with no tail...

This is not a normal situation for foxes. Foxes are supposed to have long bushy
tails, but I had only a stub where a long tails should have been. I did not know it at
the time, but it was because I was special. My mother, who was a smart fox, could
not explain it to me either, because foxes cant talk.
Activity
2.
Just how can I talk then? Well, Im not really, completely a fox. Im not a person
either. Im something in-between, something called a Gumiho. You see, this nub of
a tail wasmy
just Perfect
the beginning
of a collection of tails that I would have to grow, but I
Find
Match
dont want to get ahead of myself. Let me tell you how I got my first tail.
I later learned that my mother had once been caught in a snare trap. When the
hunter
Instruction: Look for came and saw her stuck there, he decided he could not keep her for her
furs.and
It was too cruel of a fate. No, he decided that he should let her go. Of course,
compound words
mother
identify themmy
if they
are was a wild fox, and she was already in pain from having a snare cutting
closed, open,into
and her foot, so she was not ready to trust any human.
Hyphenated.
When the hunter reached for the snare to set her free, she snapped and snarled at
him. He backed away and put on gloves. Then he reached to set her free again.
This time she bit down and pierced his skin, even through the gloves! She drew a
drop of blood as he unhooked her foot, and that drop of blood is part of what made
me a Gumiho, instead of a young fox kit like the rest of my littermates.
In that one instant, her fox eyes meeting his human ones, a flicker of understanding
passed between the two. She was changed forever. He rubbed some salve on her
wounded leg, and then let her go. She retreated into the woods, but they watched
I learned all
of other
the ways
the while
fox, mastering
all finally
of the skills
that
my mother
each
for aoflong
before they
turned
to leave.
After that, my
could teach
me. Iwas
wassmarter,
her best different
student. from
My intelligence,
strength,
speed
mother
the other foxes
in theand
woods.
made me quickly surpass even my mothers skills, and when I had learned my
When I was born, I had five brothers and sisters, my littermates. I alone of the six
lessons well
I fell asleep
one night, but
on the
night
of a full moon,
fox enough,
kits inherited
her intelligence,
a little
something
else came with it, or didnt
come
with
it, IIshould
say, remember.
and that was
my missing
As apain
Gumiho,
I had to earn
feeling more
tired
than
could ever
I awoke
with atail.
terrible
in
the right to a tail that all other foxes would have been born with. My siblings and I
my chest. The pain ran down my spine to my missing tail, which throbbed
watched my mother and learned from her. She taught us what it was to be a fox:
Check your
score sensation. Then, before my eyes, the tail appeared,
with the most
horrible
how to
survive and how to live. She could cleverly catch bugs, frogs, moles, mice,
and
all
manners
food.
She
knew
how
to learn
hide
humans
andlessons
the forests
silvery
ghost-like
but
growing
more
solid
with
time.
Byprevious
morning,
and
If you
get a scoreatoffirst,
8,of9 or
10 Job
well
done!
Youve
afrom
lot
in your
predators.
She knew
where
thetobest
places to slake her thirst were and how to build
If
yougone,
get a score
6, or
7 Nice!
the pain
was
andofI 5,
had
my
first try
tail. learn more
a den. She knew how to care for young and how to mark her territory.
If you get a score of 1, 2, 3, or 4 Nice try! But you need to review your lesson before you
My five littermates were all nearly grown, ready to leave and seek out lives of
proceed to the next topic.
their own, but I was beyond them. I was the fastest, smartest, and most
daring of the six, and it was I who left first. I remember meeting my mothers
eyes for the last time as I left the den. She knew I was different. She knew
Check your score
Compound
Word
If you
get a score
of 8, 9 or 10 Job
well done! Youve
learn a lot in your
previous lessons
Category
Summary
Compound Words are formed when two or more words are put
together to form a new word with a new meaning. They can
function as different parts of speech, which can dictate what
form the compound takes on.
Compound words are divided into 3 categories:
Open compound words- have a space between the words but
when they are read together a new meaning is formed.
Closed compound words- are formed when two unique words
are joined together. They dont have a space between them and
they are the type that generally comes to mind when we think
of compound words.
Hyphenated compound words- are connected by a hyphen.
Module 7
References:
http://files.havefunteaching.com/free-worksheets/reading-comprehension/the-first-tail-fourth-grade-reading-co
The Synonyms and Antonyms

Hoola! Welcome to Module 7. I believed that you have improved you vocabulary skills in the
previous modules. I think it is time to go higher in developing your vocabulary.
Oops! May I remind you of the following objectives that you must bare in mind so that you will be
guided going to the success of your journey in this module.
Objectives:
Recognize synonyms and antonyms
Identify words that are considered synonyms and antonyms
Cite or give the synonyms and antonyms of a given word
Preliminary Task:
Give the synonyms of a given word in the first web and the antonyms of the other word in the second
web. Place your answers in the outer circles.
1st Web
clean
2nd Web
big
Discussion:
The Synonyms
In English Language, there are a lot of words that make a certain piece of writing colorful. Words like
synonyms are used to avoid dullness and to prevent the repetitionof words that may cause the reader bored of
spending time in reading.
Traditionally, Synonyms are definedas words that are similar in meanings.
Examples are as follows:
clean is synonymous to neat
big is
synonymous to gigantic
Synonyms
because word
as an
will not only refer to words that are similar in meanings. This is
meanings may varies in terms of usage, its etymology and etc.
example,lets put the words reduce and abridge.
He used
He wants to
The first
kind of
want to cut or
wouldnt
they are
the other
belong to the
Synonyms comes from

the Greek words syn
(with) and onoma
(name)
Synonymous are term
for words that are
similar
Synonymy state of
being synonym.
Examples are
abridge dictionary.
reduce the dictionary.
sentence, in terms of usage, abridge dictionaywould mean to a
dictionary, while reduce, in terms of usage would mean that he
shorten the dictionary. In this context, synonyms are words that
mean always the same to the meaning of the other wordsbut
words that would mmean nearly the saame to the meaninbg of
words only that they can be considered synonyms if they
same parts of speech.
as follows:
Outgoing:
Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted
Rich:
Affluent, Wealthy, Well-off, Well-to-do
Strong:
Stable, Secure, Solid, Tough
Unhappy:
Sad, Depressed, Melancholy, Miserable
Lucky:
Auspicious, Fortunate
Positive:
Optimistic, Cheerful, Starry-eyed, Sanguine
Bossy:
Controlling, Tyrannical
Here are some miscellaneous words and their synonyms:

Baffle:
confuse, deceive
Hypocrisy:
duplicity, falseness
Pacify:
appease, placate
Recalcitrant:
obstinate, stubborn
Turbulent:
disordered, violent
Valid:
authorized, legitimate
Old:
antiquated, ancient, obsolete, extinct, past, prehistoric, venerable, aged
True:
genuine, reliable, factual, accurate, precise, correct, valid, real
Important:
required, substantial, vital, essential, primary, significant, requisite, critical
Weak:
frail, anemic, feeble, infirm, languid, sluggish, puny, fragile
Activity 1.1
Put a (/) check in the blank provided before the number if the words are synonymous to each other
and (X) if otherwise. You can use a dictionary to help you for your answers.
______ 1. bad, awful
______ 2. frigid, frozen
______ 3. rough, smooth
______ 4. pretty, beautiful
______ 5. rich, poor
______ 6. light, dark
______ 7. open, close
______ 8. gleaming, sparkling
______ 9. quiet, loud
______ 10.curious, interested
Activity 1.2
Think of at least five pairs of of synonyms that are not included above and use them in a sentence.
Put your answers below. Underline the words.
1.______________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________
4.______________________________________________________
5.______________________________________________________
Activity 1. 3
Underline the synonym of theitalicized word and use it in the sentence.
Curtail
lenghth
truncate
outsrtetch
draw- out
prolong
________________________________________________________________________.
Sturdy
tender
weak
feeble
faint
stout
________________________________________________________________________.
Listen
hark
ignore
slur
neglect
bypass
________________________________________________________________________.
Peaceful
variance
dissent
dovish
hawk
conflagration
________________________________________________________________________.
Gentle
roaring
blasting
soothing
coarse
scathing
________________________________________________________________________.
Affection
hatred
attachment
loathing
abomination
rancon
________________________________________________________________________.
Heavy
light
weightless
massive
twerp
nonentity
________________________________________________________________________.
Amass
scatter
gather
disperse
dispel
dissipate
_________________________________________________________________________.
Resilient
flexible
rigid
stif
inelastic
nonelastic
_________________________________________________________________________.
Confuse
clarify
clear
baffle
illuminate
fine
_________________________________________________________________________.
The Antonyms
One way of finding the happiness is through the opposite.
This concept is not only applied in or for finding thr relationship.
The English Language, also gives emphasis in the use of opposite words.
Antonyms are words that are opposite or approximately opposite
in meaning.
They give a good understanding to the other word.
Word/s
opposite
about
exactly
above
below
absence
presence
abundance
lack
to accept
to refuse
accidental
intentional
active
lazy
to add
to subtract
to admit
to deny
adult
child
advanced
elementary
affirmative
negative
afraid
brave
after
before
against
for
Antonyms
are words
that are
opposite or
approximatel
y opposite
alike
different
alive
dead
all
none
always
never
ancient
modern
to agree
to refuse, to argue
to allow
to forbid
already
not yet
always
never
amateur
professional
to amuse
to bore
angel
devil
animal
human
to annoy
to satisfy
to answer
to ask
answer
question
Activity 1.4
Find the correct antonym of the word that matches the the word.
Example: nice - unfriendly
1. young - _______
a.youthful
b.tidy
c.careless
b.bumpy
c.loud
d.rude
2..smart - ______
a.hairy
d.clever
3.fast - ________
a.clear
b.speedy
c.lean
d.deep
4.draw - ________
a.sketch
b.sit
c.run
d.dance
5.jump- ________
a.bake
b.hop
c.drive
d.rest
6..amass- ________
a. disperse b. meld
c. muster
d. compile
7.vacate- ________
a. abandon
b. charter
c. sever
d. occupy
8.festive- ________
a. serene
b. hearty
c. gruesome
d. dreary
9.wan- _________
a. pale
b. drab
c. anemic
d. glowing e. flushed
10.forgo- ________
a. despise
b. revere
c. indulge
d. abstain
Activity 1.5
Underline the word that is most nearly opposite in the word in capital letters.
1. Vacate
abandon,
2. Amass infuse
charter,
disperse,
3. Enamorentice,
fascinate
4.
Renownacclaim,
prestige
5. Amplify-
magnify,
6. Porousdense,
7. Wan-
8. Forgo-
9. FestiveActivity 1.6
muster,
enlighten,
obscurity,
intensity,
drab,
dispense,
revere,
serene,
occupy,
meld,
fragile,
spongy
pale,
kaleidoscope
sever,
loathe,
villainy,
discharge
compile,
subdue,
infamy,
allay,
withdraw,
waterproof,
consolidated,
anemic,
indulge,
hearty,
lessen
glowing,
abstain,
waive
gruesome,
Think of at least 5 pairs of antonyms. Then, use these words in a sentence. Place your answers in the lines
provided below.
1._____________________________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________________________________
4._____________________________________________________________________________________
5._____________________________________________________________________________________
Synonyms and Antonyms goes together

One excellent technique of improving your vocabulary is to learn synonyms and antonyms together.
Examples:
Word
Synonym
Antonym
Example Sentences
big
large
small
He has a big house in California.

She has a small apartment in Manhattan.
difficult
hard
easy
The test was very difficult.

I think riding a bike is easy.
new
recent
used
I bought a recent book.

She drives a used car.
clean
tidy
dirty
He keeps his house tidy.

The car is dirty and needs to be washed.
safe
secure
dangerous
The money is secure in the bank.

Walking through downtown at midnight is dangerous.
friendly
outgoing
unfriendly
Tom is outgoing with everyone.

There are many unfriendly people in this town.
good
great
bad
That's a great idea!

He's a bad tennis player.
cheap
inexpensive
expensive
Homes are inexpensive at the moment.

That car is very expensive.
interesting
fascinating
boring
That's a fascinating story.

That TV show is boring.
quiet
still
noisy
It's nice and still in this room.

The children are very noisy today.
Word
Synonym
Antonym
Example Sentences
fast
quickly
slowly
He drives very quickly.

I slowly walked through the park.
carefully
cautiously
carelessly
Tim walked cautiously through the room checking everything.

Those who drive carelessly will probably have an accident.
always
all the time
never
She easts lunch at her desk all the time.

She never goes to the dentist.
seriously
thoughtfully
thoughtlessly
He thoughtfully answered the question.

She speaks about her private life thoughtlessly.
colorfully
plainly
brightly
She painted the picture plainly.

He brightly spoke about his adventures.
Try this
one!
Direction: Read the paragraph below. The words in bold prints are the antonyms of the words that should be
appear in the in the selection. Fix the story to add sense to the texts. Write new words on the lines below. The
first one is done for you.
Felix and Diego were absent on the day of the test. When they left at school the following night, they
had to go to a different room to give the test. They were calm because they were not really prepared
but decided to give it their worst try. Felixs pencil mended twice during the test because he was
pressing too softly. He finally took a shallow breath and calmed up. At the different time, Diego was
unoccupied, carefully reading and the erasing in the bubbles to answer the questions. He started too
quickly to do a poor job of it, so he decided to recklessly back over each question to make sure he had
the incorrect answer. Both girls spent most of evening until lunch time playing on the test. They
were very anxious when they were finally able to finish and turn their tests out. They hurried back to
their classroom just in time to get their lunch money so they could line up with everyone else to sell
lunch. They decided to try harder not to be absent on attest day again!
1.arrived
2.________
3._______
4. _________
5.__________
6. ________
7._______
8._______
9._______
10._______
11.________
12._________
13._______
14._______
15._______
16._______
17._______
18.________
19._______
20._______
21.________
22.______
Direction: The words in bold print are over- used. Think of a synonym that you could use to replace each tired
word to add interest. Write the word in the corresponding numbered lines below the first one has been done
for you
Jennifer and Laritza had a nice day at school. In the morning, they listened as their teacher read a nice
story. The work was hard during math because they had just started learning a new skill. The teacher was
happy with their progress. It was a nice day, so they were able to play soccer outside for P.E. The class
was happy when the teacher said they would have a party that afternoon. Jennifer was excited about the
party. She was tired because the she did not sleep well the night before. She stayed in at recess and made
a pretty sign while the other children played outside. She used big letters to write the word celebrate.
She even draw butterflies with small dots on their wings. Jennifer came back a few minutes to help her.
Together they colored the pictures and letters that Laritza had drawn. When the other students came back
in after recess, they all agreed it was nice sign. The teacher put it up on the board in the front of the room.
Then she passed out some good cookies. She told them they were celebrating because they did a good job
on their recent test. She was happy they did well.
1. Pleasant
7._______
Summary:
2._______
3.________
4.________
8._______
9._______
10._______
5._______
6.________
Now that you have already hurdled the challenge in this module I hope that you have develop your
vocabulary skill in higher perspective. But before you truly end this module let me refresh what you have
learned. In this module you have learned that synonyms are words that have nearly similar meaning to the
other word while synonyms are words that are opposite to each other or words that have opposite meanings.
With these, we end this module. Take a short break and prepare for the another challenge in the succeeding
modules that you will have.
Sources:
http://kidspicturedictionary.com/word-must-know/vocabulary/vocabulary-list-by-opposites-orantonyms/
https://www.powerthesaurus.org/discuss/antonyms/argue
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=fixing+a+story&rlz=
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-synonyms.html
http://www.englishleap.com/vocabulary/antonym
http://hamariweb.com/dictionaries/module_synonyms-and-definitions.aspx
http://esl.about.com/od/learningtechniques/a/Synonyms-Antonyms-ESL.htm
MODULE 8
HOMONYMS and
HETERONYMS
Introduction
HORAYYYY for HH!!! Homonyms and Heteronyms. In your previous lesson you
have learned about synonyms and antonyms this time you will learn about other group of words, the
homonyms and heteronyms. It makes easier to learn the difference among the two types of words using
definitions and example given. This will be quite confusing but no worries I will make sure that in the end of
this module you are able to distinguish the difference of both words and can improve more your vocabulary
skills.
Objectives
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
1. Defined what are Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs, and Heteronyms

2. Recognize the use of Homonyms and Heteronyms in a sentence.
3. Construct sentences using Heteronyms.
Discussion
Homo
Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation
but have different meanings. For example,
A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

The driver turned left (opposite of right) and left ( departed from) the main road.
Other examples:
Left = direction; opposite right
Left = to leave behind
Right = correct
Right = direction; opposite of left
Stalk = part of plant
Stalk = following or harassing someone
State = a place within the country
State = to say
Quarter= 25 cents
Quarter =
Homophones, also known as sound-alike-words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have
different meanings and often have different spelling as well. These words are a very common source of
confusion when writing. Common examples of sets of homophones include: peace, piece; pour, poor; oar, or;
scene, seen; to, too; and sun, son. Here are some more examples of homonyms.
Examples;
Than vs. Then

Their, There, vs. Theyre
Threw vs. Through
Vary vs. Very
Waist vs. Waste
Ware, Wear, vs. Where
Way vs. Weigh

Weather vs. Whether
Week vs. Weak
Which vs. Witch
Morning vs. Mourning

Pain vs. Pane
Pair, Pare, vs. Pear
Peace vs. Piece
Plain vs. Plane
Red vs. Read
Right, Write, vs. Rite
Seam vs. Seem
Sew, So, vs. Sow
Sight, Cite, vs. Site
Sole vs. Soul
Some vs. Sum
Homonyms are further classified as homographs (graph means write) and homophones ( phones means
sound). Words are called homographs if they are spelled the same but have different meanings. They are
often pronounced differently.
Examples of homographs are:
Close = to shut;
Close = near by
Convict = to accuse; Convict = a criminal

Minute = 60 seconds; Minute = small; tiny
Suspect = to question; Suspect = someone in question
Wind = blowing air; Wind = to wrap or roll up
Other examples:
a stick of gum
stick a stamp on an envelop
stick a feather in your cap
use a walking stick
a pound of cabbage
pound the pavement
a city pound
pound the peppercorns
blow smoke from a cigar

a body blow
blow hot and cold
blow your chance in a gold medal
Heteronyms
Now well be taking a look at the term heteronym a close relative of homonym. Unlike homonyms,
however, heteronyms are words that have the same spelling but sound different. An easy way to remember the
difference between heteronyms and homonyms is to look at the prefixes, meaning the first part of the word.
The prefix hetero means different, and the prefix homo means same. So, remember, homonyms have the
same sound and heteronyms have different sounds.
Here are some examples of heteronyms:
Address: We have just moved, here is my new address.

The president will address the crowd.
Close:
The little friends held hands and sat close together.

Please close the door, there is a cold breeze.
Dove:
The dove sat cooing in the tree.

I dove off the top board into the swimming pool
Other examples:
Heteronym
Meaning
Close
to shut; nearby
Combine
put together; threshing machine
compact
agreement closely; packed together
object
thing; to protest
perfect
flawless; to make flawless
permit
to allow; document giving permission
Activity 1.1
Homonyms, Homographs and Homophones

Homonyms: Words that have the same spelling and same pronunciation, but different meanings.
Directions: Choose (a) or (b)

Example: I hope you are not lying
My books are lying
(a)
(b)
me.
(a) telling a lie
on the table.
1. The kids are going to watch ___ TV tonight.

What time is it? I have to set my watch____.
2. Which page _____ is the homework on?
Please page _____the doctor if you need help.
3. Lets play ___ soccer after school.
The author wrote a new play ___.
4. Ouch! The mosquito bit ___ me!
Ill have a little bit ___ of sugar in my tea.
5. My rabbits are in a pen ___ outside.
Please sign this form with a black pen ___.
(b) being in a horizontal position
(a) small clock worn on the wrist

(b) look at
(a) one sheet of paper
(b) to call someone on an electronic pager
(a) participate in a sport
(b) theater piece
(a) a tiny amount
(b) past tense of bite
(a) a writing instrument which uses ink
(b) an enclosed area
Homographs: Words that have the same spelling, but different pronunciations and
meanings.
Directions: Choose (a) or (b)
Example: The wind _(a)_ is blowing hard.
I have to wind _(b)_ my clock.
(a) moving air (rhymes with pinned)

(b) turn the stem (rhymes with find)
1. The singer made a low bow ___ to the audience.

(a) decorative ribbon (rhymes with so)
Maria placed a red bow ___ on the birthday gift.
(b) bend at the waist (rhymes with how)
2. All the students are present ___ today.

The boss will present ___ the award at 10:00.
(a) here
(b) give
3. Please close ___ the door.
(a) near
The boy sat close ___ to his uncle.

4.The rope was wound ___ around his ankles.
The soldier received a wound ___ in the battle.
(b) shut
(a) tied around
(b) an injury
5. I dont know if I will live ___ or die.

Last night I saw the band play live ___ in concert.
(a) to have life

(b) in real time performance
Homophones: Words that have the same pronunciation, but different spelling and different meanings.
Directions: Choose the correct word.
Example: Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.
1. Can I go to the party (to, too, two)?
2. This is my favorite (pare, pair, pear) of jeans.
3. I (sent, scent, cent) a letter to my aunt in Vietnam.
4. The children got (bored, board) during the lecture.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez like to work in (there, theyre, their) garden.
6. Alec is going to (wear, ware) his work boots today.
7. Do you think it is going to (rein, rain, reign) this afternoon?
8. I saw a restaurant just off the (rode, road) about a mile back.
9.
Davids brother is in a (band, banned) which plays Russian music.
10. Juana wants her socks because her (tows, toes) are cold.
11. The teacher walked down the (aisle, isle) between the rows of desks.
12.
Hadil has a (pane, pain) in her shoulder.
13.
The school (principal, principle) spoke to a group of parents.
14. The clerk wants to (sell, cell) as many TVs as possible.

15. I dont want to talk about the (passed, past) anymore.
16. Nobody (knows, nose) what you are thinking.
17. I have (for, four, fore) dollars in my pocket.
18. I need to take a (break, brake) from this exercise!
19. Humans have hands. Dogs have (paws, pause).
20. (Hell, Heel, Heal) be here in a few minutes.
Activity 1.2
A. Identify the heteronyms.
Here are five sentence pairs. Can you identify the heteronyms by drawing a smiling face next to the sentences
in which they appear?
1. She saw an object lying on the ground If they dont let me go I will object strongly.
2. It is one minute to midnight.
The diamond was so minute I could hardly see it.
3. He got all his sums right. When you get to the intersection, turn right.
4. Her mother was an invalid and spent most of her time in bed. You will need to be re-tested, your licence is
invalid.
5. He rose up out of his chair to greet her. She placed the perfect red rose in a vase on her desk.
B. Use heteronyms in sentences.

Now work out the different meanings of the following heteronyms and write two sentences with each, clearly
showing the meaning of the words.
Bow
Content
Lead
Live
Desert
Bow
Content
Lead
Live
Desert
Summary
In this module, you learned about the differences between the Homonyms and
Heteronyms. Always remember, that a homonyms have the same spelling and pronunciation but different in
meaning while heteronyms have the same spelling but sounds different. Under homonyms it includes
Homophones and Homographs,
Homographs are words that spelled the same but different in meaning.
Homophones are words that sounds alike but different in meaning and spelling.
References
Englishforever.org
Homonyms, homophones, homographs, pdf.
https://www.english club.com/vocabulary/homonyms, heteronyms.htm
Episode
9
Introduction
Hi readers! Im back!!! Today I am your guide in learning about context clues. In finding meaning in a
context you must find a clue to find what the meaning of that sentence is. Learning the meaning of a word
through its use in a sentence or paragraph is the most practical way to build vocabulary, since a dictionary is
not always available when a reader encounters an unknown word. You must be aware that many words have
several possible meanings. Only by being sensitive to the circumstances in which a word is used can the
reader decide upon an appropriate definition to fit the context. But before you go to the lesson here are some
set of objectives that you need to follow.
At the end of the lesson you

should be able to
Understand what context clue is
Determine what are the types of

context clues
Unlock unfamiliar words with the use
of context clues
Preliminary Activity
Direction: Using your knowledge of context clues, define the underline word in each sentence. Then
explain the clues you used to define the word.
1. During history, snowboarders streaked across his homework sheets and collided with answers to
questions about the American Revolution.
Define collided - ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Clues used from the sentence -___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. The next day, Mrs. Leland strode into the classroom with a gleam in her eye.
Define strode - _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Clues used from the sentence - __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Well, it sounds like youre qualified, Irene, Mrs. Leland replied.
Define qualified - ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Everyone was looking at him expectantly.
Define expectantly - ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. It looked like a lot of fun, Sam thought glumly.
Define glumly - ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion
Context clues are hints found within

a sentence,
paragraph,
Context
clues are hints
found within a sentence, paragraph, or
passage
that
a
reader
can
use to understand the meanings of
or passage that a reader can use to understand the
or unfamiliar words.
meanings of new or unfamiliar new
words.
A
reader
should
on context
A reader should rely on context clues when
anrely
obvious
clueclues when an obvious clue to
meaning is provided, or when only a general sense of the
to meaning is provided, or when only a general sense of the
meaning is needed for the readers purposes.
meaning is needed for the readers purposes.
Context clues should not be relied
uponclues
whenshould
a precise
Context
not be relied upon when a precise
meaning is required, when clues
suggest
several possible
meaning
is required,
when clues suggest several possible
definitions, when nearby wordsdefinitions,
are unfamiliar,
and when
when nearby
words are unfamiliar, and when the
word
a common
the unknown word is a commonunknown
one that
willisbe
needed one that will be needed again; in
these
cases,
a
dictionary
should be consulted.
again; in these cases, a dictionary should be consulted.
There are several different types of context clues. Some of
There are several different types of context clues. Some of
them are:
them are:
a.
Comparison
a. Comparison
b.
Antonyms/contrast
b. Antonyms/contrast
c.
Definition
c. Definition
d.
Cause and effect
d. Cause and effect
e.
Examples
e. Examples
f. Explanation Clues
f.
Explanation Clues
g. Inferring Meaning from Context
g.
Inferring Meaning from Context
Comparison clues
This type of context clues refers to the use of unfamiliar word in comparison to a familiar word.
Some phrases that signal comparison clues are like, as, same, same as, and similar to.
For examples:
The taciturn student is like a mute television.
The concentric circles used as a model for World Englishes are similar to the
overlapping circles shown on the board.
Antonym/Contrast clues
In a contrast clue, a new word is the opposite of the known word. Some phrases that alert contrast
clues are the following: although, but, though, on the other hand, however, yet, unlike, different from,
in contrast to, not, and as opposed to.
For examples:
In March, the weather is usually pacific, unlike the bad and stormy weather during
the months of June and July.
Mikes daughter is very mischievous. However, his son always behaves well.
Definition Clues
In this type of context clues uses simpler synonyms of unfamiliar word is defined in the sentence
itself.
For examples:
A philatelist is someone who collects different kinds of stamps.
A claustrophobic is someone that is afraid of closed areas.
Explanation Clues
This type of context uses explanations to simplify the meaning of unfamiliar words.
For examples:
Conjugation is done by adding s or es or d or ed to the base form of the verb.
Example Clues
This type of context clues uses familiar examples to illustrate the meaning of unfamiliar words.
For examples:
Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and trout, live in the coldest parts of
the ocean.
Piscatorial obviously refers to fish.
Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man through the
centuries.
Celestial objects are those in the sky or heavens.
In the course of mans evolution, certain organs have atrophied. The appendix, for
example, has wasted away from disuse.
Atrophied means wasted away.
Inferring Meaning from Context
This type of clues uses hints to make educated guesses or inferences about the meaning of the word.
For examples:
She told her friend, Im through with blind dates forever. What a dull evening! I was
bored every minute. The conversation was absolutely vapid.
Vapid means uninteresting.
Cause and Effect clues
The author explains the reason for or the result of the word. Words like because,
since, therefore, thus, so, etc. may signal context clues.
For example:
She wanted to impress all her dinner guests with the food she served, so she carefully
studied the necessary culinary arts.
Culinary means food preparation.

If you learn how to use these clues, you can save yourself a trip to the dictionary, increase your vocabulary,
and improve your reading comprehension. Using context means figuring out what words mean by knowing
how they are used in the sentence or paragraphs where they appear. Since youve already learned to
understand and determine the types of context clues you will now practice what you have learned.
Activity 1
Direction: Circle the letter of the best meaning for the underlined word as it is
used in context.
1. My brother said, I just freed myself from a very loquacious history professor. All
he seemed to want was an audience.
a. pretentious
b. grouchy
c. talkative
d. worried
2. There is no doubt that the idea of living in such a benign climate was appealing. The
islanders seemed to keep their vitality and live longer than Europeans.
a. tropical
b. not malignant
c. kind
d. favorable
3. It is difficult to imagine a surfeit of talent in one individual, yet Leonard Bernstein
simply does not have the time to make complete use of his talent as conductor,
performer, writer, and lecturer.
a. excess
b. variety
c. superiority
d. lack
4. There is a large demand all over the United States for plants indigenous to the
desert. Many people in Arizona have made a good business of growing and selling
cacti and other local plants.
a. native
b. necessary
c. foreign
d. alien
5. After the Romans left, a millennium and a half passed before people again lived in
such comfort. Churchill wrote, From the year 400 until the year 1900 no one had
central heating and very few had hot baths.
a. a decade
b. many years
c. 1000 years
d. a century
6. Many years before, Caesars men had tried and failed to invade Britain. No doubt
this contributed to the xenophobia of the Romans. They were cautious about
strangers who entered their country.
a. honesty
b. fear of foreigners
c. kindliness
d. stubbornness
7. Such are the vicissitudes of history. Nothing remains the same. Three hundred years
of peace ended in darkness and confusion.
a. evils
b. mistakes
c. changes
d. rules
8. The purpose of the psychiatrist is to mitigate the suffering of the patient.
a. make milder
b. beautify
c. increase
d. banish
9. We knew he couldnt hold out much longer, because he had been doomed from the
beginning. One night he met his ineluctable fate.
a. forgotten
b. inevitable
c. hidden
d. unhappy
10. A combination of fog and industrial smoke, called smog, has vitiated the air in and
around many big cities.
a. concentrate
b. fill up
c. replace
d. contaminate
Activity 2
Direction: Read the words in the box below. Write each word where it belongs.
conscious
fallacy
chaotic
elicit
ambiguous
cerebral
distinction
altercation
accomplice
1. The crowd was ________________ when they jumped all together.

2. He was definitely a ___________________ basketball player because he used his knowledge of
the game when he played.
3. A lot of students felt the test essay question was ___________________ because it did not directly
state certain details of the reading.
4. Reporters often attempt to ___________________ a certain type of response from the person they
are interviewing.
5. It is a ____________________ that the earth is flat.
6. You need to make a clear ______________________ between your first and second idea.
7. There was a large _____________________ between two teams in the middle of the field.
8. The suspect had an _____________________ when they committed the crime.
9. Susan made a __________________ effort to be nice to her new friend.
Test Yourself 1
Direction: Write each underlined word in the blank. Circle the letter of the word that most closely
matches the underlined word in the sentence. Use the other words in the sentence for clues to the
correct meaning.
1. The lost campers sweltered in the heat of the desert sun. b
A. ate B. burned C. slept D. sunbathed
2. Congress put a tariff on overseas goods so the price would not be lower than domestic products.
A. stamp B. prohibition C. ad D. tax
3. The scared rock climber balanced precariously on the edge of the cliff.
A. gracefully B. lazily C. dangerously D. hopefully
4. We often travel to New England in the autumn to see the bright colors of the fall
foliage.
.
A. hurricane B. plays C. snow D. leaves
5. Each student was allotted two tickets to the dance.
A. allowed
B. joyful
C. taken
D. fed
6. The mood was somber at the funeral of the former president.
A. shyly B. serious C. hungry D. plenty
7. The country cottage was just outside the quaint and picturesque town.
A. charming B. running C. ruined D. perhaps
8. When he didnt understand the instructions, the student asked the teacher to
clarify them.
A. remove
B. call C. explain D. stop
9. The impudent boy was rude to the policeman.
A. handsome B. carefully C. poor D. bold
10. Cold rain fell all day, making it a dismal Saturday afternoon.
A. gloomy B. red C. shining D. fun
Test Yourself 2
Context Clues: Reading for Meaning

Charles Dickens novel A Tale of Two Cities was published in 1859. It takes place in Paris, France
and London, England around time of the French Revolution (1789-1799). It tells the story of two
men, Frenchman Charles Darnay and Englishman Sydney Carton, and the effect of the revolution on
their lives and the world. Below is a passage from the book. Read it carefully, paying special
attention to the underlined words.
II. The Mail
It was the Dover road that lay, on a Friday night late in November, before the first of the persons
with whom this history has business. The Dover road lay, as to him, beyond the Dover mail, as it
lumbered up Shooters Hill. He walked up hill in the mire by the side of the mail, as the rest of the
passengers did; not because they had the least relish for walking exercise, under the circumstances,
but because the hill, and the harness, and the mud, and the mail, were all so heavy, that the horses
had three times already come to a stop, besides once drawing the coach across the road, with the
mutinous intent of taking it back to Blackheath. Reins and whip and coachman and guard, however,
in combination, had read that article of war which forbade a purpose otherwise strongly in favour of
the argument, that some brute animals are endued with Reason; and the team had capitulated and
returned to their duty.
Direction: In the blanks below write the letter of the word or phrase from the list that most closely
matches the word from the passage.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
history
mail
lumbered
mire
relish
mutinous
endued
a. disobedient
b. mud
c. armor
d. postal coach
e. given up
f. enjoyment
g. story
8. capitulated
j. provided
k. moved heavily
h. denied
SUMMARY
When attempting to decipher the meaning of a new word, it is often useful to

look at what comes before and after that word. The surrounding words can give
readers helpful context clues about the meaning and structure of the new word,
as well as how it is used.
Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a
reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words. There
are different types of context clues.
1. Comparison clues
This type of context clues refers to the use of unfamiliar word in comparison to
a familiar word. Some phrases that signal comparison clues are like, as, same,
same as, and similar to.
2. Antonym/Contrast clues
In a contrast clue, a new word is the opposite of the known word. Some phrases
that alert contrast clues are the following: although, but, though, on the other
hand, however, yet, unlike, different from, in contrast to, not, and as opposed
to.
3. Definition Clues
In this type of context clues uses simpler synonyms of unfamiliar word is
defined in the sentence itself.
4. Explanation Clues
This type of context uses explanations to simplify the meaning of unfamiliar
words.
5. Example Clues
This type of context clues uses familiar examples to illustrate the meaning of
unfamiliar words.
6. Inferring Meaning from Context
This type of clues uses hints to make educated guesses or inferences about the
meaning of the word.
7. Cause and Effect clues
The author explains the reason for or the result of the word. Words like
because, since, therefore, thus, so, etc. may signal context clues.
References
http://www.mdc.edu/kendall/collegeprep/documents2/context%20cluesrev8192.pdf
http://www.readingrockets.org/article/using-context-clues-understand-word-meanings
http://study.com/academy/lesson/context-clue-definition-examples.html
http://reflectivepractitioner.pbworks.com/f/capstone3.pdf
http://www.k12reader.com/worksheet/context-clues-reading-for-meaning/view/
Module 10
Idiomatic Expression
Introduction
Welcome to module 10! Have you learned a lot from the previous module? If yes good job, if no keep
trying. This will be your last step in developing your vocabulary knowledge.
When one says "The devil is in the details", one is not expressing a belief in demons, but rather one
means that things may look good on the surface, but upon examining, undesirable aspects are revealed. Every
language has its own collection of wise sayings. These sayings are called "idioms" - or proverbs if they are
longer.
According to Cutler idiom is a sequence of two or more words that the meaning is not translated from
the individual meaning. People always translate phrases in its literal meaning but idiom should not be
translated through literal it should be on how it is used in the sentence. Translating idioms is one of the most
difficult tasks for translators. The first difficulty that a translator comes across, while translating idioms, is the
ability to recognize and distinguish idiomatic expression. In order to gain knowledge about idiomatic
expression you should pay attention and open your minds for we will start our lesson.
In this module you will encounter idiomatic expression that you will be able to use in your daily life.
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
1. Define idiomatic expressions.
2. Recognize idiomatic expressions
3. Develop your vocabulary knowledge through idiomatic expressions.
Preliminary activity
Pair off. Construct phrases by joining any of the words below. Use each word once.
apple
face
are
long
the
bell
its
of
a
the
wearing
raining
cats
saved
and
by
days
eye
numbered
dogs
Preliminary questions:
1. Do those phrases have specific meaning?
2. What do those phrases mean?
3. What are those expressions called?
Idiom
Idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of
the individual words. Idioms are considered informal expressions, but because of their widespread use,
idiomatic expressions seem to have found acceptance in formal communications as well.
The following are the common idiomatic expressions

Idiomatic Expression
Across the board
Meaning
If something applies to everybody, it applies across the board.
Ahead of the pack

All over the place
Amen
Apple of your eye
As cold as ice
As mad as a hatter
At death's door
At the drop of a hat
Bad egg
Ball is in your court
Barrel of laughs
Bedroom eyes
Below the belt
Chickenfeed
Don't hold your breath 99
Dwell on the past
Eat like a pig
Eleventh Hour
Eye for an eye
Fate worse than death
Feeling Blue
Green fingers
If you are ahead of the pack, you have made more progress than your rivals.
If something is completely disorganized or confused, it is all over the place.
Some use 'Amen' or 'Amen to that' as a way of agreeing with something that
has just been said.
Something or, more often, someone that is very special to you is the 'apple
of your' eye.
This idiom can be used to describe a person who does not show any
emotion.
This simile means that someone is crazy or behaves very strangely. In the
past many people who made hats went insane because they had a lot of
contact with mercury.
If someone looks as if they are at death's door, they look seriously unwell
and might actually be dying.
If you would do something at the drop of a hat, you'd do it immediately.
A person who cannot be trusted is a bad egg. Good egg is the opposite.
If the ball is in your court, it is up to you to make the next decision or step
If someone's a barrel of laughs, they are always joking and you find them
funny
Someone with bedroom eyes has a sexy look in their eyes.
If someone says something that is cruel or unfair, it is below the belt, like
the illegal punches in boxing.
If something is small or unimportant, especially money, it is chickenfeed.
If you are told not to hold your breath, it means that you shouldn't have high
expectations about something.
Thinking too much about the past, so that it becomes a problem is to dwell
on the past.
If some eats like a pig, they either eat too much or they have bad table
manners.
If something happens at the eleventh hour, it happens right at the last
minute.
This is an expression for retributive justice, where the punishment equals
the crime
Describing something as a fate worse than death is a fairly common way of
implying that it is unpleasant.
If you feel blue, you are feeling unwell, mainly associated with depression
or unhappiness.
(UK) Someone with green fingers has a talent for gardening.
To learn more just visit: http://actionwins.ca/Documents/Dictionary%20of%20English

%20Idioms
Activity 1.
Direction: Draw a line from each on the left to a matching item on the right
Activity 2.
Personalized sentences.
Complete the following sentences with the correct idiom and then compare with your partner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I am usually full of beans in the...............................................................

I remember I had butterflies in my stomach when ..................................
The last time I saw red was .....................................................................
I think .......................................................................... is a piece of cake.
My favourite icebreaker is .......................................................................
Activity 3.
Unjumble the idioms.

Can you unjumble the idiomatic questions which are inside the 2 Wordles? Answer the questions and then
compare with your partner.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Test
yourself
Test I.
Directions: Read each idiom and determine the meaning.

1. We tried to give Tommy a surprise party for his birthday, but you let the cat out of the bag.
What is the meaning of this idiom?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Kevin accepted the job even though he was still in school, but his mom thought he might be
biting off more than he could chew.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. I didnt want to jump the gun, so I decided to wait until the second date to try and hold her hand.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Derek hated how much his mom nagged him about homework. He didnt really see why it
mattered and he thought that his mom was making a mountain out of a molehill.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Alice was feeling a little under the weather, so she asked her mom if she could stay home today.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Tammy wanted to yell at John for leaving the toilet seat up again, but after their last fight she
decided to let sleeping dogs lie.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Jude was on pins and needles waiting for the results of the test.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. I like Chris. Hes a cool guy.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Craig and I fought over a girl in the fourth grade, but thats water under the bridge now.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. Jeffrey was a fast learner, so he knew that the history test would be a piece of cake.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Test II.
Direction: Fill in the blanks with an idiom that applies to the story.
The Playground Conflict
Mary, Joseph, and a group of their friends were playing kickball at lunch recess. They were all
arguing about Josephs homerun. Mary insisted that the ball he kicked was foul so the homerun shouldnt
count. Every time Mary would try to explain where the ball landed, Joseph would make a face and repeat
every word Mary said right back at her. She couldnt take it anymore. She was 1.______________________.
To make matters worse, John would 2._____________________________and yell, Here comes the
teacher! and laugh when everyone turned around.
Finally, Andrew announced, I have a solution! Because they were all tired of fighting, we were 3.
________________________________________________. He spoke very forcefully and made a convincing
argument. He explained that we werent keeping score anyway so why does this matter? Just let Joseph kick
again. Joseph gets to kick twice and we can all be friends again. We were all 4.____________________.
We all agreed with everything he had to say.
They all agreed except Joseph. Joseph shouted, if you think Im giving up my homerun, you are 5.
___________________! they all thought here we go again. However, Andrew had an 6. ______________.
He whispered in Josephs ear, Kick it to me and Ill make sure you get a homerun.
Joseph kicked the ball to Andrew, but Andrew caught it. Joseph went crazy. He yelled, This is my
ball. You guys are bunch of cheaters. You can all 7.____________________________. Just because things
didnt go his way, he takes his ball and leaves. Most of the kids thought that joseph was being a
8.______________________.
Everyone thought the game was over. However, they were all surprised when Joseph came back with
the ball. Surprisingly, he apologized and the game continued. Would the children forgive him? Joseph was
9._________________________when Mary smiled and said, "Welcome back."
After that, we all agreed to 10.________________________________and become friends again.
Summary
Every language has its own collection of wise sayings. They offer
advice about how to live and also transfer some underlying ideas, principles and
values of a given culture / society. This commonly used idioms and sayings (in
everyday conversational English), can help you to speak English by learning
English idiomatic expressions.
An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word, or
phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native
speakers. This meaning is different from the literal meaning of the idiom's
individual elements. In other words, idioms don't mean exactly what the words
say. They have, however, hidden meaning.
There are thousands of idioms, and they occur frequently in all
languages. It is estimated that there are at least twenty-five thousand idiomatic
expressions in the English language. Familiarized them and used them in your
daily conversation.
References
http://www.smart-words.org/quotes-sayings/idioms-meaning.html
https://blog.udemy.com/idioms-and-their-meanings/
http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:791008/FULLTEXT01.pdf
http://actionwins.ca/Documents/Dictionary%20of%20English%20Idioms.pdf
http://wikieducator.org/Activities_to_Practise_the_Use_of_Idioms
http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/figurative-language/idiom-worksheets/

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BRIDGING THE BREADTH OF VOCABULARY

More than half of the words that we encounter in a dictionary has

To learn more just visit the following sites:

Check your score

Fill in the blanks.

Arianne always interrupts when he ob_______s to something she disagrees with.

Check your score

Check your score

Check your score

Source: Malacca and Beyond: To Catch Me a Star.

Singapore: Media Masters, 1984

Tell me what youve got

Part 1: Negative and Positive Prefixes

1. Negative and positive prefixes:

Check your score

If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Job well done! Youve learn a

If you get a score of 6 or 7 Job well done! Youve learn a lot

Part 2: Prefixes of Size

1. small computer = _______________

Part 3: Prefixes of Location

Next, you will learn the fourth types of prefix.

Part 4: Prefixes of time and order

4. Prefixes of time and order:

Direction: Write the appropriate prefixes to the given definition and

Part 5: Prefixes of numbers

Write three words for each number prefixes given below.

Check your score

If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Very good Job! Youve learn a

= _______________ means _________________

= ________________ means _________________

= ________________ means _________________

= ________________ means _________________

7. micro + organism = ________________ means _________________

= _________________ means _________________

Check your score

If you get a score of 8, 9 or 10 Very good Job! Youve learn a

The Story of an Hour

Looking for the Jumbled Roots

As we take compound words, at the end, you are expected to:

Know whats all about compound words

Give your own definition

Closed Compound words- E.g. cannot, baseball, fireworks, passport

Give your own definition

Hyphenated compound words -E.g. runner-up, warm-up, self-service, motherin-law

Give your own definition

Let us know them

Categories of Compound Words

1.Open Compound Words

-An open compound

Give us more Open Compound Words here:

2.Closed Compound Word

Give us more Open Compound Words here:

3. Hyphenated Compound Words

Rub your Hands and be READY!

For we will be preparing for some

Check your score

If you get a score

I was born as a fox with no tail...

Check your score

If you get a score

As we take compound words, at the end, you are expected to:

Let us know them

= _ means ___

= means _

= means _

= means _

7. micro + organism = means _

= _ means _