IP Next Generation

(IPv6)
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis677-98/

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

Overview
Limitations of current Internet Protocol (IP)
How many addresses do we need?
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 header format

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

IP Addresses
Example: 164.107.134.5
= 1010 0100 : 0110 1011 : 1000 0110 : 0000 0101
= A4:6B:86:05 (32 bits)
Maximum number of address = 232 = 4 Billion
Class A Networks: 15 Million nodes
Class B Networks: 64,000 nodes or less
Class C Networks: 254 nodes or less

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

IP Address Format
Three all-zero network numbers are reserved
127 Class A + 16,381 Class B + 2,097,151 Class C
networks = 2,113,659 networks total
Class B is most popular.
20% of Class B were assigned by 7/90 and
doubling every 14 months Will exhaust by 3/94
Question: Estimate how big will you become?
Answer: More than 256!
Class C is too small. Class B is just right.

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

Goldilock Theory

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

Toasternet

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

How Many Addresses?

10 Billion people by 2020

Each person will be served by more than one computer
Assuming 100 computers per person 1012 compute
More addresses may be required since
Multiple interfaces per node
Multiple addresses per interface
Some believe 26 to 28 addresses per host
Safety margin 1015 addresses
IPng Requirements 1012 end systems and 109
networks. Desirable 1012 to 1015 networks

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

Address Size
H Ratio = log10(number of objects)/available bits
2n objects with n bits: H-Ratio = log102 = 0.30103
French telephone moved from 8 to 9 digits at 107
households H = 0.26 (assuming 3.3 bits/digit)
US telephone expanded area codes with 108
subscribers H = 0.24
SITA expanded 7-character address at 64k nodes
H = 0.14 (assuming 5 bits/char)
Physics/space science net stopped at 15000 nodes
using 16-bit addresses H = 0.26
3 Million Internet hosts currently using 32-bit
addresses H = 0.20 A few more years to go

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

IPv6 Addresses

128-bit long. Fixed size

128 = 3.41038 addresses
6651021 addresses per sq. m of earth surface
If assigned at the rate of 106/s, it would take 20 years
Expected to support 81017 to 21033 addresses
81017 1,564 address per sq. m
Allows multiple interfaces per host.
Allows multiple addresses per interface
Allows unicast, multicast, anycast
Allows provider based, site-local, link-local

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

Colon-Hex Notation
Dot-Decimal: 127.23.45.88
Colon-Hex:
FEDC:0000:0000:0000:3243:0000:0000:ABCD
Can skip leading zeros of each word
Can skip one sequence of zero words, e.g.,
FEDC::3243:0000:0000:ABCD
::3243:0000:0000:ABCD
Can leave the last 32 bits in dot-decimal, e.g.,
::127.23.45.88
Can specify a prefix by /length, e.g.,
2345:BA23:7::/40

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

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Initial IPv6 Prefix Allocation

Allocation
Reserved
Unassigned
NSAP
PX
Unassigned
Unassigned
Unassigned
Unassigned
Provider-based
Unassigned
Geographic

Prefix
Allocation
0000 0000 Unassigned
0000 0001 Unassigned
0000 001 Unassigned
0000 010 Unassigned
0000 011 Unassigned
0000 1
Unassigned
0001
Unassigned
001
Unassigned
010
Link-Local
011
Site-Local
100
Multicast

Prefix
101
110
1110
1111 0
1111 10
1111 110
1111 1110
1111 1110 0
1111 1110 10
1111 1110 11
1111 1111

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

11

Local-Use Addresses
Link Local: Not forwarded outside the link,
FE:80::xxx
10 bits
n bits
118-n
1111 1110 10
0
Interface ID
Site Local: Not forwarded outside the site,
FE:C0::xxx
10 bits
n bits m bits 118-n-m bits
1111 1110 11 0
Subnet ID Interface ID
Provides plug and play

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

12

Multicast Addresses
8 bits
1111 1111

4 bits
Flags
000T

4 bits
Scope

112 bits
Group ID

T = 0 Permanent (well-known) multicast address,

1 Transient
Scope: 1 Node-local, 2 Link-local, 5 Site-local,
8 Organization-local, E Global
Predefined: 1 All nodes, 2 Routers,
1:0 DHCP servers

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

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Multicast Addresses (Cont)

Example: 43 Network Time Protocol Servers
FF01::43 All NTP servers on this node
FF02::43 All NTP servers on this link
FF05::43 All NTP servers in this site
FF08::43 All NTP servers in this organization
FF0F::43 All NTP servers in the Internet

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

14

Header

IPv6:
Version Priority
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
IPv4:
Version IHL Type of Service
Total Length
Identification
Flags Fragment Offset
Time to Live Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
Padding

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

15

Protocol and Header Types

Decimal
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
17
29
43
44
45
51
52
59
60
88
89

Keyword
HBH
ICMP
IGMP
ICMP
GGP
IP
ST
TCP
UDP
ISO-TP4
RH
FS
IDRP
AH
ESP
Null
ISO-IP
IGRP
OSPF

Header Type
Hop-by-hop (IPv6)
Internet Control Message (IPv4)
Internet Group Management (IPv4)
Internet Control Message (IPv6)
Gateway-to-Gateway
IP in IP (IPv4 Encaptulation)
Stream

Routing Header (IPv6)

Fragmentation Header (IPv6)
Interdomain Routing
Authentication header (IPv6)
Encrypted Security Payload
No next header
CLNP
Open Shortest Path First

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

16

IPv6 vs IPv4
1995 vs 1975
IPv6 only twice the size of IPv4 header
Only version number has the same position and
meaning as in IPv4
Removed: header length, type of service,
identification, flags, fragment offset, header
checksum
Datagram length replaced by payload length
Protocol type replaced by next header
Time to live replaced by hop limit
Added: Priority and flow label
All fixed size fields.

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

17

No optional fields. Replaced by extension headers.

8-bit hop limit = 255 hops max (Limits looping)
Next Header = 6 (TCP), 17 (UDP),

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

18

Extension Headers
Base Extension
Extension
Data
Header Header 1
Header n
Most extension headers are examined only at
destination
Routing: Loose or tight source routing
Fragmentation: All IPv6 routers can carry 536 Byte
payload
Authentication
Security Encaptulation: Confidentiality
Hop-by-Hop Option
Destination Options:

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

19

Extension Header (Cont)

Only Base Header:

Base Header
Next = TCP

TCP
Segment

Only Base Header and One Extension Header:

Base Header Route Header

Next = TCP Next = TCP

TCP
Segment

Only Base Header and Two Extension Headers:

Base Header Route Header Auth Header

Next = TCP Next = Auth Next = TCP

TCP
Segment

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

20

Routing Header

Next Header Routing Type Num. Address Next Addres

Reserved
Strict/Loose bit mask
Address 1
Address 2
Address n

Strict Discard if Address[Next-Address] neighbo

Type = 0 Current source routing
Type > 0 Policy based routing (later)
New Functionality: Provider selection, Host mobility,
Auto-readdressing (route to new address)

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

21

Provider Selection
Possible using routing extension header
Source specified intermediate systems
No preference: H1, H2
P1 Preferred: H1, P1, H2
H1 becomes Mobile: H1, PR, P1, H2
P1
H1
H1

PR

H2
H2

P2

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

22

Summary

IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses

Allows provider-based, site-local, link-local, multicast
anycast addresses
Fixed header size. Extension headers instead of option
Extension headers for provider selection, security

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

23

Homework
Read Section 16.5 of Stallings
Submit answer to Exercise 16.19
Due Date: Next Class

Raj Jain

Ohio State University

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