Achievement goal theory

Cognitive evaluation theory

Self efficacy theory

Task orientation vs. Ego

orientation
- Task: focused on achieving a
particular goal through
improving their skills and
techniques
- Ego: focused on the self in
comparison with others, goals
are structured to make the
individual superior over others

Relationship between intrinsic and Extent or strength of ones belief

extrinsic motivation
in ones own ability to complete
- Intrinsic: motivated by internal tasks
- 4 factors: Previous successful
pleasure from a task
- Extrinsically: motivated by
performance, vicarious
external reinforcement e.g.
experience, verbal persuasion,
praise, money, recognition
emotional arousal
- Extrinsic motivation decreases
autonomy, reduces intrinsic
motivation

Hanrahan and Cerin (2009)

Kimball (2007)
Hutchinson, Sherman and
- Aim: To investigate the nature
Martinovic (2008)
goal theory
and role of autonomy in relation - Aim: Examine role of selfProcedure: gathered responses
to their sport
efficacy in predicting sustained
- Procedure: Conduced
to a questionnaire from male
effort during an isometric hand
and female Australian athletes
interviews with 12 North
grip task
- 72 male and female
involved in both team and
American collegiate athletes,
individual sports
Open-ended questions in a
participants randomly assigned
Findings: Females had stronger
semi-structured format thematic
to three groups (High efficacy,
task orientation at all levels, no
content analysis
low efficacy, control), by using
- Findings: Sense of personal
difference between sexes in
false performance feedback
ego orientation, individual
autonomy was strongly related
efficacy expectations were
athletes had stronger ego
to identity development and an
influenced
- Findings: High efficacy group
orientation
increasing sense of maturity Conclusion: Suggest that
increased confidence and
demonstrated greater tolerance
individual sports may appeal
motivation, relational autonomy
than low and control, denoted
more to those with an ego
(based on relationship with
by how long a participant could
orientation because they often
others) increased motivation,
maintain the task
involve ranking and facilitate
lack of autonomy was found to - Conclusion: showed how self
comparison
be demotivating
efficacy plays important role in
- Evaluation: Research allowed
Evaluation: ^ some sports like
enhancing performance and
track and field give better
herself to be interviewed, but
physical effort tolerance
- Evaluation: Recruited
feedback about personal
she was biased (expected
improvements than sports like
athletes would feel controlled in
predominantly caucasian
squash and tennis, and
their lives), participants actively
participants, relied on
therefore can attract people
reframed information so that
judgements of researcher to
with high task orientation, data
extrinsic motivations appeared
decide when participant was
is correlational, so no cause
to be intrinsic
unable to sustain the
and effect
contraction intensity required,
wouldve been more accurate
with electronic hand
dynamometer

- Aim: Investigate achievement

-

Strengths
Explains difference between
motivation in individual and
collaborative athletes
Application to improve motivation
in athletes
Weaknesses

Explains relationship between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Explains relationship between

self-efficacy and motivation
Help people who fear that their
feelings of distress are impairing
their ability to function

Achievement goal theory

Cognitive evaluation theory

Self efficacy theory

Motivation is hard to measure

Although laboratory studies can

provide cause and effect
relationships, they frequently lack
ecological validity

Self-efficacy is a difficult variable

to measure or manipulate

Surveys/data are answered

Measurement of intrinsic
through self reporting - not always motivation remains difficult (Sport
accurate
motivation scale)

Studies investigate individual

components of self-efficacy
instead of the construct as a
whole