ROCK FORMING MINERALS

Okki Verdiansyah, M.T.

KULIAH MINERAL OPTIK STTNAS TGS

SEMESTER GANJIL- 2015

1)
2)
3)
4)

Rock forming minerals (3x)

Secondary / Alteration minerals (1x)
Non silicates and opaque minerals (1x)
Diskusi dan presentasi mahasiswa (1x)

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous Rock : Minerals

Olivine
Forsterite
Fayalite

Pyroxene
Clino : Augite
Ortho : Hypersthene

Hornblende
Biotite
K-Feldspar
Orthoclase, Microcline, Sanidine

Plagioclase
Muscovite
Quartz

Magnetite
Ilmenite

Metamorph

Concept of Index Minerals

Sediment

Sedimentary Rock : Minerals

Feldspar
Quartz
Mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole)
Carbonates
Calcite Dolomite
Sedimentary rocks
Fossils
component :
Oxide
Grains
Limonite
Matrix
Clay minerals
Cement
Kaolinite, illite, smectite
Pores
Lithic (Igneous, Sediment, Metamorph)

Materi RFM
Kuliah MO 2015
Olivine
Pyroxene
Hornblende
Biotite
Muscovite
K-Feldspar
Plagioclase
Quartz
Carbonates

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/petrology/mintable1.htm

CRYSTAL SHAPE
Euhedral

(Demange, M., 2012)

Olivine

forsterite

fayalite.

Olivine

webmineral.com

Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2Si04)

Forsterite (Fo)
Mg2 Si04

Fayalite (Fa)
Fe2 Si04

Tabel perbandingan sifat optik mineral Olivin

Sifat Optik
Rumus Kimia
Sistem kristal

Forsterite (Fo)
Mg2 Si04
Ortorombik
n=1.636 - 1.827
n=1.651 - 1.869
n=1.669 - 1.879

Indeks refraksi

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)
cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)
Pleochroisme (pleokroik)
Relief
Birefringe (biasrangkap)

Fayalite (Fa)
Fe2 Si04

colourless
pale yelow
Equant or slightly elongated prismatic crystals
imperfect, none

moderate, none

none
moderate

pale yellow - orange yellow

very high

0.0330-0.0420

0.0420-0.0510

X = b; Y = c; Z = a.
Biaxial (+)

X = b; Y = c; Z = a
Biaxial (-)

2V(Calc)=56-84, 2V(Meas)=74-90

2V(Calc)=54-66, 2V(Meas)=74-47

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)
Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2Si04)

Olivine, phenocryst in an Iceland basalt

Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2Si04)

100

Forsterite 84, 2V=90.

Pyroxene

Sifat Optik
Rumus Kimia
Sistem kristal

Ortopiroksen
(Mg, Fe) 2 Si 2 O 6
Ortorombik

Klinopiroksen
(Ca, Mg, Fe(Na, Al, Fe*)) 2 Si 2 O 6
Monoklinik

Indeks refraksi

n: 1.657 - 1.788

n: 1.665 - 1.772,
n aegirin : 1.665 -1.826

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)
cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)
Pleochroisme (pleokroik)
Relief
Birefringe (biasrangkap)

colourless (pale brown, pale

colourless - greenish, purplish
green, pinkish)
brown
slightly elongated, prismatic crystals
Two cleavage planes : 87 - 93 at 001, 1 cleaveage at 010,100
Pale colored with greenish to
pinkish pleochroism
moderate

moderate-very high

0.008-0.022

0.023-0.031, 0.034 - 0.052

Parallel, symetry

Incline

Biaxial (+)/(-)

Biaxial (+)

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)
Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

2Vz : 25 - 70

Ortho-Pyroxene

Tabel perbandingan sifat optik ortopiroksen

Sifat Optik
Rumus Kimia
Sistem kristal
Indeks refraksi

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)
cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)
Pleochroisme (pleokroik)
Relief
Birefringe (biasrangkap)

Enstatite
MgSiO3

Hypersthene
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Ortorombik

n = 1.650 - 1.668
n = 1.652 - 1.673
n = 1.659 - 1.679

n = 1.669 - 1.755
n = 1.674 - 1.763
n = 1.680 - 1.773

colorless, higher Fe contents

colourless (pale brown, pale
correspond to darker colors
green, pinkish)
prismatic crystals
Two cleavage planes : 87 - 93 at 001, 1 cleaveage at 010,100
Pale colored with greenish to pinkish pleochroism
moderate - high
0.009 - 0.011

0.011 - 0.018

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)
Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

Longitudinal sections will show parallel extinction. Basal sections

will show symmetrical extinction.
Biaxial (+)

Biaxial (-)

2V:M: 54 to 90, C: 58 to 86

2V:M: 70 to 90, C: 86

Opx

Opx

Orthopyroxene - Sample SIC -5. Orthopyroxene seen in the center. Note plagioclase (left of orthopyroxene) with typical
twinning. Image by Andrea Gohl. (http://www.science.smith.edu/geosciences)

A micrograph of an enstatite crystal taken from an

ultramatic rock. The thin lamellae of a calcium-rich
species, probably pigeonite, have separated from the
bronzite; the gray coloration of the host rock
betrays its very low calcium content (magnified about
40 [http://www.britannica.com/science/pyroxene

Hypersthene

Tabel perbandingan sifat optik antara Augit dan Diopsid

Sifat Optik
Rumus Kimia
Sistem kristal
Indeks refraksi

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)
cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)
Pleochroisme (pleokroik)
Relief
Birefringe (biasrangkap)

Augite
(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe 2+,Al,Fe 3+,Ti)[(Si,Al) 2O6
]
Monoklin
= 1.680 - 1.735
n = 1.684 - 1.741
n = 1.706 - 1.774

Diopside
CaMgSi 2O6
Monoklin
n = 1.663 - 1.699
n = 1.671 - 1.705
n = 1.693 - 1.728

X= pa l e green, pa l e brown, green,

greeni s h yel l ow
Y= pa l e brown, pa l e yel l ow-green, vi ol et
Z= pa l e green, gra yi s h green, vi ol et

prismatic crystals
Two cleavage planes : 87 - 93 at 001, 1
cleaveage at 010,100

Visible
high

high

0.026 - 0.039

= 0.030

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)

Z : c = 35-48

Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

Biaxial (+)

Biaxial (+)

2V:Measured: 40 to 52, Calculated: 48 to

68

2V:Measured: 58 to 63,
Calculated: 56 to 64

Augite
(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6

Augite

Section

(100) Section
(010) Section

Ortho clinopyroxene intergrowth

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Hornblende

Amphiboles & Pyroxenes

Hornblende
Rumus Kimia
Sifat Optik

((Na,K)0-1CaSistem
2(Mg,Fe,Al)
5
kristal
(Si,Al)8O22(OH)2)
Indeks refraksi

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)
cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)

Pleochroisme (pleokroik)

Relief
Birefringe (biasrangkap)

Ferro Hornblende

Magnesio Hornblende

{Ca2}{Fe42+Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2
Monoklin

{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2
Monoklin

n = 1.687 - 1.694
n = 1.700 - 1.707
n = 1.701 - 1.712

n = 1.616 - 1.680
n = 1.626 - 1.695
n = 1.636 - 1.700

Usually strongly coloured in green, yellow-green, blue-green and brown.

prismatic crystals
Two: perfect prismatic [110] at 124 degree
strongly pleochroic :
Pleochroism (x): deep brown or pale greenish
brown.
Pleochroism (y): straw yellow or dark greenish
brown.
Pleochroism (z): yellow or bluish green.

strongly pleochroic :
x: light green, yellowish green, yellow,
greenish brown, or yellow
y: dark green, dark yellowish green,
brown. Pale, reddish brown, or
greenish yellow

high

Moderate

= 0.014 - 0.018

= 0.02

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)

12 - 34

Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

Biaxial (-)

Modification by Verdiansyah, 2015

2V:Measured: 12 to 76, Calculated: 30 to 62

2V:Measured: 66 to 85, Calculated: 58 to

88

Quiz

Identifikasi piroksen dan olivin :

(Demange, M., 2012)

Sediment

Sedimentary Rock : Minerals

Feldspar
Quartz
Mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole)
Carbonates
Calcite Dolomite
Sedimentary rocks
Fossils
component :
Oxide
Grains
Limonite
Matrix
Clay minerals
Cement
Kaolinite, illite, smectite
Pores
Lithic (Igneous, Sediment, Metamorph)

CARBONATES

Ammonite. Polarised light micrograph of a thin section through a fossilised ammonite, a type of shelled mollusc that lived around 200
million years ago. Crystals of calcite and quartz have developed in the spiral cavity of the ammonite's shell. Magnification x6 at 4x5ins
size. (http://fineartamerica.com/---)

CARBONATES
http://www.mindat.org/

Kalsit

Magnesit

Aragonite

Dolomit

Rodokrosit

Ankerit

Siderite

Kalsit

Tabel perbandingan sifat optik mineral karbonat

Calcite

Aragonite

Dolomite

Rumus Kimia

CaCO3

CaCO3

CaMg(CO3)2

Sistem kristal

Trigonal

Orthorhombic

Trigonal

Indeks refraksi

n = 1.640 - 1.660
n = 1.486

n = 1.529 - 1.530
n = 1.680 - 1.682
n = 1.685 - 1.686

n = 1.679 - 1.681
n = 1.500 - 1.503

colourless
usually rhombohedral crystals when
euhedral

colourless
Usually radiating or columnar
elongate grains

Three: perfect rhombohedral [101]

One: imperfect cleavage [010]

Three: perfect rhombohedral [101]

Sifat Optik

colour (warna)
Habit (bentuk)

colourless
Often as rhombohedral crystals

cleavage (belahan)
fracture (retakan)
Pleochroisme (pleokroik)
Relief

Negative, Low, Moderate, High

Negative, Low, Moderate

Negative, Low, Moderate, High

Birefringe (biasrangkap)

0.154 - 0.174

0.156

0.179 - 0.182

Int. colour max, (warna terang maks)

Extinction (pemadaman)
Orientation / orientasi
Optic sign (tanda optik)

Parallel
Uniaxial (-)

Biaxial (-)

Uniaxial (-)

2V: Measured: 18 to 19, Calculated: 16 to 18

Modification by Verdiansyah, 2015

Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

Aragonite (CaCO3)

Large botryoid of aragonite (A) from a stalagmite from Madagascar. Dark area in botryoid
(red double-pointed arrow) is due to extinction of vertical crystals in cross-polarized light.
Termination of crystals in right side of A against smaller cluster at right (a) suggests that
the smaller cluster grew first and blocked growth of A in that direction. Black areas (V) are
void space; truncation of aragonite crystals (e.g., white arrow) suggests that some or much of
that void space is the result of dissolution of aragonite.

Calcite (CaCO3)

BATUAN
KARBONAT

Koesoemadinata, 1981

From left to right: Halimeda, Penicillus, Udotea,

Rhipocephalus.

Mizzia sp

Halimeda

GREEN ALGAE

RED ALGAE

possible segmented red alga

Mazloviporidium sp. (syn. Cribroporidium, Contortoporidium)

A crustose coralline red algal

FORAMINIFERA
calcareous uniserial benthic foraminifer in a
ferruginous hardgroun

biserial foraminifer (probably Of the genus

Deekerella)

Archaeocyath

(sponges)

chambered calcareous sponge forming part of the

framework of this world-renowned reef complex.

Carbonates Mud
Definitions:
Micrite - An abbreviation of microcrystalline calcite. The term is used both as a synonym for
carbonate mud (or ooze) and for a rock composed of carbonate mud (calcilutite). Micrite
consists of 1 to 4 m-diameter crystals and forms as an inorganic precipitate or through
breakdown of coarser carbonate grains. Micrite is produced within the basin of deposition and
shows little or no evidence of significant transport (Folk, 1959).
Microspar - Generally 5- to 20-m-sized calcite produced by recrystallization (neomorphism) of
micrite; can be as coarse as 30 m (Folk, 1965). Restricted to recrystallization products, not
primary precipitates.
Pseudospar - A neomorphic (recrystallization) calcite fabric with average crystal size larger than
30-50 m (Folk, 1965).

Keys to Petrographic Recognition:

1) Modern carbonate mud consists largely of the breakdown products of organisms (due to
decomposition of organic binding materials and abrasion or maceration of shells). Macroscopic
algae (especially green algae) are major contributors of needle-shaped, mud-sized, aragonitic
particles in tropical platform and platform margin settings. Modern inorganic aragonitic
precipitates, in the water column or on the seafloor, also are needle-like (with individual crystals
typically 3-5 m in length) and may contribute to carbonate muds.
2) The calcitic micrite of older carbonate rocks was neomorphically formed from mixed mineralogy
precursors to form an equant mosaic of 1- to 4-m crystals. The precursor material acted as
detrital particles and so may show geopetal fabrics, scattered coarser particles, and other
indications of mechanical sedimentation. Inclusions or molds of precursor minerals may be seen
within micritic calcites (especially using SEM).
3) Neoformed microcrystalline cement and microbial precipitates may show clotted or peloidal
fabrics and can grow in any position within interparticle pores or larger cavities (non-geopetal
fabrics).
4) Microspar and pseudospar typically have patchy distributions grading into normal micrite; crystal
outlines tend to be elongate (loaf-shaped) or have irregular, sutured boundaries).

Scholle, 2003

Carbonate mud (micrite) fills the lower part of the cavity

while sparry calcite fills the upper part the contact
indicates an approximately level surface at the time of
deposition

Here replacive calcite spar has embayed the

originally smooth margins of a reworked (and thus
substantially lithified) micritic intraclast
sparsely fossiliferous micrite consists of a mix of nannoconids
and other micritic material, including other finely comminuted
skeletal particle

precipitated spar (the clear, coarse spar) and

microspar formed by neomorphism of micritic
matrix

Micrite & Sparite

Micrite
Carbonate mud is termed micrite (0.03-0.04 mm)
Micrite can also form as a cryptocrystalline cement in
certain circumstances.
Because of this it must be used with care as an index
of depositional energy.
In conclusion, it would appear that lime mud, micrite,
can form by a variety of processes.

(A) Lime mudstone. Chalk, Upper Cretaceous, Beer, Devon.

(x60)

Cement.
By definition this applies to crystal- line material that
grows within the sediment fabric during diagenesis.
The most common cement in limestones is calcite,
termed "spar" or sparite
Other cements in carbonate rocks include dolomite,
anhydrite, and silica.

(Selley, 2000)

(x40) (D) Skeletal fragment with advanced calcite

cementation. Sparry crystals have grown, with increasing
size, both into the intergranular pores, and into the
biomoldic pore caused by the solution of the orginal