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Authors Note:
The lecture slides provided here are taken from the course
Geotechnical Engineering Practice, which is part of the 4th year
Geological Engineering program at the University of British Columbia
(V
(Vancouver,
Canada).
C
d ) The
Th course covers rock
k engineering
i
i and
d
geotechnical design methodologies, building on those already taken
by the students covering Introductory Rock Mechanics and Advanced
Rock Mechanics.
Mechanics
Although the slides have been modified in part to add context, they
of course are missing the detailed narrative that accompanies any
l
lecture.
It is also
l recognized
d that
h these
h
lectures
l
summarize,
reproduce and build on the work of others for which gratitude is
extended. Where possible, efforts have been made to acknowledge
th vvarious
the
ri us ssources,
urc s with
ith a list of
f references
r f r nc s being
b in provided
pr vid d att the
th
end of each lecture.
Errors, omissions, comments, etc., can be forwarded to the
author at: erik@eos.ubc.ca
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Drill
Survey
Blast
V
Ventilate
il
Bolt
Scoop
Scale
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water
flush
((chip
p
removal)
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rotation
thrust
force
percussion
hammer
Thuro (1997)
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Spherical
SemiBallistic
Conical
(Ballistic)
Characteristics
Application
"aggressive"
gg
shape
p
moderate drilling rates
moderate bit wear
excavation mainly by
shearing/cutting
Thuro (1997)
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Plin
nninger et al.
l. (2002)
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Hud
dson & Harrison (1997)
During
D
i blasting,
bl ti
the
th explosive
l i d
damage may nott only
l occur according
di
to the blasting round design, but there may also be extra rock
damage behind the excavation boundary. To minimize damage to the
rock a pre-split
rock,
pre split blast (surface excavation) or smooth-wall
smooth wall blast
(underground) may be used to create the final excavation surface.
ISRM Edition
PrePre
-Split & Smooth
Smooth-Wall Blasting
The principle is then to tailor
the explosive parameters such
that detonation of the
explosives
l i
iin these
h
initial
i i i l
holes will primarily create a
plane of intersecting holes
through the coalescence of
several induced fractures.
ISRM Edition
PrePre
-Split Blasting
When, subsequently, the main body of rock is blasted to form the
cutting, the pre-split reflects the stress waves back into the rock
being excavated and dissipates excess gas pressure, such that the bulk
blast has little effect of the rock behind the pre-split plane.
plane
pre-split
bl t d
blasted
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normal bulk
bl
blasted
d
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detonation velocity
reaction
ti rate
t
stability
y (chemical
(
and storage)
g )
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ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate & diesel Fuel Oil low bulk strength)
slurries (water gels high bulk strength for wet conditions)
emulsions
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Effects of poor
stemming.
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Geology conditions.
Inaccurate drilling
g and loading.
g
Poor hole design.
Poor pattern timing.
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NT
TNU (1995)
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Mechanical Excavation
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
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Mechanical Excavation
There are two basic types of machine for underground excavation:
Partial-face
Partial
face machines: use a
cutting head on the end of a
movable boom (that itself may be
track mounted).
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Full-face
Full
face machines: use a rotating head
armed with cutters, which fills the tunnel
cross-section completely, and thus almost
always excavates circular tunnels.
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Mechanical Excavation
Partial-face
P
ti l f
m
machines
hin
are cheaper, smaller
and much more flexible
in operation.
p
cut
muck
out
scoop
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Mechanical Excavation
Full-face machines when used for relatively
straight and long tunnels (>2 km) permit high
rates of advance in a smooth, automated
construction operation.
operation
scoop
muck
out
cut
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Mechanical Excavation
The advance rate at which the excavation proceeds is a function of the
cutting rate and utilization factor (which is the amount of time that the
machine is cutting rock). Factors contributing to low utilization rates are
difficulties with ground support and steering,
steering the need to frequently
replace cutters, blocked scoops, broken conveyors, etc.
The cutters may jam if the
TBM is
i pushed
h d forwards
f
d
with too much force. Then
they might scrape against
the rock and become
fl tt
flattened
d on one side.
id
Broken conveyor
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new
normal
wear
heavy
wear
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Hud
dson & Harrisson (1997)
During
D
i the
th cutting
tti process, both
b th thrust
th t (Fn) and
d torque
t
(Ft) are applied.
li d I
In
selecting the proper cutting tool, the engineer wishes to know how the
tools should be configured on a machine cutting head, how to minimize the
need to replace
p
cutters,, how to avoid damaging
m g g the cutter mounts,
m
, and
how to minimize vibration.
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NTNU
U-Anleggsdrrift (1998)
Cutting
C
tti iinvolves
l
a complex
l
mixture
i t
of
f tensile,
t
il
shear and compressive modes of failure. With
thrust, the cutting disc penetrates the rock and
generates extensive
extens ve crack propagat
propagation
on to the
free surface. Further strain relief occurs as the
disc edge rolls out of its cut, inducing further
tensile cracking and slabbing at the rock surface.
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Barla
a & Pelizza (2000)
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Double shield
TBM
Single shield
TBM
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Open-face
shields
Closed-face
shields
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clay
y foam injector
j
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Hoe
ek (2001)
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Tunnelling Breakthroughs
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Lecture References
Barla, G & Pelizza, S (2000). TBM Tunneling in difficult conditions. In GeoEng2000 - Proceedings of
the International Conference on Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, Melbourne. Technomic
Publishing Company: Lancaster, pp. 329-354.
Hoek, E (2001). Big tunnels in bad rock (the Thirty-Sixth Karl Terzaghi Lecture). Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127(9): 726-740.
Hudson, JA & Harrison, JP (1997). Engineering Rock Mechanics An Introduction to the Principles .
Elsevier Science: Oxford.
NTNU (1995).
(1995) Tunnel: Blast Design.
Design Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU):
Trondheim, Project Report 2A-95.
NTNU-Anleggsdrift (1998). Hard Rock Tunnel Boring: The Boring Process. Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU): Trondheim, Project Report 1F-98.
Plinninger, RJ, Spaun, G & Thuro, K (2003). Prediction and classification of tool wear in drill and
blast tunnelling. In Proc., 9th Congress of the IAEG, Durban. CD-ROM, paper #395, pp. 2226-2236.
Thuro, K (1997). Drillability prediction: Geological influences in hard rock drill and blast tunnelling.
g
Rundschau 86(2):
( ) 426-438.
Geologische
Thuro, K & Plinninger, RJ (2003). Hard rock tunnel boring, cutting, drilling and blasting: Rock
parameters for excavatability. In Proc., 10th ISRM Congress, Johannesburg. SAIMM: Johannesburg,
pp. 1227-1234.
U.S.
U
S Army
A
C
Corps
of
f Engineers
E i
(1997) Engineering
(1997).
E i
i
and
d Design
D i
- Tunnels
T
l and
d Shafts
Sh ft in
i Rock.
R k
Publication EM 1110-2-2901.
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