Basic Fluid Machanics

1
OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM
Basic Fluid Mechanics
Dr. K. Murali
Professor Department of Ocean Engineering
Professor,
IIT Madras
Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

IIT Madras, Chennai, INDIA
Tel.:+91-44-22574816; murali@iitm.ac.in
Basic aspects of fluid flow Control Regions

Control volume:
As any finite (closed) region which we may choose in any manner we desire.
Control surface:
h b
d
f
h CV (CR) which
h h must b
l d
The
boundary
or llimiting surface
off the
be closed
(or) connected.
The purpose of Fluid Mechanics is to focus our attention upon the CS or inside it
(CV) in order to understand the corresponding Fluid dynamics events

(from Incompressible Flow, R.L.Panton)
Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid as Continuum
The continuum approach is largely

common for understanding the
fluid motion within and through
the boundary.
There are situations where such

approach fails see ot the right.
However, for all practical

engineering solutions in
hydrodynamics, we use continuum
approach.

(from Incompressible Flow R.L.Panton)
Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid Density
lim
L 0
mi
V
Density depends on the length

scale over which the masses (of
particles) are measured.
Compressible & Incompressible
Flow

Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid Viscosity

Viscosity is the shear resistance measured at
a plane for unit gradient of velocity
measured in the normal direction.
According to Newton,
u
y
Where, is known as the dynamic viscosity.

Ideal fluid flow

Basic aspects of fluid flow Overview of viscous behaviour

For non-newtonian fluids,
u
y
u
k
y
n 1

Basic aspects of fluid flow Overview of Continuum Mechanics

& Unsteady
flow
Continuum mechanics the study ofSteady
the physics
of continuous
materials
Fluid mechanics: the study of the
physics of continuous materials which
take the shape of their container.
Solid
mechanics:
the study offlow
the physics
Uniform
& non-uniform
of continuous materials with a defined
shape of rest.
Newtonian fluids
Plasticity: which
describes materials
that permanently
deform after a
large enough
c
applied stress.
Non-Newtonian
fluids
Rotational and Irrotational flow
Elasticity: which
describes materials
that return to their
rest shape after an
applied stress.
V dl
Rheology: the study of materials with

both solid and fluid characteristics
Laminar and Turbulent
flow

Basic aspects of fluid flow Interface between Gas-Liquid
Air
A schematic of an interface separating
two immiscible fluids.
The tangential velocity shall be

continuous at the interface. The
normall velocity
l it may or may nott b
be
continuous.
Effect of Surface Tension may play
a role.
Water

Notations
, p,....
Scalar quantity
Derivative, Partial
Derivative
derivative
Vector quantity
i
a

d ,
dt t
Indicial notation

u v i u j v k w (u , v , w )
uv u u u u
Notations
( , , )
x y z
grad ( p ) p, 2 p
div ( . ) ( . )
curl ( . ) ( . )
D u v w v
Dt t
x y
z t
Vector gradient oper.

Gradient, Laplacian
Scalar product
Vector product
Total / Substantial
derivative
10
11
Basic aspects of fluid flow Vectors & Tensors

Tensors
Tensors are basically generalisation of the index notation,
Generally,
R11
R ji R21
R31
R12
R22
R32
R13
R23
R33
In particular to fluid dynamics,
11 21 31
ij 12 22 32
13 23 33
12
Fluid dynamics laws & governing

equations
The fluid is treated as a continuum;; For length
g scales of 1m
and larger, the molecular structure and motions may be

ignored.
Conservation of mass.
Newtons second law: the rate of momentum equals the sum of
forces on a fluid particle.
First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy): rate of
change of energy equals the sum of rate of heat addition to and
work done on fluid particle.
13
Approaches of Lagrangian and

Eulerian
Lagrangian
Eulerian

14
Approaches of Lagrangian and

Eulerian
Description of finite sized fluid

particles which have mass,
momentum, internal energy,
and other properties.
Description of physical
laws within fluid CV that is
fixed in space and time
(x,y,z,t).
Mathematical laws can then

be written for each fluid
particle
particle.
Mathematical laws that

describe physical laws
with BC.
Governing equations can be derived using each method and
converted to the other form.
15
Fluid element properties

The behavior of the fluid is described in terms of
macroscopic properties:
Velocity u.
- Velocity potential,
Pressure p.
- Stream
S
f
function,
i
Density .
Temperature T.
Energy E.
Typically ignore (x,y,z,t) in the notation.
Properties
p
represent
p
averages
g of a sufficiently
y large
g number
of molecules.
A fluid element or CV is thought of as the smallest volume for
which the continuum assumption is valid.
16
Fluid element / CV
Properties at faces are expressed as first
t
two
terms
t
off a Taylor
T l series
i expansion,
i
e.g. for p : pW p
p 1
p 1
x and pE p
x
x 2
x 2
(x,y,z)
Also
p1=p-0.5 x p,x
p2=p+0.5 x p,x
F
Faces
are llabeled
b l dN
North,
th
East, West, South, Top and
x
Bottom

17
Mass balance - Continuity

Rate of increase of mass in fluid element equals the net rate of
flow of mass into element.
Rate of change,
( x y z ) x y z
t

18

(w) 1
. z x y
w
2
z
((v) 1
. y x z
v
y
2
(u) 1
. x y z
u
x
2
( u) 1
. x yz
u
x 2
( v) 1
. y xz
v
y 2
z
x
( w) 1
. z xy
w
z 2

19

Summing all terms in the previous slide and
dividing by the volume xyz results in:
( u ) ( v ) ( w) 0
x
y
z
t
In vector notation:
div ( u ) 0
t
Change in density
Net flow of mass across boundaries

Convective term
20

For incompressible fluids / t = 0,
and
d the
th equation
ti b
becomes:
div(u) = 0.
Also,,
u v w 0
x y z
ui
0
xi

10
21
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW EQUATIONS

u v
0
x y
u
u
u
1 p 2u 2u
u
v
t
x
y
x x 2 y 2
v
v
v
1 p 2 v 2 v
u
v
t
x
y
y x 2 y 2

22
Problem
In a three dimensional flow, velocity components in any two directions are as given below. Find the velocity component in the the third
direction such that the continuity equation is satisfied.
u = x3 ; v = -x2y - yz -xy
u =
2 xyz
(x 2 y 2 ) 2
w=
y
(x 2 y 2 )

11
23
Potential flow and vorticity

dynamics

24
Shear Deformation
The rotation of the fluid element about
the z-axis is defined to be the average of
these two angular velocities (positive
counterclockwise):
1 v u
z
2 x y
Similarly
1 w v
1 u w

x
y
2 y z
2 z x
12
25
Vorticity
These rotations can be combined to form a
rotation vector:
xi y j zk
The vorticity vector is defined as twice the

rotation and is also equal to the curl of
the velocity.
2 V
26
Kelvins circulation theorem

Circulation is the line integral
around a closed curve of the
fl id velocity
fluid
l it
V dl
c
Kelvins circulation theorem: In an inviscid, barotropic

flow with conservative body forces, the circulation
around a closed curve (which encloses the same fluid
l
t ) moving
i
ith the
th fluid
fl id remains
i constant
t t with
ith
elements)
with
time.

13
27
Velocity potential approach

28
Irrotational Flow of Ideal Fluid
An irrotational flow is one in which the

vorticity
vo
t c ty iss zero.
e o. We will
w ll dete
determine
ew
what
at
the Navier-Stokes equations are for this
case.
V 1
1
V V V x xV p F 0
2
t
This is the vector form of the eqn. of

Euler.
14
29
Irrotational Flow
Let us define:
The velocity potential is a scalar function

Gradient of a scalar results in a vector
The velocity potential exists only is the
fl
flow
is irrotational.
l
1 v u
z
2 x y
30
Irrotational Flow
When written in terms of velocity potential the
continuity equation becomes Laplaces equation:
vi
0
xi
2
0
xixi
2
This is a necessary relationship for obtaining the

velocity field.
15
31
Irrotational Flow
The Laplaces equation needs to be supplemented
with suitable boundaryy conditions.
These are usually called as Boundary Value Problems.
Is this system simpler? If yes, why?

Have the number of unknowns reduced?
32
Irrotational Flow
Pressure is obtained by substituting the
velocity in the Euler equation:
V 1
1
V V V x xV p g 0 .
t 2
Letting, V
and integrating w.r.t.
w r t space yields
1
p
gy 0
t 2
This is the unsteady

form of the Bernoullis

16
33
Inviscid Irrotational Flow

Cases where complex flows could be constructed
from simpler
p
p
potential flow solutions ((source/sink,,
vortex, doublet, uniform flow). This required the
flow to be irrotational.
Flow solutions near boundaries (boundary layers)
and far from boundaries (irrotational flows) can be
combined to take account of vorticity/viscosity
near boundaries.

17

Basic Fluid Machanics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Basic Fluid Machanics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic Fluid Mechanics

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Control Regions

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

(from Incompressible Flow, R.L.Panton)

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid as Continuum

The continuum approach is largely

There are situations where such

However, for all practical

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

(from Incompressible Flow R.L.Panton)

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid Density

Density depends on the length

(from Incompressible Flow R.L.Panton)

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Fluid Viscosity

Where, is known as the dynamic viscosity.

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Overview of viscous behaviour

(from Incompressible Flow R.L.Panton)

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Overview of Continuum Mechanics

Rotational and Irrotational flow

Rheology: the study of materials with

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Interface between Gas-Liquid

The tangential velocity shall be

(from Incompressible Flow R.L.Panton)

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Vector gradient oper.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Basic aspects of fluid flow Vectors & Tensors

In particular to fluid dynamics,

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Fluid dynamics laws & governing

and larger, the molecular structure and motions may be

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Approaches of Lagrangian and

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Approaches of Lagrangian and

Description of finite sized fluid

Mathematical laws can then

Mathematical laws that

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Fluid element properties

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Mass balance - Continuity

Prof.K.Murali, Dept. of Ocean Engg.

OE5030 Wave Hydrodynamics: Revisit basics of FM

Mass balance - Continuity