Clock Drawing Test

Patients Name:

Date:

Instructions for the Clock Drawing Test:

Step 1:

Give patient a sheet of paper with a large (relative to the size of handwritten
numbers) predrawn circle on it. Indicate the top of the page.
Instruct patient to draw numbers in the circle to make the circle look like the
face
of a clock and then draw the hands of the clock to read "10 after 11."

Step 2:

Scoring:
Score the clock based on the following six-point scoring system:
Score

1
2

3
4

5
6

Error(s)

Examples

"Perfect"
Minor visuospatial errors

No errors in the task

a) Mildly impaired spacing of times
b) Draws times outside circle
0) Turns page while writing so that some
numbers appear upside down
c) Draws in lines (spokes) to orient spacing
Inaccurate representation of 10 after 11
a) Minute hand points to 10
when visuospatial organization is perfect b) Writes "10 after 11"
or shows only minor deviations
c) Unable to make any denotation of time
Moderate visuospatial disorganization of
a) Moderately poor spacing
times such that accurate denotation of 10
b) Omits numbers
after 11 is impossible
c) Perseveration: repeats circle or continues
on past 12 to 13, 14, 15, etc.
d) Right-left reversal: numbers drawn
counterclockwise
e) Dysgraphia: unable to write numbers
accurately
Severe level of disorganization as
See examples for scoring of 4
described in scoring of 4
No reasonable representation of a clock
a) No attempt at all
b) No semblance of a clock at all
c) Writes a word or name

(Shulman et al., 1993)

Higher scores reflect a greater number of errors and more impairment. A score of 3
represents a cognitive deficit, while a score of 1 or 2 is considered normal.

Sources:

Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, Coakley D, Lawlor BA. The clock drawing test in primary care:
sensitivity in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 ;16:935-940.
Richardson HE, Glass JN. A comparison of scoring protocols on the clock drawing
test in relation to ease of use, diagnostic group, and correlations with Mini-Mental
State Examination. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50: 169-173.
Shulman KI, Gold DP, Cohen CA, Zucchero CA. Clock drawing and dementia in
the community: a longitudinal study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1993;8:487-496.

Klasifikasi Bangkitan Epilepsi: (menurut ILAE tahun 1981)

I.
Bangkitan Parsial (fokal)
A. Parsial sederhana
1. Disertai gejala motorik
2. Disertai gejala somato-sensorik
3. Disertai gejala-psikis
4. Disertai gejata autonomik
B. Parsial kompleks
1. Disertai dengan gangguan kesadaran sejak awitan dengan atau tanpa automatism
2. Parsial sederhana diikuti gangguan kesadaran dengan atau tanpa automatism
C. Parsial sederhana yang berkembang menjadi umum sekunder
1. Parsial sederhana menjadi umum tonik klonik
2. Parsial kompleks menjadi umum tonik klonik
3. Parsial sederhana menjadi parsial kompleks menjadi umum tonik klonik
II.

III.

Bangkitan Umum
A. Bangkitan Lena (absence) & atypical absence
B. Bangkitan Mioklonik
C. Bang kitan Klonik
D. BangkitanTonik
E. Bangkitan Tonik-klonik
F. Bangkitan Atonik
Bangkitan yang tidak terklasifikasikan