3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alexander Kolchak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (Russian:

, 16 November [O.S.
4 November] 1874 7 February 1920) was a polar
explorer and commander in the Imperial Russian Navy,
who fought in the Russo-Japanese War and the First
World War. During the Russian Civil War, he
established an anti-state capitalist government in Siberia
later the Provisional All-Russian Governmentand
was recognised as the "Supreme Ruler and Commanderin-Chief of All Russian Land and Sea Forces" by the
other leaders of the White movement from 1918 to

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak

1920.[1] His government was based in Omsk, in

southwestern Siberia.
For a year and a half, Kolchak was the internationally
recognised leader of Russia. He tried to defeat
Bolshevism by ruling as a dictator but his government
proved weak and ineffective. He also failed to unite the
numerous but disparate anti-Bolshevik elements;
Kolchak refused to consider autonomy for ethnic
minorities and refused to cooperate with non-Bolshevik
leftists, and also relied too heavily on outside aid. As his
White forces fell apart, he was betrayed and captured by
independent units who handed him over to local
Bolsheviks, who executed him.[2]

Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and career
1.2 First World War
1.3 Revolution
1.4 Russian Civil War
1.5 Supreme Ruler of Russia
1.6 Defeat and death
2 Legacy
3 In culture
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 Further reading
7 External links

Biography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

Admiral Kolchak

Born

16 November 1874
Saint Petersburg, Russian
Empire

Died

7 February 1920 (aged 45)

Irkutsk

Allegiance

Russian Empire

Service/branch

Imperial Russian Navy

Years of
service

18861920

Rank

Admiral (from 1918)

Commands
held

Black Sea Fleet (19161917)

Russian Army (19181920)

Battles/wars

Russo-Japanese War
World War I
Russian Civil War

Awards

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order

of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of

St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.

George 3rd class

George 4th class
Vladimir 3rd class
Vladimir 4th class
Anne 1st class
Anne 2nd class
Anne 4th class
Stanislaus 1st class
1/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Early life and career

Kolchak was born in Saint Petersburg in 1874 to a
family of minor Russian nobility. His father was a retired
major-general of the Marine Artillery and a veteran of
the 1854 siege of Sevastopol, who after retirement
worked as an engineer in ordnance works near St.
Petersburg. Kolchak was educated for a naval career,
graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1894 and
joining the 7th Naval Battalion. He was soon transferred
to the Russian Far East, serving in Vladivostok from
1895 to 1899. He then returned to western Russia and
was based at Kronstadt, joining the Russian Polar
expedition of Eduard Toll on the ship Zarya in 1900 as
a hydrologist.

Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class

Kolchak on Zarya

After considerable hardship, Kolchak returned in December 1902; Eduard Toll with three other explorers
continued further north and were lost. Kolchak took part in two Arctic expeditions and for a while was
nicknamed "Kolchak-Poliarnyi" ("Kolchak the Polar"). For his explorations Kolchak received the highest award
of the Russian Geographical Society.
In December 1903, Kolchak was en route to St. Petersburg with plans to marry his fiancee Sophia Omirova
when, not far from Irkutsk, he received notice of the start of war with the Empire of Japan and hastily
summoned his bride and her father to Siberia by telegram for a wedding, before heading directly to Port Arthur.
In the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War, he served as watch officer on the cruiser Askold,[3] and later
commanded the destroyer Serdityi. He made several night sorties to lay naval mines, one of which succeeded in
sinking the Japanese cruiser Takasago. He was decorated with the Order of St. Anna 4th class for the exploit.
As the blockade of the port tightened and the Siege of Port Arthur intensified, he was given command of a
coastal artillery battery. He was wounded in the final battle for Port Arthur and taken as a prisoner of war to
Nagasaki, where he spent four months. His poor health(rheumatism, a consequence of his polar expeditions
led to his repatriation before the end of the war. Kolchak was awarded the Golden Sword of St. George with
the inscription "For Bravery" on his return to Russia.
Returning to Saint Petersburg in April 1905, Kolchak was promoted to lieutenant commander and took part in
the rebuilding of the Imperial Russian Navy, which had been almost completely destroyed during the war. He
served on the Naval General Staff from 1906, helping draft a shipbuilding program, a training program, and
developing a new protection plan for St. Petersburg and the Gulf of Finland.
Kolchak took part in designing the special icebreakers Taimyr and Vaigach, launched in 1909 spring 1910.
Based in Vladivostok, these vessels were sent on cartographic expedition to the Bering Strait and Cape
Dezhnev. Kolchak commanded the Vaigach during this expedition and later worked at the Academy of
Sciences with the materials collected by him during expeditions. His study, The Ices of the Kara and Siberian
Seas,[4] was printed in the Proceedings of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences and is considered the
most important work on this subject. Extracts from it were published under the title "The Arctic Pack and the
Polynya" in the volume issued in 1929 by the American Geographical Society, Problems of Polar Research.
In 1910 he returned to the Naval General Staff, and in 1912 he was assigned to the Russian Baltic Fleet.

First World War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

2/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The onset of the First World War found him on the flagship Pogranichnik, where Kolchak oversaw the laying
of extensive coastal defensive minefields and commanded the naval forces in the Gulf of Riga. Commanding
Admiral Essen was not satisfied to remain on the defensive and ordered Kolchak to prepare a scheme for
attacking the approaches of the German naval bases. During the autumn and winter of 19141915, Russian
destroyers and cruisers started a series of dangerous night operations, laying mines at the approaches to Kiel
and Danzig. Kolchak, feeling that the man responsible for planning operations should also take part in their
execution, was always on board those ships which carried out the operations and at times took direct command
of the destroyer flotillas.
He was promoted to vice-admiral in August 1916, the youngest man at that rank, and was made commander of
the Black Sea Fleet, replacing Admiral Eberhart. Kolchak's primary mission was to support General Yudenich
in his operations against the Ottoman Empire. He also was tasked with countering the U-boat threat and to plan
the invasion of the Bosphorus (never carried out). Kolchak's fleet was successful at sinking Turkish colliers.
Because there was no railroad linking the coal mines of eastern Turkey with Constantinople, the Russian fleet's
attacks on these Turkish coal ships caused the Ottoman government much hardship. In 1916, in a model
combined Army-Navy assault, the Russian Black Sea fleet aided the Russian army's capture of the Ottoman city
of Trebizond (modern Trabzon).
One notable disaster took place under Kolchak's watch: the dreadnought Imperatritsa Mariya exploded in
port at Sevastopol on 7 October 1916. A careful investigation failed to determine whether the cause of the
disaster was accident or sabotage.

Revolution
The Black Sea fleet descended into political chaos after the onset of the 1917 February Revolution. Kolchak
was relieved of command of the fleet in June and traveled to Petrograd (St. Petersburg). On his arrival at
Petrograd, Kolchak was invited to a meeting of the Provisional Government. There he presented his view on the
condition of the Russian armed forces and their complete demoralisation. He stated that the only way to save the
country was to re-establish strict discipline and restore capital punishment in the army and navy.
During this time many organisations and newspapers of a conservative bent spoke of him as a future dictator. A
number of new and secret organisations had sprung up in Petrograd with the goal of suppressing the Bolshevist
movement and the removal of the extremist members of the government. Some of these organisations asked
Kolchak to accept the leadership.
When news of these plots found their way to then Naval Minister of the Provisional Government, Alexander
Kerensky, he ordered Kolchak to leave immediately for America. Admiral James H. Glennon, a member of
American mission headed by Senator Elihu Root, invited Kolchak to the United States to brief the American
Navy on the strategic situation in the Bosphorus. On 19 August 1917 Kolchak with several officers left
Petrograd for Britain and the United States as a quasi-official military observer. When passing through London
he was greeted cordially by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, who offered him transport on board a
British cruiser on his way to Halifax. The journey to America proved unnecessary, as by the time Kolchak
arrived, the US had given up the idea of any independent action in the Dardanelles. Kolchak visited the
American Fleet and its ports, and decided to return to Russia via Japan.

Russian Civil War

The Bolshevik revolution found Kolchak in Japan and then Harbin in November 1917.[1] As a supporter of the
Provisional Government he returned to Russia, through Vladivostok, in 1918. Kolchak was an absolute
supporter of the Allied cause against Imperial Germany and regarded Russia's immediate withdrawal from the
conflict as dishonorable. Upon hearing of the October Revolution, Kolchak offered to enlist in the British Army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

3/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

to continue the struggle. The British were inclined to accept Kolchaks offer and there were indeed plans to
send Kolchak to Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Ultimately, the British Foreign Office decided that Kolchak
could do more for the Allied cause by toppling Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks and bringing Russia back into
the war on the side of the Allies. Reluctantly, Kolchak accepted the British suggestions and with a heavy sense
of foreboding returned to Russia. Arriving in Omsk, Siberia, en route to enlisting with the Volunteer Army, he
agreed to become a minister in the (White) Siberian Regional Government. Joining a 14-man cabinet, he was a
prestige figure; the government hoped to play on the respect he had with the Allies, especially the head of the
British military mission, General Alfred Knox.
In November 1918, the unpopular regional government was overthrown in a British sponsored coup d'etat.
Kolchak had returned to Omsk on 16 November from an inspection tour. He was approached and refused to
take power. The Socialist-Revolutionary (SR) directory leader and members were arrested on 18 November
by a troop of Cossacks under ataman Krasilnikov. The remaining cabinet members met and voted for Kolchak
to become the head of government with emergency powers. He was named Supreme Ruler (Verkhovnyi
Pravitel), and he promoted himself to full admiral. The arrested SR politicians were expelled from Siberia and
ended up in Europe.
He issued the following manifesto to the population:
The Provisional All-Russian Government has come
to an end. The Council of Ministers, having all the
power in its hands, has invested me, Admiral
Alexander Kolchak, with this power. I have
accepted this responsibility in the exceptionally
difficult circumstances of civil war and complete
disorganisation of the country, and I now make it
known that I shall follow neither the reactionary
path nor the deadly path of party strife. My chief
aims are the organisation of a fighting force, the
overthrow of Bolshevism, and the establishment of
law and order, so that the Russian people may be
able to choose a form of government in accordance
with its desire and to realise the high ideas of liberty
and freedom. I call upon you, citizens, to unite and
to sacrifice your all, if necessary, in the struggle with
Bolshevism.

Signature Supreme Ruler Alexander

Kolchak

The Left SR leaders in Russia denounced Kolchak and called for his assassination. Their activities resulted in a
small revolt in Omsk on 22 December 1918, which was quickly put down by Cossacks and the Czechoslovak
Legion, who summarily executed almost 500 rebels. Subsequently the SRs opened negotiations with the
Bolsheviks and in January 1919 the SR People's Army joined up with the Red Army.
Kolchak pursued a policy of persecuting revolutionaries as well as Socialists of several factions. His government
issued a decree on 3 December 1918 stating, "In order to preserve the system and rule of the Supreme Ruler,
articles of the criminal code of Imperial Russia were revised, Articles 99 and 100 of which established capital
punishment for assassination attempts on the Supreme Ruler and for attempting to overthrow his government.
"Insults written, printed, and oral, are punishable by imprisonment under Article 103. Bureaucratic sabotage
under Article 329 was punishable by hard labour from 15 to 20 years.[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

4/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Although the news of Kolchak's ascension to power spread very slowly behind Bolshevik lines, it caused
considerable excitement among anti-state capitalism Russians living there. Ivan Bunin wrote in his diary, "4/17
June 1919. The Entente has named Kolchak the Supreme Ruler of Russia. Izvestia wrote an obscene article
saying: 'Tell us, you reptile, how much did they pay you for that?' The devil with them. I crossed myself with
tears of joy."[6]
On 11 April 1919, the Kolchak government adopted Regulation no. 428, "About the dangers of public order
due to ties with the Bolshevik Revolt". The legislation was published in the Omsk newspaper Omsk Gazette
(no. 188 of 19 July 1919). It provided a term of five years of prison for "individuals considered a threat to the
public order because of their ties in any way with the Bollshevik revolt." In the case of unauthorised return from
exile, there could be hard labour from 4 to 8 years. Articles 99101 allowed the death penalty, forced labour
and imprisonment, repression by military courts, and imposed no investigation commissions.[5]
Kolchak acknowledged all of Russia's debts, returned nationalized factories and plants to their owners, granted
concessions to foreign investors, dispersed trade unions, persecuted Marxists, and disbanded the soviets.
Kolchak's agrarian policy was directed toward restoring private land ownership. To this end former Tsarist laws
concerning property were restored.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia alleges that more than 25,000 people were shot or tortured to death in
Yekaterinburg alone the.[7] In March 1919 Kolchak himself demanded one of his generals to "follow the
example of the Bolshevik who, in the Amur region, had exterminated the local population."[8] Sovietskaya
Rossiya, an official organ of the Soviet Bureau established by Ludwig Martens, quoted a Menshevik organ,
Vsegda Vperyod, alleging that Kolchak's men used mass floggings and razed entire villages to the ground with
artillery fire. 4,000 peasants allegedly became victims of field courts and punitive expeditions and that all
dwellings of rebels were burned down.[9]
In an excerpt from the order of the government of Yenisei county in Irkutsk province, General. S. Rozanov
said:[5]
Those villages whose population meets troops with arms, burn down the villages and shoot the
adult males without exception. If hostages are taken in cases of resistance to government troops,
shoot the hostages without mercy.
There was prominent underground resistance in the regions controlled by Kolchak's government. These
partisans were especially strong in the provinces of Altai and Yeniseysk. In the summer of 1919 partisans of the
Altai Region united to form the Western Siberian Peasants' Red Army (25,000 men). The Taseev Soviet
Partisan Republic was founded south-east of Yeniseysk in early 1919. By the fall of 1919, Kolchak's rear was
completely disintegrating. About 100,000 Siberian partisans seized vast regions from Kolchak's regime even
before the approach of the Red Army. In February 1920, some 20,000 partisans took control of the Amur
region.[10]
British Marxist historian Edward Hallett Carr wrote,[11]
It is no longer possible for any sane man to regard the campaigns of Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin
and Wrangel otherwise than as tragic blunders of colossal dimensions.
On the contrary, a former Chief of Staff to Admiral Kolchak wrote,[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

5/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

They (Kolchak, Kornilov, Denikin and Wrangel) were first of all patriots with a deep love for their
country and worked for its salvation without any regard for self-advancement. Political intrigues
were unknown to them and they were ready to work with men of any political party, so long as
they knew that these men were sincere in their endeavours to free Russia... and to make it
possible, after the end of the war, for a National Assembly, chosen by the people, to decide the
character of the future Government of Russia.

Supreme Ruler of Russia

Initially the White forces under his command had some success. Kolchak was unfamiliar with combat on land
and gave the majority of the strategic planning to D.A. Lebedev, Paul J. Bubnar, and his staff. The northern
army under the Russian Anatoly Pepelyayev and the Czech Rudolf Gajda seized Perm in late December 1918
and after a pause other forces spread out from this strategic base. The plan was for three main advances
Gajda to take Archangel, Khanzhin to capture Ufa and the Cossacks under Alexander Dutov to capture
Samara and Saratov.
The White forces took Ufa in March 1919 and pushed on from there to take Kazan and approach Samara on
the Volga River. Anti-State Capitalism risings in Simbirsk, Kazan, Viatka, and Samara assisted their
endeavours. The newly formed Red Army proved unwilling to fight and instead retreated, allowing the Whites to
advance to a line stretching from Glazov through Orenburg to Uralsk. Kolchak's territories covered over
300,000 km and held around 7 million people. In April, the alarmed Bolshevik Central Executive Committee
made defeating Kolchak its top priority. But as the spring thaw arrived Kolchak's position degenerated his
armies had outrun their supply lines, they were exhausted, and the Red Army poured newly raised troops into
the area.
Kolchak had also aroused the dislike of potential allies including the
Czechoslovak Legion and the Polish 5th Rifle Division. They
withdrew from the conflict in October 1918 but remained a presence;
their foreign adviser Maurice Janin regarded Kolchak as an instrument
of the British and himself was pro-SR. Kolchak could not count on
Japanese aid either; the Japanese feared he would interfere with their
occupation of Far Eastern Russia and refused him assistance, creating
a buffer state to the east of Lake Baikal under Cossack control. The
7,000 or so American troops in Siberia were strictly neutral regarding
"internal Russian affairs" and served only to maintain the operation of
the Trans-Siberian railroad in the Far East. The American
commander, General William S. Graves, personally disliked the
Kolchak government, which he saw as Monarchist and autocratic, a
view that was shared by the American President, Woodrow Wilson.
As a result, both refused to grant him any aid.
Draft Russian government oat of
arms

Defeat and death

When the Red forces managed to reorganise and turn the attack
against Kolchak, from 1919 he quickly lost ground. The Red counter-attack began in late April at the centre of
the White line, aiming for Ufa. The fighting was fierce as, unlike earlier, both sides fought hard. Ufa was taken by
the Red Army on 9 June and later that month the Red forces under Tukhachevsky broke through the Urals.
Freed from the geographical constraints of the mountains, the Reds made rapid progress, capturing Chelyabinsk
on 25 July and forcing the White forces to the north and south to fall back to avoid being isolated. The White
forces re-established a line along the Tobol and the Ishim rivers to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

6/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

forces re-established a line along the Tobol and the Ishim rivers to
temporarily halt the Reds. They held that line until October, but the
constant loss of men killed or wounded was beyond the White rate of
replacement. Reinforced, the Reds broke through on the Tobol in
mid-October and by November the White forces were falling back
towards Omsk in a disorganised mass. At this point the Reds became
sufficiently confident to start redeploying some of their forces
southwards to face Anton Denikin.
Kolchak also came under threat from other quarters: local opponents
began to agitate and international support began to wane, with even
the British turning more towards Denikin. Gajda, dismissed from
command of the northern army, staged an abortive coup in midNovember. Omsk was evacuated on 14 November and the Red
Army took the city without any serious resistance, capturing large
amounts of ammunition, almost 50,000 soldiers, and ten generals. As
there was a continued flood of refugees eastwards, typhus too
became a serious problem.

Postage stamp issued in 1919 with

the inscription "For United Russia
Supreme leader of Russia Kolchak"

Kolchak had left Omsk on the 13th for Irkutsk along the TransSiberian Railroad. Travelling a section of track controlled by the Czechoslovaks, he was sidetracked and
stopped; by December his train had only reached Nizhneudinsk. In late December Irkutsk fell under the control
of a leftist group (including SRs-Mensheviks) and formed the Political Centre. One of their first actions was to
dismiss Kolchak. When he heard of this on 4 January 1920, he announced his resignation, giving his office to
Denikin and passing control of his remaining forces around Irkutsk to the ataman, G. M. Semyonov. The
transfer of power to Semyonov proved a particularly ill-considered move.
Kolchak was then promised safe passage by the Czechoslovaks to
the British military mission in Irkutsk. Instead, he was handed over to
the Left SR authorities in Irkutsk on 14 January. On 20 January the
government in Irkutsk surrendered power to a Bolshevik military
committee. The White Army under the command of General Vladimir
Kappel advanced toward Irkutsk while Kolchak was interrogated by
a commission of five men representing the Revolutionary Committee
(REVKOM) during nine days between 21 January and 6 February.
Despite the arrival of a contrary order from Moscow,[13] Admiral
Kolchak was condemned to death along with his Prime Minister,
Viktor Pepelyayev.
Last photo of Admiral Kolchak taken

Both prisoners were brought before a firing squad in the early morning
before his execution in 1920
of 7 February 1920. According to eyewitnesses, Kolchak was
entirely calm and unafraid, "like an Englishman." The Admiral asked
the commander of the firing squad, "Would you be so good as to get a message sent to my wife in Paris to say
that I bless my son?" The commander responded, "I'll see what can be done, if I don't forget about it."[14]
A priest of the Russian Orthodox Church then gave the last rites to both men. The squad fired and both men fell.
The bodies were kicked and prodded down an escarpment and dumped under the ice of the frozen Angara
River.[13][14] When the White Army learned about the executions, its remaining leadership decided to withdraw
farther east. The Great Siberian Ice March followed. The Red Army did not enter Irkutsk until 7 March, and
only then was the news of Kolchak's death officially released.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

7/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legacy
Admiral Kolchak's government was not successful from the time of his taking the position of Supreme Ruler
until his death. As a military commander he was unable to make successful strategic plans or to coordinate with
other White Army generals such as Yudenich or Denikin.
Kolchak also failed to convince potentially friendly Finland to join with him against the Bolsheviks. He was
unable to win diplomatic recognition from any nation in the world, even Great Britain (though the British did
support him to some degree). In addition he alienated the Czechoslovak Legion, which for a time was a
powerful organised military force in the region and very strongly anti-Bolshevik. As was mentioned above, the
American commander, General Graves, disliked Kolchak and refused to lend him any military aid at all.
After decades of being vilified by the Soviet government, Kolchak is now a controversial historic figure in postSoviet Russia. The "For Faith and Fatherland" movement has attempted to rehabilitate his reputation. However,
two rehabilitation requests have been denied, by a regional military court in 1999 and by the Supreme Court of
the Russian Federation in 2001. In 2004, the Constitutional Court of Russia returned the Kolchak case to the
military court for another hearing.
Monuments dedicated to Kolchak were built in Saint Petersburg in 2002 and in Irkutsk in 2004, despite
objections from some former Socialist people of Russia and left-wing politicians, as well as former Soviet army
veterans. There is also a Kolchak Island. The modern Russian Navy considered naming the third ship of the new
Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates, Admiral Kolchak to commemorate the Admiral but declined to do so in
the end.
Kolchak was a prominent expert on naval mines[15] and a member of the Russian Geographical Society.[16]
Among his awards are the Saint George Gold Sword for Bravery, given for his actions in the battle of Port
Arthur[16] and the Great Gold Constantine Medal from the Russian Geographic Society.[16][17]

In culture
A Kolchak biographical film, titled Admiral (), was released in Russia on 9 October 2008. The film
portrays the Admiral (Konstantin Khabensky) as a tragic hero with a deep love for his country. Elizaveta
Boyarskaya appears as his common law wife, Anna Timireva. Director Andrei Kravchuk described the film as
follows,
"It's about a man who tries to create history, to take an active part in history, as he gets caught in
the turmoil. However, he keeps on struggling, he preserves his honor and his dignity, and he
continues to love."[18]
A collectible silver coin (31.1 gr, dia 40mm) with showing Admiral Kolchak (http://asia-business.biz/602) has
been stamped.

References
1. Jon Smele (2006) Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 19181920,
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521029074. p.77
2. N. G. O. Pereira, "White Power during the Civil War in Siberia (19181920): Dilemmas of Kolchak's "War
Anti-Communism," Canadian Slavonic Papers (1987) 29#1 pp 4562.
3. Admiral Kolchak, K.A. Bogdanov, St. Petersburg Sudostroyeniye 1993
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

8/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4. Kolchak A.V., 1909, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas (170 pp.). St. Petersburg (in Russian).
5. . . ? -
19171922
.
6. Ivan Bunin (1926) Cursed Days: A Diary of Revolution, p. 177.
7. S.N. Semanov, "Kolchakovshchina" (http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00036/10100.htm?
text=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0
%D0%BA&encid=bse), Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
8. Arno J. Mayer (2000). The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton
University Press. pp. 254. ISBN 978-0-691-09015-3. not an original source citation, Mayer's footnote for
this statement not cited.
9. P. Golub (2006) White Terror in Russia (19181920). Moscow: Patriot, ISBN 5-7030-0951-0
10. "The Partisan Movement of 191822" (http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00057/63200.htm), Great Soviet
Encyclopedia, 19691978
11. A review of General Wrangel's memoirs, John Hallett, Fortnightly Review, January 1930, as quoted by
Jonathan Haslam in The vices of integrity: E.H. Carr, 18921982, ISBN 978-1-85984-289-8, p. 32
12. M. I. Smirnov (1933). "Admiral Kolchak". The Slavonic and East European Review 11 (32): 373387.
JSTOR 4202781.
13. W. Bruce Lincoln (1999) Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, 19181921, DaCapo Press, ISBN
0306809095
14. Peter Fleming (1963) The Fate of Admiral Kolchak, Harcourt, Brace, & World, Inc., pp. 216217.
15. 100 , "", 1999, ISBN 5-7838-0424-X
16. (in Russian). Hrono.ru. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
17. , .. . (in Russian). Militera.lib.ru.
Retrieved 3 January 2009.
18. "Admiral" tells Russian love and history (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ohaa8Bv3c6E) on YouTube

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

9/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bibliography
Admiral Kolchak. M. I. Smirnov. The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 11, No. 32 (Jan.,
1933), pp. 373387
Problems of Polar Research: a Series of Papers by Thirty-one Authors. Special Publication No.7. New
York, American Geographical Society, 1928.
The testimony of Kolchak and other Siberian materials. Stanford University Press. 1935.
Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, Jonathan D. Smele.
Cambridge University press, 1996.
White Siberia, N.G.O. Pereira. McGill-Queens University Press, 1996.

Further reading
Connaughton, R. M. The Republic of the Ushakovka: Admiral Kolchak and the Allied Intervention
in Siberia, 19181920, Routledge, 1990.
Cracknell, Brian. The Failure of Admiral Kolchak, Eureditions, 1978.
Hammond, Gail C. Admiral Kolchak: A Contrast of Hope and Betrayal for Russia, 19181920,
Western Connecticut State College, 1982.
Landfield, Jerome. "The Attempt to Discredit Kolchak,"
(https://archive.org/stream/p2weeklyreviewde01newyuoft#page/184/mode/2up) Weekly Review, Vol. I,
No. 9, July 1919.
Pereira, N. G. O. "White Power during the Civil War in Siberia (19181920): Dilemmas of Kolchak's
"War Anti-Communism," Canadian Slavonic Papers (1987) 29#1 pp 4562. online
Stewart, George. The White Armies of Russia; A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied
Intervention, (http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106014360504;view=1up;seq=11) The
Macmillan Company, 1933.
Unterberger, Betty Miller. America's Siberian Expedition, 19181920; A Study of National Policy,
(http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015007041463;view=1up;seq=9) Duke University Press,
1956.

External links
An essay on Aleksandr Kolchak
Wikimedia Commons has
(http://www.gwpda.org/naval/pers0002.htm), including a photo
media related to Alexander
Kolchak testimony (http://militera.lib.ru/db/kolchak/index.html)
Kolchak.
(in Russian).
Admiral (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1101026/) at the Internet Movie Database
Admiral TV series (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1542498/) at the Internet Movie Database
Admiral (2008) with Konstantin Khabensky
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kolchak&oldid=711745546"
Categories: 1874 births 1920 deaths People from Saint Petersburg
People from Saint Petersburg Governorate 19th-century Russian people 20th-century Russian people
Explorers of Siberia Russian people executed by firing squad Executed military leaders
Executed politicians Imperial Russian Navy admirals Officiers of the Lgion d'honneur Order of the Bath
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

10/11

3/28/2016

Alexander Kolchak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

People executed by Russia by firing squad Executed people from Saint Petersburg
People of the Russian Civil War Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class Russian anti-state capitalism
Russian counter-revolutionaries Russian Provisional Government admirals
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War Russian military personnel of World War I
Russian explorers Russian hydrographers Russian monarchists White Russian (movement) admirals
This page was last modified on 24 March 2016, at 16:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak

11/11