Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CONTENTS
1. Contents
2. Introduction.......................
3. Ordinance..................................................
4. Teaching and Learning strategy................................................................
5. Scheduled hours for the Programme
6. Structure, Content and Organization
First Year
Radiographic Procedure, (P-I).........................................................................
Instrument of Conventional X- ray Equipments (P-II) ....................................
Principles of Radiographic Exposure (P-III)........................................
Instrumentation of Specialized Radiology Equipments (P-IV) .......................
Advanced Technique & Instrumentation of Computed Tomography (P-V) ...
Bio Statistics (P-VI) ........................................................................................
Second Year
Advanced Technique & Instrumentation of MRI (P-VII) ................................
Care of Patient in Diagnostic Radiology (P-VIII) ..............................................
Management of Health Care Organization (P-IX) ..........................................
Radiation Evaluation & Protection in Diagnostic Radiology (P-X)................
Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques (P-XI) .............................................
Dissertation on specialization subject ( MRI ,CT ,Interventional Radiology
or Nuclear medicine )
7. Scheme of Examinations.... ..
8. Carryover Rule ....
INTRODUCTION
Dept of Allied Health sciences. has started Masters Program in Radio Diagnosis
in the academic year 2009-2010.
Medical Imaging Technology is one of the leading professions in allied health. It
is a speciality focusing on the Radiological Imaging and assisting in invasive
radiology.
Masters program in Radio Diagnosis is designed to produce graduates of
high standards in research who are equipped with appropriate skills to meet the
_ The students shall be granted 15 days study leave for their University
examinationin each academic year. How ever, a student reappearing for a
subject will not be entitled to any study leave.
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME FOR M.Sc Radio Diagnosis Course
COURSE NAME : M.SC RADIO DIAGNOSIS
COURSE CODE :
DURATION OF COURSE : TWO YEARS
YEAR / SEMISTER : FIRST YEAR
FULL TIME / PART TIME : FULL TIME
SUBJECT TITLE
Teaching Scheme
SR
NO.
1.1
Radiographic procedure
TH
Practical/
Clinics &
Tutorial
70
400
Paper
HRS
TH
PR
O
R
TW
Pass
Marks
100
80
20
200
50TH
50PR
1.2
1.3
Instrumentation of
Conventional
Radiological Equipment
Principle of Radiographic
Exposure
60
60
60
(Tutorial)
60
100
80
20
200
50PR
100
80
20
200
1.5
1.6
Instrumentation of
specialized Radiological
Equipment
60
60
100
80
20
200
50TH
50PR
(Tutorial)
90
Biostatistics
60
--
100
--
--
100
50
400
1080
--
600
320
80
1100
550
TOTAL
500
50TH
50PR
(Tutorial)
1.4
50TH
100
--
--
200
50TH
50PR
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME FOR M.Sc Radio Diagnosis Course
COURSE NAME : M.SC RADIO DIAGNOSIS
COURSE CODE :
DURATION OF COURSE : TWO YEARS
YEAR / SEMISTER : SECOND YEAR
FULL TIME / PART TIME : FULL TIME
SUBJECT TITLE
Teaching Scheme
SR
NO.
1.1
TH
Practical/
Clinics &
Tutorial
100
500
Paper
HRS
TH
PR O
R
TW
Pass
Marks
100
80
200
50TH
20
50PR
1.2
Interventional Radiology
Techniques
60
100
100
80
20
200
50TH
50PR
1.3
Care of Patient in
Diagnostic Radiology
60
60
100
100
100
50TH
(Tutorial)
1.4
Management of
Healthcare Organization
60
200
100
50TH
50PR
1.5
1.6
60
60
--
100
100
--
--
100
50TH
100
80
20
--
50
1.7
Dissertation on
specialization subject
(MRI ,CT Scan
,Interventional radiology
& Nuclear Medicine )
TOTAL
400
960
--
600
24
0
16
0
--
450
_ A student requiring leave during the academic year should apply for the same
through a formal application to the Head of Department through their respective
Class In-charge / Coordinator of the academic year. The leave will be considered
as absent.
CODE OF CONDUCT
_ The students are expected to conduct themselves in a manner befitting the
profession.
_ They should dress formally while attending lectures and in the posting areas
(Men in trousers and shirt, women in salwar suit).
_ It is mandatory to wear the white apron with nametag when in the classroom
and in the clinics.
The teaching and learning methods include:
_ Lectures
_ Demonstrations
_ Clinical patient management
_ Assignments/projects
_ Seminars
_ Case presentation
_ Discussions
_ Industrial visits
_ Industrial visits and external clinical placements
_ Classroom teaching with the undergraduate students
_ Independent collaborative self study
CLINICAL POSTINGS
Aim:
To enable students to learn Imaging assessment process, clinical reasoning
skills and further diagnostic techniques so that they become competent
professionals.
Clinical objectives:
1. Taking clinical history of patient
2. Plan of implementation of Imaging techniques.
3. Administration of standardized evaluation tools.
4. Documentation of diagnostic / therapeutic reports.
5. Clinical discussion with the Under Graduates
6. Case presentation and discussion
70hours
UNIT 1
Basic review of all Radiographic Technique
UNIT 2
Contrast Media- Application, types, safety aspects, mode & volume of
administration, administration techniques
UNIT 3
Digestive System
Anatomy and physiology
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Plain radiography
Barium swallow
Barium meal
Barium meal follow through
Enteroclysis
Barium enema
UNIT 4
Genito urinary system
Anatomy and physiology
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Plain radiography
Intravenous urogram (IVU)
Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU)
Ascending Urethrogram (ASU)
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Fallopian Tube Recanalisation (FTR)
UNIT 5
Cardio - Respiratory system
Anatomy and physiology
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Chest radiography
UNIT 6
Mammography
Anatomy and physiology
Indications, contraindications and techniques
ICRP guidelines, BIRADS
UNIT 7
Skull
Related anatomy of facial and cranial bones
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Radiographic projections
UNIT 8
Vertebral Column
Related anatomy
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Radiographic projections
UNIT 9
Upper limb
Related anatomy
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Radiographic projections
UNIT 10
Lower limb
Related anatomy
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Radiographic projections
UNIT 11
Pelvis
Related anatomy of pelvic bones and hip joint
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Radiographic projections
Pelvimetry
UNIT 12
Hepatobiliary system
Related anatomy
Associated pathology and radiographic appearance
ERCP/ PTBD, T tube cholangiography
UNIT 13
Dental Radiography
Related anatomy
Hours: 60
Types of Generators
Capacitor discharge generator
Battery Powered generator
Medium frequency & High frequency generator.
UNIT 5
Switches
Circuit breakers
Primary & Secondary switches
Exposure switching and its application.
Interlocking Circuits
Regulating and safety devices
Magnetic relay
Thermal relay switches
Interlock in Tube Circuit and overload interlocks.
UNIT 6
Exposure timers
Timing systems
Electronic timer
Ionization timer
Photo timer
Synchronous timer and impulse timer.
UNIT 7
Devices improving radiographic quality
Cone
Cylinder
Collimator
Grid
Filter
References
1. X-ray Equipments for Radiographers Noreen Chesney & Muriel
Chesney
2. Christensens Physics of diagnostic radiology
3. First year Physics for Radiographers George Hay
4. Equipments in Diagnostic Radiology E.Forster.
60hrs
X-ray production
Interaction of radiation with matter- Compton effect, photoelectric effect, pair
production, coherent scattering.
Useful range
Clinical application
UINT 2
The Photographic process
Introduction
UNIT 3
Sensitometry
Photographic density
Opacity
Transmission
Production of Characteristic curve
Features of Characteristic curve
Variation in the characteristic curve with development
Comparison of emulsions by their characteristic curve
Application of Characteristic curve
Information from the Characteristic curve
UNIT 4
Radiographic Image
Radiographic Density
Acceptable range
Factors influences density.
Radiographic Contrast
Components
Factors influences contrast
Management of Radiographic Image quality
UNIT 5
Resolution
Line spread function & Modulation transfer function
Unsharpness in the Radiographic image and various factors contributing towards
Unsharpness
Types of Unsharpness
Radiographic mottle
UNIT 6
Geometry of the radiographic image
Magnification / Distortion -Types and factors
Micro / Macro radiography
UNIT 7
Instrumentation of Processing Equipment
Automatic film processor (AFP)
Maintenance and Quality control tests in AFP
Layout and planning of Darkroom
Viewing accessories: viewing boxes
Magnifiers and viewing conditions
References
1. Christensens Physics of Diagnostic radiology Thomas Curry
2. Radiographic Image Chesney & Chesney
Hours: 60
UNIT 6
CT Perfusion scanning
Dentascan
CT colonoscopy
CT bronchoscopy
UNIT 7
CT coronary angiography
CT calcium scoring
Myocardial Imaging
UNIT 8
Care, Maintenance and tests
General care
Functional tests
Quality assurance program
Acceptable limits of variation
Corrective action
Referral books
1. Computed Tomography Physical Principles , Clinical Applications &
Quality Control by Euclid Seeram
2. Computed Tomography by Stewart C. Bushong
BIO-STATISTICS (P-VII)
60 hours
UNIT 1
Introduction
Introduction to Biostatistics & research methodology, types of variables & scales
of measurements, measures of central tendency and dispersion, rate, rate, ratio,
proportion, incidence & prevalence
UNIT 2
Sampling
Random & non-random sampling, various methods of sampling-simple random,
stratified, systematic, cluster and multistage. Sampling and non-sampling errors
& methods of minimizing these errors.
UNIT 3
Basic probability distributions and sampling distributions
Concept of probability distribution. Normal, Poisson and Binomial distributions,
parameters and applications. Concept of sampling distributions. Standard error
and confidence intervals. Skewness an Kurtosis
UNIT 4
Tests of significance
Basics of testing of hypothesis-Null and alternate hypothesis, type I and type II
errors, level of significance (parametric) and power of the test, p value. Tests of
significance t-test (paired & unpaired), Chi square test and test of proportion,
one-way analysis of variance. Repeated measures analysis of variance.
Repeated measures analysis of variance. Tests of significance (nonparametric)
Mann-Whitney u test, Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance.
2nd Year
Advanced Technique & Instrumentation of MRI (P-VIII) 100 Hours
UNIT 1
Basic Principles
Spin
Precession
Relaxation time
Pulse cycle
T1 weighted image
T2 weighted image
Proton density image
UNIT 2
MR Instrumentation
Types of magnets
RF transmitter &receiver coils
Gradient coils
Shim coils
RF shielding
Computers
UNIT 3
Pulse sequences
Spin echo pulse sequence turbo spin echo pulse sequence
Gradient echo sequence Turbo gradient echo pulse sequence
Inversion recovery sequence STIR sequence, SPIR sequence, FLAIR
sequence
Echo planar imaging and Fast imaging sequences
Advanced pulse sequences.
UNIT 4
Image formation
2D Fourier transformation method
K-space representation
3D Fourier imaging
MIP
UNIT 5
MR contrast media
MR angiography TOF & PCA
MR Spectroscopy
UNIT 6
Protocols in MRI for whole body
MRI artifacts
Safety aspects in MRI
UNIT 7
Cardiac MRI
UNIT 8
Musculoskeletal imaging
Abdominal imaging
Brain imaging
UNIT 9
Functional MRI
BOLD Imaging
UNIT 10
Care, Maintenance and tests
General care
Functional tests
Quality assurance program
Acceptable limits of variation
Corrective action
References
1. MRI physics for Radiologist - Alfred Horowitz
2. Fundamentals of MRI Stark & Bradley
3. MRI in Practice Catherine brook
60hours
Hours: 60
60 hours
Organizational development
Managing creativity and stress
UNIT 4
Accounting for Hospital Management
_ Budgeting & Budgetary control
_ Difference between forecast & budgeting
_ Preparation of budget
_ Classification of budget
_ Capital Budgeting
UNIT 5
Concept of Hospital
Departmentation in Hospital
Clinical services management
Organizing of support services
Management of utility services
Evaluation of Hospital services
UNIT 6
Issues related to Healthcare technology
Present trend in healthcare technology
Problems & constraints
Planning & adopting appropriate technology in healthcare
Evaluation method of health technology
UNIT 7
Evolution of Quality management
Quality assurance methods
Patient satisfaction
Standard operating procedure
Quality certification & Accreditation
UNIT 8
Current issues
PACS, Tele radiology
The Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994
Hospital Management Information System
Logistics Management
UNIT 9
Radiology information system
Hospital information system
Design of radiology department
References
1. Principles of Management by Koonz oDonnel
2. Hospital planning Administration by B.M.Shakar
UNIT 1
Introduction to Radiation protection
Need for protection
Aim of radiation protection
Basic radiation units and quantities
_ Exposure
_ Absorbed dose
_ Absorbed dose equivalent
_ Quality factor
_ Tissue weighting factor.
UNIT 2
Limits for Radiation exposure
Concept of ALARA (or ALARP)
ICRP regulation
Maximum permissible dose
Exposure in pregnancy, children
UNIT 3
Protection in Diagnostic Radiology
Protection for primary radiation
Work load
Use factor
Occupancy factor
Protection for scatter radiation and leakage radiation
X-Ray room design
Structural shielding
Protective devices
Radiation signages
UNIT 4
Technical protective consideration during Radiography
Evaluation of hazards
Effective communication
Immobilization
Beam limiting devices
Filtration
Exposure factors
Protection in
_ Fluoroscopy
_ mammography,
_ mobile radiography
_ CT Scan
_ Angiography room
UNIT 5
Radiation measuring instruments
Area monitoring
Personnel dosimeters
_ Film badge
_ Thermo luminescent dosimeter
_ Pocket dosimeter.
UNIT 6
Biological aspects of Radiological protection
Biological effects of radiation
Direct & Indirect actions of radiation
Concept of detriment Deterministic & stochastic effect of radiation somatic
and genetic effects
Dose relationship
Effects of antenatal exposure
References
1. Physics of Diagnostic radiology Christensen
2. ICRP manual
60 hours
Survey meters
Personnel dosimeters
Wipe testing
Contamination monitor
Isotope calibrator
Area monitor
Inventory of isotopes
References
1. Physics in Nuclear medicine Sorenson
2. Physics of Nuclear medicine - Powsner
Award of Degree
Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers
of the two years examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree.
Grading system
The grading system is as follows:
Distinction : 75% and above
First class : 65% and above
Second class : 50% and above
Pass : 50%
Fail : Below 50%
SYLLABUS
MASTER IN
HOSPITAL
ADMINISTRATION
(MHA)
FIRST YEAR
COURSE TITLE
PAPER CODE
MARKS
Theory
Practical
Total
MHA 110
100
100
200
MHA 120
100
100
200
MHA 130
100
100
200
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MHA 140
100
100
200
HEALTH EDUCATION
MHA 150
100
100
200
MHA 160
100
100
200
SECOND YEAR
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT&
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT
HOSPITAL SUPPORT SERVICES
MHA 210
100
100
200
MHA 220
100
100
200
MHA 230
100
100
200
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT&
PERSONAL MANAGEMENT
MHA 240
100
100
MHA 250
100
100
200
200
FIRST YEAR
Suggested Reading:
Park
Preliminary Human anatomy and Physiology
omy
Suggested Reading:
Chatterjee
Common Pathological Conditions
reports
- Dr. K.
n diseases
vital statistics
Health scenario of India
Suggested reading:
- Dr. K. Park
k of community medicine: V. K. Mahajan
Asha Bhendre
Overview of Hospital
Sector
3
patients
hospital
Suggested Reading:
PAPER IV : EPIDEMIOLOGY
Medicine- Dr. K.
V. K. Mahajan
Tabish
Asha Kaul
rcome
Suggested Reading:
SECOND YEAR
PAPER-1 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT& ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
g, Organizing,
sector
Suggested Reading:
- L. M. Prasad - S. Chand
- Koontz - Tata McGraw Hill
- Peter Drucker
analysis
Suggested Reading:
Introduction, Definitions
Suggested Reading:
Prentice Hall
Suggested Reading
Administration - S. A. Tabish
- S. L. Goel
- Francis
McGibony
Suggested Reading
- Gopalakrishnan
- Sundaram
- A. C. Dutta
To emphasize the importance of human resource in a hospital
and to know in detail about the functions of personnel
management
in Hospital
Suggested Reading
- L. M. Prasad
- P. C. Tripathy
Management-Mamoria
ries
Suggested Reading
C. Tripathy
Behaviour
Suggested Reading
- P.
- Sahani
- Mamoria
Consumer
information
Suggested Reading
- T. K. Maheshwari
- Dey & Dutta
- Sandip Sharma
- Prakashan
Managerial cost and Break-even
analysis
Budgeting
Suggested Reading
- Lipsey
- Khan
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
RAJASTHAN
DETAILED SYLLABUS
MPHW
(MULTI PURPOSE HEALTH WORKER)
MPHW
s.no
Paper Code
Subject Name
1
2
3
Mphw-110
Mphw-120
Mphw-130
4
5
Mphw-140
Mphw-150
6
7
Mphw-160
Mphw-170
Total
Theory
Practical
Total
100
100
100
50
50
50
150
150
150
100
100
50
50
150
150
100
100
50
100
150
150
1100
MSc MICRO.
Detailed Syllabus
First Year
s.no
1
2
3
Paper code
MSCM-110
MSCM-120
MSCM-130
Subject Name
Human Anatomy
Human Physilogy
General Bacteriology
Theory
100
100
100
Practical
100
100
100
Total
200
200
200
MSCM-140
Immunology
100
100
200
MSCM-150
Haematology
100
100
200
Total
1000
Second Year
s.no
1
2
3
Paper Code
MSCM-210
MSCM-220
MSCM-230
Subject Name
Blood Banking
Aplied Microbiology
Molecular Biology & GENETICS
Theory
100
100
100
Practical
100
100
100
Total
200
200
200
MSCM-240
Virology
100
100
200
MSCM-250
Parasitology
100
100
200
Total
1000
First Year
PAPER-1
HUMAN ANATOMYCells & Tissues
a) Anatomical Nomenclature
b) Structure Of Cell, Reproduction Of Cells.
c) Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous
Embryology & Development
a) Early Human Development
b) Development of Individual Systems: Respiratory, gastro-intestinal, Urinary and Vascular
System.
c) Prenatal Growth in Form And Size
d) Neonatal Anatomy and Growth
Skin
a) Types of Skin, Epidermis, Dermis, Nerves, Blood Vessels, age related Changes, Repair
b) Appendages of Skin: Pilo sebaceous Unit, Nail Unit.
Skeletal System
a) Morphology of Human Skeleton: The Skeleton in Life, Shape and Proportions of Bone,
Functions of Bone and Skeleton, mechanical Properties of Bone, Growth of Individual Bones
b) Skeletal Connective Tissues: Structure of Cartilage, Bone as a Tissue, Microscopic Structure
and Organization of Bone, Blood Vessels and Nerves of Bone
c) Types of Joints:
d) Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, Skull.
PAPER-2
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Functional Systems of Cell
a) Cell and its Function
b) Extra-Cellular Fluid, Intra-Cellular Fluid.
c) Functional Systems of Cell, DNA, RNA.
d) Control of Genetic Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells.
e) Cell Differentiation, Cancer.
Membrane Physiologies, Nerve and Muscle
a) Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane: diffusion, Active Transport.
b) Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials: Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves, Nerve
Action Potential, Propagation of AP, Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks.
c) Contraction of Skeletal Muscle: Molecular Mechanics of Muscle Contraction, Energetics of
Muscle Contraction,
Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction, N-M Junction, Muscle AP, Excitation-Contraction
Coupling.
d) Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscles.
Respiration
a) Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation, Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities, Alveolar
Ventilation, Functions of the
Respiratory Passageways
b) Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, pleural Fluid
c) Physical Principles of Gas Exchange, Transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Blood
and Body Fluids
d) Regulation of Respiration.
e) Respiratory Dysfunction.
Nervous System
a) Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information.
b) Somatic sensations: Touch, Position, Pain, Thermal, Headache.
c) Special Senses
d) Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord: Cord Reflexes, Spinal cord Transection, Spinal Shock.
e) Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function: The Motor Cortex, Corticospinal Tract,
Vestibular Sensations and
.Gastrointestinal System
a) Motility, Nervous Control, Blood Circulation
b) Propulsion and Mixing of Food
c) Secretory Functions
d) Digestion and Absorption.
Endocrinology and Reproduction
a) Hormone Secretion, Transport and Clearance from Blood
PAPER-3
General Bacteriology
Morphology, Stainings, detailed structure in comparison to Ecomytic Cell,
Bacterial anatomy.
Microscopy
Various optical methods available for viewing microorganisms and their
application,
.Overview of microbial world
Classification
Purpose
Basic Principles and classification systems.
Growth, survival of microorganisms
-growth curve
-growth parameters
-Survival of micro organisms in natural environment.
-Role of antimicrobial agents
Cultivation of Micro organisms
-growth requirements
-sources of metabolic energy
-Bacterial nutrition
-methods of cultivation
.Microbial Metabolism
PAPER-4
Immunology
Unit I
Immune response: Immunity, Type (Innate & adaptive immune response)
Organs of Immune System: Primary and Secondary lymphoid organ
Ontogeny and phylogeny of Lymphocytes: T and B Lymphocyts, Null
Unit II
Cell of Immune System: Mononuclear cell and granulocytes, Antigen
presenting cell.
Antigen, Heptanes: Factors effecting immunogenicity,m epitopes
(Properties of it)
PAPER-5
Haematology
1. Introduction of haematology, composition of blood, cellular and
humoral components.
2. Reception labeling and recording of laboratory investigations.
3. Quality control in Individual Laboratory.
4. Cleaning of glass wares, pipettes, ESR tubes and couting chamber. Care
of syringes and
Needles.
5. Error in procedure / Sources of Error .
6. Preparation of capillary pipettes, Distilled water, reagents Buffer and
Normal solutions.
7. Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and
venous blood specimen
use of each.
8.Preparation and examination of thin, thick and wet blood films for
blood parasite. Stained
blood films -Leishman's, wright's, Simon's stain and supravital.
9.Preparation of solutions.
10.Normal and abnormal blood cells morphology -erythrocytes,
leucocytes, platelets,
reticulocytes count.
11.Recognition of principle blood pictures, knowledge about the Anaemia
and Leukamias.
Abnormalities of RBCS -shape, size, colour, premature RBCS (RBCS series
and WBCS
series).
MSC MEDICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER-1
Blood Banking
PAPER-2
Applied Microbiology
PAPER-3
Molecular Biology & GENETICS
Basic knowledge as applicable to molecular diagnostics and molecular
epidemiology.
Basic knowledge only of the following
1. Recombinant DNA technology.
2. Southern, northern and western blotting.
3. DNA amplification techniques.
4. Diagnostic PCR, different methods of PCR product detection (liquid
hybdridization,
Elisa.)
5. Genotyping of microbes and viruses.
Continuity of life - heredity, variation; mendel's laws of inheritance,
chromosomal basis of
inheritance; other patterns of inheritance - incomplete dominance,
multiple allelism,
quantitative inheritance.
Chromosomes - bacterial cell and eukaryotic cell; parallelism between
genes and
chromosomes; genome, linkage and crossing over; gene mapping;
recombination; sex
chromosomes; sex determination; sex linked inheritance; mutation and
chromosomal
aberrations; Human genetics - methods of study, genetic disorders.
DNA as a genetic material - its structure and repliaction; structure of RNA
and its role in
PAPER-4
Virology
Unit I
General morphology and ultra structure of Viruses: Capsids- Helical Symmetry,
icosahedral
symmetry and complex
symmetry.
Envelope: Glycoprotein and matrix protein
Viral genome: their types and structure
Unit II
Cultivation of Viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell culture:
primary and
secondary cell culture,
suspension cell culture and monolayer cell cultures.
Assays of viruses: physical and chemical methods of assays (protein nuclei acid,
radioactivity
traces, electrons microscopy,
plaque method, pock counting method, end point method and infectivity of plant
viruses).
Serological methods: haemagglutination haemagglutinationinhibitation, complement
fixation,
immunofluroscence assays
(IFA) ELISA, RIA.
Unit III
Plant viruses: Recent advances in classification of plant viruses
Life sciences and other details of TMV and mosaic virus, potato virus X
General idea about cyanophages, actinophages and mycoviruses.
Unit IV
Bacterophages: Classification, Morphology and ultrastructure
One step growth curve ( Latent period, eclipse period and burst size)
Life cycle: Lytic and Lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages
Unit V
Animal viruses; classification and nomenclature
Life cycles and other details of DNA viruses: herpes, adeno and SV40
Life cycle and other details of RNA viruses: Retroviruses, oncogenic viruses and
lentiviruses
(HIV), picorna, ortho myxo and
paramyxo.
PAPER-5
Parasitology
PARASITOLOGY
a. General Principles of host parasite interactions and definitions of terms
in this
connection.
b. Morphology, life cycle and pathogenesis of the parasites listed below.
The students
should know the medical importance, laboratory diagnostic methods,
drugs used for
therapy and Epidemiology.
PROTOZOA
1. Intestinal amoebae.
2. Free living pathogenic amoebae
3. Intestinal and genital flagellates
4. Haemoflagellates
5. Ciliates of medical importance
6. Malarial parasite
HELMINTHS
1. Nematodes
(a) Intestinal
(b) Tissue
2. Trematodes infection in man.
3. Cestodes infecting man
4. Larval infections in man.
MSc MLT
Detailed
Syllabus
(YEARLY PROGRAMME)
Msc.MLT
First Year
s.no
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
Paper Code
MSCMLT-110
MSCMLT-120
MSCMLT-130
MSCMLT-140
MSCMLT-150
MSCMLT-160
MSCMLT-170
Subject Name
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
INSTRUMENTATION
CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY
BLOOD BANKING
LAB MANAGEMENT
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
Msc.MLT
Second year
s.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Paper Code
MSCMLT-210
MSCMLT-220
MSCMLT-230
MSCMLT-240
MSCMLT-250
MSCMLT-260
Subject Name
BACTERIOLOGY
VIROLOGY & MYCOLOGY
PARASIT0LOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
CYTOLOGY & HISTOPATHOLOGY
REASERCH METHODOLOGY &
TECHNIQUES
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
Total
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1400
Total
200
200
200
200
200
200
1200
Basic Biochemistry
Incubator, hot air oven and autoclave: Principal, instrument and its
application.
Unit V
Radioactivity: Radioisotopes, half life units, Geeger Mueller counter, gamma
counter and
scintillation
PH meter (principle types, types of electrodes and application)
Practical:
Verification of Beers Law
Electrophoresis of protein native and under denaturing condition.
Separation of sub cellular organelles by different centrifugation
Separation of blood cells by density gradient centrifugation
Handling and management of instruments
Estimation of blood urea creatinine uric acid, calcium and phosphorous
PAPER V: Clinical Haematology
1 Red Blood Cells :
a. Normal morphology count
b. Isolation from whole blood & count
c. Effect on count & morophology of physiochemical parameters & the
diseased state
d. Red cell anomalies & their relevance w.r.t normal & diseased state
2 Blood Transfusion :
a. Pre-requisitement & the complication of mis-matched transfusion
b. Methods of blood matching
3 White blood cells & platelets;a. Morphology count & methods of isolation
b. Effect on count & morophology of cell by the physiochemical parameters ,
diseased . State & the relevance of condition of the diseases
4 Anaemias, :
a. Definaation ( in general ) & courses
b. Types of anaemia & their classification
c. Physiochemical , characteristic features & eterology of a plastic anaemia,
haemoloytic,megaloblastic
d. linical features & diagonosis
5 Leukaemia
a. Definition (in general ) & their etrology
b. Classification of leukaemia
c. FAB classification
d. Etiologies ,physiochemical features of different Type of leukaeia,s with
reference to
clinical states
e. Diagonosis of different types of leukaemias
6 Coagulation studies ;
General pathways ( intrinsic & extrinsic ) b. Properties ( physiochemical )
mode of action of
coagulation factors
c. Platelet studies ,platelet function tests ( for different Coagulation factors )
> Effect
of promoters & inhibitors at diff steps in coaguation,their solution & mode
of
action
d. Diseases associated with coagulation disorders ,their etrology &
characteristics
features.
7 Red Cell mass studies ;
a. Chemical method & radioactive methods
b. Red Cell function studies
Second Year
PAPER I : Bacteriology
Unit I
Introduction, history and scope of microbiology
Contribution of Anatomy Von Leeuwenhook, Louis Pasteur. Alexender
Fleming in the
development of Microbiology
Morphology and ultrastructure of bacterial cell wall of eubacteria and
archaebacteria cell
membranes structure,
composition and properties
Unit II
Bacterial Nutrition: Nutritional groups, common nutritional requirements,
growth factors.
Growth of bacteria under extreme conditions: Psychrophiles, thermophiles,
halophiles and
acidophiles
Bacterial reproduction: Binary fission and endospore formation
Unit III
Mycoplasmas: General characteristics, structure and reproduction
Cyanobacteria: General characteristics, structure, reproduction and
economic importance
Bacterial growth curve, generation time, growth Kinetics Synchronous,
Batch and continuous
cultures Measurement of
growth and factors affecting growth.
Unit IV
Chemical control of microorganims: Heat, Filtration and radiation
Sterilization of soaps , detergents and dyes.
Unit I
(i) General principle of host parasite interaction and definitions of terms in this connection.
(ii) Classification of the parasitic protozoans.
(iii) Introduction to parasite host and Vectors. Morphology, life cycle and lab diagnosis of
Ecoli,
Trichomonas
and Leishmania.
Unit II
(i) Classification of parasitic helminthes.
(ii) Morphology, life cycle and lab diagnosis of malarial parasite.
(iii) Morphology, life cycle and lab diagnosis of Ascaries and Taenia.
Microbiology
1 Classification of bacteria
On bacilli of differential staining Gram,s Stain .( its modification ) ZN .Stain ( its modification
)
B ) On basis of their structure
2 Pre remit of sample collections-general & disease specific their processing & storage
3 Identification of bacteria on basis of cultural characteristics ,morphological , & serological
features.
A) Staphylococcus & streptococcus including pneumonococci
B) Family Enterobacterical
C) Haemophilus bordetlla
D) Corynebacterium
E) Nessieria .Treponema
F) Leptospira ,mycoplasma,chlamydia & Trieagents
4 Identification of pathogenic & nonpathogenic fungi( Morphologically,biochemically
a) Yeast
b) Dermatophytes
c) Cryptocococci
d) Histoplasma
e) Nocardia
f) Common lab fungal contaminants
5 Characteristic diagnostic serological tests in diseases : Cholera,Typhoid,Tuberclosis ,VDRL,
,TPHA, Satellitism.ELISA, PCR.
6 Uerology
a)General morphology & ultra structure of virus and growth cycles.
b)Viral genome : Their types & symmetry.
c) Cultivation of virus in embryonated eggs, primary culture & secondary culture
d) Assay methods: Physical & chemical
e) Classification
1 On basic of structure
2 On basic of nuclear material
f) Clinical diagnosis serological techniques for identification of bacteria : TMV
Bacteriophages.HIV . SV 40 ,myxo & paramyxovirus
: Practical
Bacteriology : 20 Marks
Virology & Mycology : 15 Marks
Parasitology : 20 Marks
Diagnostic Microbiology : 20 Marks
Internal Assessment : 25 Marks
PAPER IV: Immunology
Unit I
Immune response: Immunity, Type (Innate & adaptive immune response)
Organs of Immune System: Primary and Secondary lymphoid organ
Ontogeny and phylogeny of Lymphocytes: T and B Lymphocyts, Null
Unit II
Cell of Immune System: Mononuclear cell and granulocytes, Antigen presenting cell.
Antigen, Heptanes: Factors effecting immunogenicity,m epitopes (Properties of it)
Antibodies: Structure , Types and function
Unit III
Complement System : Role of complement system in immune response, complements and
Components and activation
pathways.
Monoclonal antibodies: Production characterization and applications in diagnosis, therapy and
basic research.
Antigen-Antibody interaction, avidity & affinity measurement.
Unit IV
Hypersensitivity: Definition, factor causing hypersensitivity
Common hypersensitivity reaction, types, classification based on the time taken for reaction
Auto Immune disease
Unit V
Immunodiagnostics: Precipitation techniques, Agglutination, Fluoresence techniques
ELISA, RIA
Double diffusion and Immuno-electrophoresis.
Immunidiagnostics: VDRL test, Widal test, RA factor, Blood grouping, Rh typing, Combs test
\
SINGHANIA
UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS
PG DIPLOMA
IN
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
PAPER-1
ULTRASOUND
Maximum Time : 3 hrs.
University Assessment 70%
Total Marks : 200 Internal Assessment 30%
Minimum Pass Marks 40%
1. Ultra Sound
Principle of Ultra Sound
Types of Ultra Sound
Equipments description
Indication and Clinical Application
The physics of ultrasound imaging
Types of transducers
Ultrasound tissue characterization
The potential for three dimensional
ultrasound
Artifacts in ultrasound
PAPER-2
PAPER-3
Basic Patient care and safety
Maximum Time : 3 hrs.
Total Marks : 200
Minimum Pass Marks 40%
SINGHANIA UNIVERITY
UP-Vaidya Syllabus
Time 3 hours
Up Vaidya
Sr.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Paper Code
Subject(s)/paper(s)
Theory.Marks
Practical
Up-Vaidya-110
Up-Vaidya-120
Up-Vaidya-130
Up-Vaidya-140
Up-Vaidya-150
Up-Vaidya-160
Sharir Rachana
Sharir Kriya
Dravyaguna Vigyan
Rasa Shstra & Bhaishjya Kaipana
Rog Nidan Evam Chikitsa
Prathamik Uparchar Evam Rugna
Paricharya
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total Marks:
1200
Sharir Rachna
Up-vaidya-110
Time-3 hours
M.M-100
SHARIR KRIYA
Up-vaidya-120
Time:3 hours
M.M - 100
Dehprakriti, types of dosha prakritis and characterisitics of vata, pitta and kapha dominant person.
6. Rashi purusha and its components according to ayurveda.
7. Names of seven Dhatus, upadahtus and their nutrition from digested essence of the food.
8.
Description of Agni and complete process of the digestion of Food. (Ahara paka kriya and avastha paka
Kriya).
9.
17
. Composition of blood functions of blood elements. Blood group and coagulation of blood. Brief information
regarding disorders of blood.
DRAVYAGUNA VIGYAN
Up-vaidya-130
Time-3 hours
7.
M.M-100
41 Sudershan 42 . Tulsi
43. Tvak 44 .Udumber
45. Vansh 46 . Vacha
47. Vibhitaki 48 . Lodhra
49. Vidang 50. Yashtimadhu
51. Katuka 52. Vasa
53. Sarpgandha 54. Sunthi
Practical
100 marks
M.M-100
Practical:
M.M-100
M.M-100
SINGHANIA
UNIVERSITY
DETAILED SYLLABUS
(BHA)
BACHELOR IN
HOSPITAL
ADMINISTRATION
UNIT 2
QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT
Definition of Statistics, Scope of Statistics in Economics, Management
Data Condensation and graphical Methods : Raw data , attributes and variables ,
classification , frequency distribution , cumulative frequency distributions.
Graphs - Histogram , Frequency polygon.
Diagrams - Multiple bar , Pie ,Subdivided bar.
Criteria for good measures of central tendency , Arithmetic mean , Median and
Mode
for grouped and ungrouped data , combined mean .
Concept of dispersion , Absolute and relative measure of dispersion, Range,
Variance,
Standard deviation, Coefficient of variation,
Concept of correlation, positive & negative correlation, Karl Pearsons Coefficient
of
correlation, meaning of regression,
UNIT-3
PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT
Concept of Health Care Industry & its ever-changing character
Understanding functioning of Corporate multi-specialty hospital
Managerial activities for effective hospital functioning
UNIT-4
HEALTHCARE SERVICES
Demography its concept, Vital events of life & its impact on demography
Significance and recording of vital statistics
Health scenario of India- past, present and future
National Health Policy, National Population Policy, National Five year plans
Background objectives, action plan, targets, operations, achievements and
constraints in various National
Heath Programme.
UNIT-5
HEALTH EDUCATION
Aims & Principles of Health education
Methods of Health Education
Effects of health education
Levels & practice of health education
Need of Health education to attain positive health
UNIT-6
COMMUNICATION & BASIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Basic concepts & principles of good communication
Special characteristics of health communication
Types & process of communication
Barriers of communication & how to overcome
Communication with the media / press
Basic concepts about computer Hardware & Software
Working knowledge of commonly used hospital software
Application of Computer in hospitals
Computer programme and operating system
Importance of effective Health Information system
Digital maintenance of Medical Records
UNIT-2
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
Concepts & Evolution of personnel Management in Hospital
Public Relation
Methodology & tools of Personnel Management
Office rules & regulation & discipline
Performance appraisal.
UNIT-3
UNIT-4
UNIT-5
UNIT-6
NUTRITION & DIETETICS
Food & Nutrition. Role of Antioxidants
Overview of Metabolism & Balance Diet for patients
Diet for Patient Selection of food, Cooking methods, Tasty Food, Food to be
avoid / Added in diet, Need of complementary food.
Steps to prevent food adulteration and Food Adulteration Act.
Overview of Clinical Dietetics. Quality control of Food
Hygiene and special precautions in Hospital Kitchen
Management of Hospital diet / Catering service
Role of dietitian in hospital diet service
UNIT-2
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
UNIT-3
MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS & BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING
List of common Medical Equipments used in Hospital
Justification of purchase proposal, Hospital Need Assessment
Equipment selection guideline, Estimation of cost and Q.C. Planning
Purchase / Installati8on / Commissioning of Medical Equipments
Replacement of old equipments and Buyback Policy
Estimation of Breakeven point and Profit Projection in hospital budget
Medical Equipment Maintenance (In-house and AMC)
Local, National and International availability of Medical Equipments
UNIT-4
UNIT-5 &6
PROJECT WORK
AIM OF THE COURSE: The course aims at imparting in depth both the theoretical knowledge as well as the
skills in Physiotherapeutic System of Medicine.
OBJECTIVES OF COURSE: During the comprehensive academic programme the basic and clinical Science
are integrated to;
2.1 Develop knowledge, skills and attitude necessary for competent health education, diagnosis, prevention,
treatment, recovery & rehabilitation of patients from trauma and disease.
2.2 Focus on development of clinical and research aptitude.
2.3 Train them to practice the profession of Physiotherapy in a competent and ethical manner towards those who
need such service with autonomy, quality care, assurance & humanitarian approach with compassion.
2.
DURATION OF THE COURSE: The duration of the Bachelor of' Physiotherapy Course shall be four & half year
including compulsory internship of six months.
5.
Candidate will be admitted to B.P.T course strictly on merit, as decided by the competent authority.
6.
MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION: English shall be the medium of instruction for all the subjects of study and the
examination of B.P.T. course.
7.
ATTENDANCE: A candidate is required to attend at least 75 percent of the total classes conducted in a year in
all subjects prescribed for the year, separately, in theory and practical to become eligible to appear for the
university examination in the first attempt. The Principal / HOD should notify at their college the attendance
details at the end of each term without fall, under Intimation to the University.
8.
9.
SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATION: There will be two examination in the year, i) annual examination and ii) a
Supplementary Examination to be conducted as per notification issued by the University from time to time. First,
Second, Third and Final Examinations of Bachelor of Physiotherapy course shall be held at the end of 1st , 2nd
, 3rd and 4th years respectively. The examination for all the subjects shall be conducted by the University.
10.
CRITERIA FOR PASSING: A candidate is declared passed in an examination in a subject, if he/she secures
50% of marks in theory and 50% in practical separately. For passing in theory, a candidate has to secure a
minimum of 50% marks in the University conducted written examination, and 50% aggregate i.e. marks scored
in the university conducted written examination and internal assessment (theory) added together and for a
passing in practical, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 50% of marks in University conducted practical
examination and 50% in aggregate, i.e. marks scored in University conducted practical examination and internal
assessment (practical) added together.
12.3 Third year: A candidate who has failed in 3rd year is permitted to carry any five of the nine subjects and
shall have to pass these subjects before appearing for the fourth year examination.
12.4 Internship: There shall be six months of compulsory rotatory Internship after the final examination, for
candidates declared passed the final examination in all subjects. No candidate shall be awarded degree
certificate without successfully completing six months of Internship.
13. A deficiency in the required number of lecturers, clinical and practical may be condoned by the Principal up to
the extent of 5 percent under special circumstances.
14. Notwithstanding the integrated nature of this course which is spread over more than one Academic Year, the
ordinance in force at the time a student joins the course shall held good only for the examination held during or
at the end of the academic year and nothing in this ordinance shall be deemed to debar the University from
amending the Ordinance and the amended ordinance, if any, shall apply to all the students, whether old or
new.
15. In case of any dispute in the interpretation of rules & regulations, interpretation of the same by the ViceChancellor shall be final.
HOURS DISTRIBUTION
SUBJECT
ANATOMY
PHYSOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
PSYCHOLOGY, PREVENTIVE SOCIAL
MEDICINE & SOCIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOTHERAPY-1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOTHERAPY-2
THEORY
100
100
100
100
100
100
PRACTICALS
100
100
NA
NA
100
100
Total= 1000
100
100
100
100
NA
100
100
50
100
100
100
100
100
50
NA
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
NA
100
100
50
50
NA
50
50
NA
50
50
NA
50
CARDIOPULMONARY
PHYSIOTHERAPY
NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY
ORTHOPAEDIC PHYSIOTHERAPY
SPORTS PHYSIOTHERAPY
GENERAL PHYSIOTHERAPY
ETHICS, ADMINISTRATION AND
COMPUTER APPLICATION
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROJECT
CLINICAL TRAINING
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
NA
NA
50
Total= 1400
Total= 1O50
50
Total = 1100
Practical
Viva
Total
Paper-1
Paper-2
Paper-3
Paper-4
Paper-5
Anatomy
Physiology
Biochemistry
Psychology/PSM& Sociology
Introduction to Physiotherapy-1
70+30
70+30
70+30
50+50
70+30
70+30
70+30
NA
NA
70+30
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
200
100
100
200
Paper-6
Introduction to Physiotherapy-2
70+30
70+30
NA
200
Theory
PracticalViva
70+30
70+30
70+30
70+30
Viva
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
200
200
200
NA
40+10*
+
40+10*
40+10*
40+10*
40+10*
40+10*
40+10*
200
Paper-13
Paper-14
Paper-15
Paper-16
Paper-17
Pharmacology
General Medicine
Orthopedics
General Surgery & Plastic Surgery
Radiology
70+30
70+30
70+30
70+30
40+10*
+
40+10*
40+10*
80+20*
80+20*
80+20*
NA
100
150
150
150
50
80+20*
PracticalViva
80+20*
80+20*
80+20*
80+20*
NA
NA
NA
200
100
80+20*
NA
40+10*
150
80+20*
NA
40+10*
150
Paper-23
40+10*
NA
40+10*
100
Paper-24
40+10*
NA
40+10*
100
Paper-25
Psychiatry
40+10*
NA
40+10*
100
Paper-26
Paper-27
Paper-28
Ophthalmology
ENT
Dermatology
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40+10*
40+10*
40+10*
50
50
50
Paper-18
Paper-19
Paper-20
Paper-21
Paper-22
Theory
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
80+20*
Paper-30
Cardiopulmonary
Physiotherapy
Neurological Physiotherapy
80+20*
80+20*
NA
NA
200
Paper-31
Orthopedic Physiotherapy
80+20*
80+20*
NA
NA
200
Paper-32
Sports Physiotherapy
80+20*
80+20*
NA
NA
200
Paper-33
General Physiotherapy
80+20*
40+10*
NA
NA
150
Paper-34
Community Physiotherapy
80+20*
40+10*
NA
NA
150
Paper-35
80+20*
NA
NA
NA
100
NA
NA
50
50*
100
Paper-36
Viva
Total
PracticalViva
80+20*
Paper-29
Theory
Viva
Total
NA
Internal
Evaluation
NA
# Compulsory Physiotherapy Project: To develop analytical, research aptitude, learn about diseases existing in society
treatable with comprehensive physiotherapy & rehabilitation.
200
Course Description: This course involves a detailed study of the microscopic, macroscopic and surface
anatomy of the various systems of the body with a particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal, neurological and
cardiopulmonary systems.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to describe the structure and function of the various system of
the body with an emphasis on musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiopulmonary systems as they relate to
Physiotherapy.
1. Cells & Tissues
a) Anatomical Nomenclature
b) Structure Of Cell, Reproduction Of Cells.
c) Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous
2. Embryology & Development
a) Early Human Development
b) Development of Individual Systems: Respiratory, gastro-intestinal, Urinary and Vascular System.
c) Prenatal Growth in Form And Size
d) Neonatal Anatomy and Growth
3. Skin
a) Types of Skin, Epidermis, Dermis, Nerves, Blood Vessels, age related Changes, Repair
b) Appendages of Skin: Pilo sebaceous Unit, Nail Unit.
4. Skeletal System
a) Morphology of Human Skeleton: The Skeleton in Life, Shape and Proportions of Bone, Functions of Bone and
Skeleton, mechanical Properties of Bone, Growth of Individual Bones
b) Skeletal Connective Tissues: Structure of Cartilage, Bone as a Tissue, Microscopic Structure and Organization of
Bone, Blood Vessels and Nerves of Bone
c) Types of Joints:
d) Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, Skull.
e) Appendicular Skeleton: upper limb, Lower Limb.
5. Muscle
a) Types of Muscle, Attachments of Skeletal Muscle
b) Form and Function in Skeletal Muscle: Form and Fibre Architecture, Functional Implications of Form.
c) Muscle and Movement.
d) Muscles and Fasciae of Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper Limb, Lower Limb
6. Nervous System
a) Regional Organization of Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord, Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon, Diencephalon,
Telencephalon, Basal Nucleii, Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance in the CNS.
b) Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous System Peripheral Apparatus of
Special Senses: Gustatory, Olfactory, Peripheral Visual, Accessory Visual, Auditory, Vestibular.
7. Hemolymphoid and Cardiovascular System
a) Haemal Cells and tissue, Haemopoiesis, Lymphoid Cells And Tissues.
b) Blood Vessels, Thoracic Cavity and Heart.
c) Arterial System, Venous System, Lymphatic.
8. Respiratory System
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, Larynx, trachea. Bronchi, Lungs, Pleura, Mediastinum
9. Alimentary System
Oral Cavity, Abdomen, Oesophagus to Anus
10. Urinary and Reproductive System
a) Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra.
b) Reproductive organs of Male and Female.
11. Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Chromaffin System, Diffuse Neuroendocrine System,
Adrenal Gland, Paraganglion, Para-aortic Bodies, Tympanic Bodies, Coccygeal Body.
ANATOMY PRACTICAL
Course Description: This course involves a detailed study of the microscopic, macroscopic and surface anatomy of the
various systems of the body with a particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiopulmonary
systems. Students will be instructed using dissected cadavers and organ specimens
Course Objectives: The student should be able to recognize various specimens and describe the structure and function
of the various systems of the body with an emphasis on the musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiopulmonary systems
as they relate to Physiotherapy.
1. Surface Anatomy: Identification and Description of surface land marks on Human Specimen
2. Muscles, Bones Ligaments, Joints of head, face, trunk, lower and upper extremities on a dissected human specimen.
3. Gross And Microscopic Anatomy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.
4. Gross anatomy of Respiratory, Digestive Endocrine, Urinary and Reproductive Systems on a dissected human body.
Recommended Books
Course Description: This course involves a detailed study of the physiology of the various systems of the body
at a microscopic and macroscopic level, with a particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal, neurological and
cardiopulmonary systems
Course Objectives: The student should be able to describe the structure and function of the various system of
the body with an emphasis on musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiopulmonary systems as they relate to
Physiotherapy.
8. Gastrointestinal System
a) Motility, Nervous Control, Blood Circulation
b) Propulsion and Mixing of Food
c) Secretory Functions
d) Digestion and Absorption.
9. Endocrinology and Reproduction
a) Hormone Secretion, Transport and Clearance from Blood
b) Hormones: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenocortical, Insulin, Parathyroid, Reproductive.
c) Puberty, Menarche, Menopause
d) Pregnancy and Lactation
e) Fetal and Neonatal Physiology: Special Functional Problems of Neonate, Prematurity.
10. Physiology of Exercise and Work
a) Neuromuscular activity human movement, physiological mechanism in movement, behavior, strength, endurance, &
analysis of movement.
b) Circulatory and respiratory response to exercise including effects on the heart, blood circulation, body fluid changes
pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange and transport, etc.
c) Effects of exercise and work on other body functions.
d) Metabolic and environmental aspects of exercise and work-metabolism, energy requirement, efficiency of muscular
work,
nutritional aspects, heat and body temperature regulation and environmental factors.
e) Effects of Exercise training - endurance, fatigue and recovery.
f) Fitness and health - age, sex, body type, race, stress and medical aspects of exercise.
PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL
Course Description: This course involves a detailed study of the physiology of the various systems of the body
by demonstration and performance of practicals with a particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal, neurological
and cardiopulmonary systems
Course Objectives: The student should be able to describe the structure and function of the various system of
the body with an emphasis on musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiopulmonary systems as they relate to
Physiotherapy.
1. Identification of blood cells and differential counts
2. W.B.C. count
3. R.B.C. count
4. Hemoglobin percentage and color index
5. E.S.R. and Blood group
6. Bleeding time and clotting time
7. Respiratory efficiency tests
8. Artificial respiration and C.P.R.
9. Pulse rate, Heart rate and measurement of Blood Pressure
10. Respiratory rate and Auscultation
11. Normal E.C.G.
12. Reflexes- Superficial and Deep
13. Sensations
14. Tests for functions of Cerebrum
15. Tests for functions of Cerebellum
Recommended Books
1. Course In Medical PhysiologyVol-I & II-By Dr Chatterjeee
2. Medical Physiology By Dr. Bijlani
3. Text Book Of Medical Physiology-Guyton
4. Manual of Practical Physiology- A.K.Jain
PAPER-3 BIOCHEMISTRY
Course Description: This course involves a study of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals,
vitamins and essential enzymes. The role of these in the functioning of the human body will be discussed.
Course Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to describe normal functions of
different components of food, enzymes, describe in details biochemical aspects of muscle contraction, and
describe in brief the biochemical basis of some common lab tests.
1. Cell Biology
a) Membrane, Structure & Function;
b) Junction Of Intracellular Organelle In Brief
2. Carbohydrates
a) Chemistry-Definition, Classification With Examples
b) Functions Of Carbohydrates With Mucopolysaccharides
c) Reducing Properties Of Sugars Of Clinical & Diagnostic Importance (Eg.Benedicts Test , Banfood`s Test Etc)
d) Metabolism-Digestion & Absorption Of Carbohydrates, glycolysis, Aerobic, Anaerobic, Energetics & Regulation ;
e) Kreb`s Cycle-Its Energetics & Regulation- Role Of T.C.A. Cycle;
f) Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis & Their Regulation-Role Of Liver In Muscle Glycogen
g) Glyconeogenesis-Significance Of H.M.P. Shunt
h) Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels-Important Metabolic Disorders of Glycogen, Lactose Intolerance,
Diabetes Mellitus.
3. Proteins
a) Chemistry-Definition-Function-Classification Of Amino Acids-Protein Structure-Effect Of Temperature On ProteinsDenaturation-Coagulation ;Isoelectric Ph & Its Importance
b) Metabolism-Digestion & Absorption- Decarboxylation- De-Amination- Transmethylation-Transamination & Their
Importance-Detoxification Of Ammonia Including Urea Cycle ;
c) Special Products Of Amino Acid-E.G. Phenylalnine Glycine ,Methionine[No Biosynthesis] ;
d) Neuro-Transmitters No Bio-Synthesis]
4. Lipids
a) Chemistry-Definition-Classification-[Including Fatty Acids With Examples]-Function b) Metabolism-Digestion & Absorption Of Lipids-B-Oxidation-Of Saturated Fatty Acids & Its Energetics & Regulation Of
Fat Metabolism In Adipose Tissue-Ketone Bodies Formation & UtilizationCholesterol & Its Importance[No
Biosynthesis Needed]-Classification, Sources & Function Of Lipoproteins-Lipoproteinemia Atherosclerosis
c) Fate Of Acetyl-Coenzyme A
d) Cholesterol Biosynthesis
e) Ketogenesis
f) Fatty Acids Biosynthesis
g) Neuro -Transmitters
h) T.C.A.
i) Fate Of Glycerol In Gluconeogenesis, Energy (Glycolysis), Tri-Glycerides,
j) Phospholipid Synthesis,
5. Nuclic Acids
D.N.A., R.N.A.-Definition-Structure & Function-Types-Genetic Code-Catabolism Of Purine Gout
6. Enzymes
a) Definition-Co-Enzymes-Classification-Factors Affecting-;
b) General Metabolism Of Enzymes [In Brief] ;
c) Inhibition & Types Of Inhibitors ;
d) Iso-Enzymes ;
e) Clinical & Therapeutic Use Of Enzymes
7. Vitamins
a) Water & Fat Soluble-Definition-Classification ;
b) Individual Vitamins-Sources-Co-Enzyme Forms- Function-Reaction Related To Metabolism Covered ;
c) RDA, Absorption-& Transport-Deficiency & Toxicity
d) Biological Oxidation
e) Oxidative Phosphorylation & ETC In Brief
8. Minerals
a) Phosphate, Calcium, & Iron [In Details];
b) Magnesium, Flouride, Zink, Copper, Selenium Molybdenum, Iodine-Sources, RDA, Absorption,-Transport-Excretion
Function & Disorder
9. Acid- Base Balance,Water & Electrolyte
a) Body Water, Ph-Osmolarity Extra & Intra Cellular Fluid-;
b) Buffers-Ph, Buffer System In Bloodc) Role Of Kidneys & Lungs In Acid-Base Balance
d) Water- Electrolyte Balance Imbalance-Dehydration
10. Hormones
a) Definition-Classification-Mechanism & Action
b) Second Messenger (Ca, Camp, Inositol Phosphate,
c) Metabolic Effects Of Insulin, Glucagon, Catecholamines, Thyroxine
d) Mineralo-Corticoids,Gluco Corticoids
11. Muscle Contraction
a) Contractile Elements;
b) Biochemical Events During Contraction;
c) Energy Metabolism In Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle
12. Connective Tissue
Biochemistry Of Connective Tissue-Collagen Glyco-Protein Proteoglycans
13. Nutrition
a) Importance Of Nutrition-Calorimetry-Energy Value-Calorimeter-Respiratory Quotient & Its Significance
b) Basal Metabolic Rate-Definition-Normal Values-Factors Affecting BMR;
c) Energy Requirement-With-Age/Sex/ Thermogenesis/-Specific Dynamic Action Of Food,-Energy Expenditure For
Various Activities
d) Composition Of Food, Balanced Diet Dietary Recommendations Nutritional Supplementation- Nutritional Value Of
Carbohydrates/Proteins/Fats & Fibers,
e) Nitrogen Balance & Its Significance-Protein Energy Malnutrition-Kwashiorkor & Marasmus
14. Clinical Biochemistry
a) Liver Function Test & Renal Function Test ;
b) Relevance Of Blood Levels Of Glucose, Urea, Ca-Phosphate-& Uric Acid;
c) Enzymes-Amylase, CPK, LDH,Isoenzymes
d) Lipid Profile-Tri -Glyceride, Cholesterol/HDL/LDL/ALDL Etc;
e) Protein & Aggression, Glycosuria
f) Introduction to genetics
g) Medical bio-chemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
PRACTICALS
A. QUALITATIVE
Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
Reaction of protein
Abnormal constituents of urine
Milk analysis
B. QUANTITATIVE
Verification of Beers and Lamberts law
Estimation of Blood glucose
Estimation of Blood urea
Estimation of Blood protein
Estimation of Blood creatinine
Estimation of Blood uric acid
Estimation of Blood calcium
Estimation of Blood bilirubin
DEMONSTRATION
Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Recommended Books
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry-by Dr. Deb Jyoti Das,
2. Biochemistry-by-Dr Satyanarayan
3. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Chatterje and Shinde
PAPER-4 PSYCHOLOGY
Course Description: This course involves a description of some common psychological parameters especially
as they relate to physiotherapeutic practice
Course Objectives: The student will be able to apply some general psychological principles when dealing with
patients.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Recommended Books
1. Introduction to Psychology- Morgan and King
PAPER-5 PREVENTIVE SOCIAL MEDICINE & SOCIOLOGY
PREVENTIVE SOCIAL MEDICINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Family planning
Health programmes in India
Mental health
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
SOCIOLOGY
Course Description: This course will introduce students to the basic sociological to concepts, principles and
social process. Social institutions and the various social factors affecting the family in rural and urban
communities will be studied.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to demonstrate and understanding of the role of socio cultural
factors on health and disease as relates to Physiotherapy.
1. Introduction: Definitions of sociology, sociology as a science of society, uses of the study of sociology, application of
knowledge of sociology in Physiotherapy.
2. Sociology and Health: Social factors affecting health status, social consciousness and perception of illness, social
consciousness and meaning of illness, decision making in taking treatment. Institutions of health, their role in the
improvement of the health of the people.
3. Socialization: Meaning of socialization, influence of social factor on personality, socialization in hospitals, socialization
in the rehabilitation of patients.
4. Social Groups: Concept of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on health and sickness, the role of
primary groups and secondary groups in the hospitals and rehabilitation settings.
5. Family: Influence of family on human personality, discussion of chares in the functions of a family on the individual's
health, family and nutrition, the effects of sickness on family, and psychosomatic disease.
6. Community: Concept of community, role of rural and urban communities in public health, role of community in
determining beliefs, practices and home remedies in treatment.
7. Culture: Components of culture, impact of culture on human behaviour, cultural meaning of sickness, response of
sickness and choice of treatment (role of culture as social consciousness in moulding the perception of reality), culture
induced symptoms and disease, subculture of medical workers.
8. Caste System: Features of the modern caste system and its trends.
9. Social Change: Meaning of social change, factors of social change, human adaptation and social change, social
change and stress, social change and deviance, social change and health programs, the role of social planning in the
improvement of health and in rehabilitation.
10. Social Control: Meaning of social control, role of norms, folkways, customs, morals, religion law and other means of
social control in the regulation of human behaviour, social deviance and disease.
11. Roles: Role taking and making , concepts of role , multiple roles , role set, role conflicts , role loss and transition , roles
and health.
12. Organization: Goals and functions, organization as systems, organizational impact -individual, family, community,
social structure, power and control in organizations, feminist perspectives on organizations.
13. Sex, gender and feminism: Social construction of sex and gender, sex / gender roles, feminist critiques of sociology.
14. Work: Work, culture and work, theories of work, unemployment, women and work.
15. Leisure: Conceptual and methodological
16. Social Problems of the Disabled
18. Social Security: Social security and social legislation in relation to the disabled.
19. Social Worker
Recommended Books
3. Introduction to Sociology- Vidya Bhushan
1. The Structure of Sociological Theory- Turner
2. Perspectives in Sociology- Cuff, Shaerock
Course Description: This course involves a study of the basic physical principles as they relate to the
application of electrotherapeutic modalities.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to explain the physical rationale for the use of physical agent
modalities.
1. Physical principles
a) Structure and properties of matter -solids, liquids and gases, adhesion, surface tension, viscosity, density and elasticity.
b) Structure of atom, molecules, elements and compound
c) Electricity: Definition and types. Therapeutic uses. Basic physics of construction. Working Importance of currents in
treatment.
d) Static Electricity: Production of electric charge. Characteristic of a charged body. Characteristics of lines of forces.
Potential energy and factors on which it depends. Potential difference and EMF.
e) Current Electricity: Units of Electricity: farad, Volt, Ampere, Coulomb, Watt
f) Condensers: Definition, principle, Types: construction and working, capacity and uses.
g) Alternating current.
h) Magnetism: Definition. Properties of magnets. Electromagnetic induction. Transmission by contact. Magnetic field and
magnetic forces. Magnetic effects of an electric field.
i) Conductors, Insulators, Potential difference, Resistance and intensity
j) Ohm's law and its application to DC and AC currents. Fuse: construction, working and application.
Course Description: This course involves a study of the basic physical principles as they relate to the
application of Exercise Therapy.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to explain the physical rationale for the use of physical agent
modalities. The student should be able to explain the physical rationale for the selection of appropriate
exercises. This course will enable the student to understand the basic mechanics and their application in
Physiotherapy in restoration of the physical bodily function.
Course Description: This course involves a demonstration of some basic physical principles as they relate to
the application of electrotherapeutic modalities and the basic physical principles as they relate to the application
exercise therapy.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to explain the physical rationale for the use of physical agent
modalities and the physical rationale for the use of exercise therapy
1. Clinical observation
2. Mechanical Principles applied in Physiotherapy like force, Torque, Centre of Gravity, etc.
3. Demonstration of different types of levers in the human body.
4. Demonstration of different types of pulleys and strings used in Physiotherapy.
5. Demonstration of Archimedes Principle of floatation and Bernoullis Theorem in Hydrotherapy.
6. Demonstration of axial and pendular suspension.
Recommended Books
1. Practical Exercise Therapy- Hollis and Cook
2. Principles of Exercise Therapy- Dina Gardiner
3. Claytons Electrotherapy
4. Physical Principles Explained-Low and Reed
Basic Nursing
What is Nursing?
Nursing Principles
Inter Personal relationship
Bandaging: Basic turns, Bandaging extremities: Triangular bandages and their application
Environment safety
Bed making
Prone, lateral dorsal, dorsal recumbent, Fowlers position
Comfort measures, Aid to rest and sleeps.
Lifting patients up in the bed: Transferring from bed to wheel chair.
Transferring from bed to stretcher.
Providing for patients Elimination.
Giving and taking Bedpan, Urinal: Observation of stools, Unine Observation of sputum
Understand use and case of catheters
Enema giving
Methods of giving nourishment
Feeding Tube freeding Drips Transfusions.
Care of rubber goods
Observation, Reporting and Recording Temperature, Respiration and pulse simple Aseptic Techniques
Sterilization and Disinfection.
Surgical Dressing
Parental Administer of Medicine
Emergencies
Proceedings during shock
Snake & Animal Bites
Transtic Injuries
Electric shocks
Cardio-Pulmonary Resisucation
First Aid
Syllabus as for certificate of Red Cross Society of St. Johns Ambulance Brigade.
BOOK RECOMMENDED:
1.
2.
3.
Course description: This course involves a detailed study of production, physiological effects, application
techniques, effects, indications, contra-indications, precautions, operational skills of equipment, patient
preparation of physical agent modalities used in Physiotherapy.
Course Objectives: Student should be able to operate all physical agent modalities safely and effectively.
4. Actinotherapy
a) Infra Red Rays (IRR)-wavelength, frequency, types & sources of IRR generation, technique of irradiation, physiological
and therapeutic effects.
b) Ultra-Violet Rays (UVR): Physics: Electric arc, process of ionisation, and transmission of current through gases; types
of lamps. Construction of lamps: High pressure Hg vapor lamps, Kromayer lamp, Tridymite formation, Cooling, Spectrum Hg vapor lamps (in brief), Fluorescent tube for UV production, PUV A apparatus, Care of lamp. Physiological and
Therapeutic effects - in detail. Photosensitization in brief. Indication, Contra - indications and dangers. Technique of
application: Test dose, local treatment, general irradiation, treatment.Conditions (common) in which above treatment
given. Sensitisers (in brief) Filters.Comparison between l. R. and U.V. Erythema- Development, appearance, and
duration. Wavelength. Penetration. Pigmentation. Tolerance.
5. Thermal Agents
a) Superficial heat - paraffin wax bath, moist heat, electrical heating pads, mode of heat Transfer
b) Cryotherapy
c) Deep heating modalities:
I. Short Wave Diathermy
II. Long wave Diathermy
III. Microwave Diathermy
IV. Ultrasound
Properties, principle of production, construction of apparatus with diagram, methods of application, physiological and
therapeutic effects, technique of application, testing of machine, preparation of patient, types of electrodes, position and
size of Electrodes, therapeutic dosage, dangers, precautions, Indications and contra indications for these modalities.
6 .Therapeutic Light in Physiotherapy
LASER: Define laser and briefly outline its therapeutic indications, contra - indications, efficacy, and precautions
advisable.
7. Biofeedback: Introduction, principles, therapeutic effects, indications, contra-indications and techniques of treatment
8. Advanced electrotherapy: Computerization in electrotherapy, programming parameters, appropriate selection of
parameters and combination therapy.
ELECTROTHERAPY PRACTICAL
Course description: This course involves a detailed study of production, physiological effects, application
techniques, effects, indications, contra-indications, precautions, operational skills of equipment, patient
preparation of physical agent modalities used in Physiotherapy.
Course Objectives: Student should be able to operate all physical agent modalities safely and effectively.
Course description: This course involves a detailed study of physiological effects, application techniques,
effects, indications, and contraindications, precautions for exercises used in Physiotherapy.
Course Objectives: Student should be able to explain the rationale for the prescription of safe and effective
exercises.
1. Mechanics: Define the following terms and describe the principles involved with suitable examples.
a) Force: Composition of force, Parallelogram of forces. Equilibrium: Stable, unstable, neutral. Forces applied to the body
b) Gravity: Centre of gravity, Line of gravity. Levers: 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, Their examples in the human body
and their practical applications in physiotherapy.
c) Levers. Pulleys: Fixed, Movable.
d) Springs: Series and Parallel. Tension. Elasticity: Hooke's law.
e) Axis: Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse, Vertical. Planes: Sagittal, Frontal, Horizontal.
f) Definition of: Speed, velocity.
g) Work, Energy, power, Acceleration, Momentum, Friction and Inertia.
2. Muscle Action
Muscle work: Isotonic (concentric, eccentric), Isometric (static). Group action: Agonists (prime movers). Antagonists,
synergists, Fixators. Angle of muscle pull, Mechanical efficiency of the muscles.
3. Pelvic Tilt
Normal pelvic tilts, alterations from normal, anterior tilt (forward) posterior tilt (backward), Lateral tilt. Muscles responsible
for alterations and pelvic rotation. Identification of normal pelvic tilt, pelvic rotation and altered tilts and their corrective
measures.
4. Starting Positions
Positions, their muscle work, effects and uses. Specify the importance and derived positions for each one: standing,
kneeling, sitting, lying, and hanging.
5. Movements
a) Anatomic movements: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Inversion, Eversion, Supination, Pronation, Internal rotations,
External rotations, Gross flexion, Gross extension, Trunk side flexion.
b) Surface Anatomy of the individual joints.
c) Rhythm of movement. Timing of movement. Duration of movement.
d) Classification of Movement: Active, passive, Effects of exercise: Physiological effects, Therapeutic effects. Indications
and contra - indications of the following and demonstrate the technique for each: Active movements: Voluntary (free,
active assisted, assisted resisted, resisted), Involuntary (associated reflex, peristaltic, visceral, cardiac). Passive
movements: Relaxed passive, mobilizing passive (forced P.M. manipulations, serial manipulations). Passive stretching.
6. Passive Movements
Passive stretching of following muscles/ muscle groups and describe the indications, contra -indications, physiological
effects, advantages and disadvantages of each. Upper limb: pectoralis major, biceps brachi, triceps brachi, and long
flexors of the fingers.
Lower limb: rectus femoris, iliotibial band (tensor fascia lata), gastro - soleus, hamstrings, hip abductors, iliopsoas. Neck:
Sternocleidomastoid.
7. Active Movements
Types, techniques, indication and contraindications, physiological effects, advantages and disadvantages and
demonstrate three progressive resisted exercises in progression for the following muscle groups: Shoulder abductors,
shoulder forward flexors, Triceps Brachi, Hip abductors, Hip flexors, Quadriceps femoris, Abdominal Muscles, Back
extensors. Home programme for strengthening neck muscles and back extensors
8. Progressive Resisted Exercises
Advantages and disadvantages and demonstrate the techniques of the following types of PRE's: Fractional system, Mac
queens set system, Mac Queen's power system. Delorme's boot, Dumbbells, Sand bags in pulleys, powder board and
suspension therapy.
9. Muscle Grading:
a) Principles and applications techniques of manual muscle testing
b) Testing position, procedure and grading of muscles of the upper limb, lower limb and trunk etc.
10. Re- Education Of Muscles
a) Re-Education Of Muscles: Techniques, Spatial Summation, Temporal Summation.
b) Re-Education Techniques And Facilitating Methods On Various Groups Of Muscles. Progressive Exercises In
Strengthening Using Various Application: (According To Their Muscle Power) Grade 1- Grade IV.
11. Joint Mobility
Joint ranges (outer range, middle range, innerrange). Individual joint structures, joint movements (anatomic, accessory).
Causes of joint range limitations, prevention of joint stiffness. Positioninq (physioloqical resting position) of joints and
teaching home programme.
12. Goniometry
a) Normal range of various joints, Description of goniometer, range of measuring systems (180 foot trunk and head),
Techniques of goniometry. Demonstrate measuring of individual joint range using goniometer.
b) Demonstrate measurement of limb girth (using measuring tape): arm, forearm, thigh
13. Crutch Walking
Components of a crutch, classifications of crutches, characters of a good crutch, preparing a patient for crutch walking,
crutch walking muscles, Measurement of crutches (axillary piece, hand piece). Crutch stance, crutch palsy. Types of
crutch walking (4 point, 3 point, 3 point) (non - weight bearing and partial weight bearing), modified 3 point (paraplegic and
shuffling gait, swing to and swing through. Crutch measurement (sitting standing and lying positions) and various types of
crutch walking (even ground stairs and ramps).
14. Relaxation
Relaxation, Muscle fatigue, Muscle spasm, General causes, signs, symptoms of tension (mental and physical). Factors
contributing to fatigue. Types of relaxation (local and general), indications for relaxation, and techniques of relaxation
(local and general).
15. Posture
a) Posture (static and dynamic). Definition of good posture, Muscles responsible for good posture.
b) Postural mechanisms
c) Definition of abnormal posture (Kyphosis, Scoliosis, Lordosis, Kypho - scoliosis, kypholordosis).
d) Assessment of posture (inspection, measurement - length of legs, width of pelvis, plumb line. ROM of trunk in flexion,
extension, side flexion and rotation). Postural correction by: strengthening of muscles, mobilisation of trunk, Relaxation,
Active correction of the deformities. Passive correction (traction) postural awareness, abdominal and back extensor.
e) Outline principles in bracing of the trunk and surgical correction. Identification of abnormal posture, and postural
corrective measures.
16. Gait
a) Gait and centre of gravity of the human body.
b) Muscles responsible for normal gait, six determinants of gait (pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, hip flexion, lateral displacement
of pelvis knee flexion in stance phase, normal foot pattern during walking).
c) Walking cycle: Stance (heel strike, foot flat, midstance, and push off), Swing (acceleration, mid swing and deceleration).
d) Following pathological gaits: Gluteus medius Gait, Gluteus maximus gait, Hip flexor weakness gait, Quadriceps
weakness gait; Foot drop gait, hemiplegics gait, Ataxic waddling gait, equinus gait, calcaneus's gait, Equinovarus gait.
e) Skills in identifying pathological gait and proper gait training.
17. Co - Ordination
Balance (static and dynamic). Mechanism of neuromuscular co-ordination. ln coordination : Lower motor neuron lesions,
uppermotor neuron lesions (spasticity), Cerebellar lesions, Loss of kinesthetic sense (tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia,
leprosy), imbalance due to muscular disease. Re- education of balance. Re-education co-ordination: Frenkels Exercises,
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques. Re-education techniques of balance and coordination.
18. SUSPENSION THERAPY
Basic physics of simple pendulum and pendular movement. Type of suspension: Pendular, Axial, Eccentric fixation
(anterior, posterior, medial and lateral). Indications and technique for each type of suspension. Axial and eccentric fixat
ion for mobilizing, strengthening and re - education of various muscles and joints.
19. HYDROTHERAPY
Hydrostatic pressure, upward thrust of water, buoyancy. To list the indications and contra-indications for hydrotherapy.
Dress codes for patients and therapists, and necessary hydrotherapy equipment. Construction of hydrotherapy tank:
Design, Construction, safety features, cleaning the pool, water heating systems, Hygiene of patient and pool.
20. BED REST COMPLICATIONS:
Complications of patients on prolonged bed rest. Maintenance exercises for patients on prolonged bed rest.
21. Massage
a) History of massage. Mechanical points to be considered. Points to be considered while giving massage. Manipulations.
The time of day for treatment. The comfort and support of the patient (draping and positioning). Position of operator
(therapists stance)
b) Using body weight, Contact and continuity, Techniques, indications, and contra indications. Physiological effects of
massage on various system of body: Excretory system, Circulatory system, Muscular system, Nervous system and
Metabolic system
c) Various manipulation techniques used in massage.
d) Stroking manipulation: Effleurage, stroking. Pressure manipulations: Kneading: Squeezing, stationary, circular ironing
(reinforced kneading), Finger kneading, petrissage (picking up, wringing, rolling), Frictions. Percussion manipulation:
Tapotement, hacking, clapping, Beating and pounding. Shaking manipulations: Vibration, shaking, Technique, effects,
uses and contra indications of the following manipulations: Stroking manipulations. Pressure manipulations. Percussion
manipulations Shaking manipulations. Massage for upper limb, Scapular region, Shoulder joint, Upper arm, Elbow joint,
Forearm, Wrist, Hand. Massage for lower Iimb: Thigh, Knee joint, Leg, Foot (including ankle joints and toes). Massage for
back: Neck and upper Middle and lower back. Gluteal region, arm and leg Massage for the face
23. Therapeutic Gymnasium
i) Set-up of gymnasium & its importance
ii) Various equipment in the gymnasium
iii) Operational skills, effects, & uses of each equipment
24. Functional re-education-general therapeutic techniques to re-educate ADL function.
25. Special Techniques
a) Introduction to special mobilization & manipulation techniques, effects indications, effects, indications &
contraindications.
b) Conceptual framework, principle of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques, including indications,
therapeutic effects and precautions.
c) Review normal breathing mechanism, types, techniques, indications, contraindications, therapeutic effects &
precautions of breathing exercises.
d) Postural Drainage
e) Mat exercises
26. Basic principles of General fitness-warming up exercises, aerobics cool down exercises
EXERCISE THERAPY PRACTICAL
Course description: This course involves a detailed study of physiological effects, application techniques,
effects, indications, and contraindications, precautions for exercises used in Physiotherapy.
Course Objectives: Student should be able to explain the rationale for the prescription of safe and effective
exercises.
1. Soft tissue manipulative techniques regionwise-upper limb, lower limb, neck, back and face.
2. Measurement of ROM of joints-upper limb, lower limb and trunk.
3. To practice the grading of muscle strength regionwise upper limb and lower limb and trunk.
4. Position of joints, muscle work, and stability of various fundamental and derived positions.
5. Different types of muscle contraction, muscle work, group action of muscles and coordinated movement
6. Various types of suspension therapy and its applications on various part of body-regionwise.
7. Local and general relaxation techniques.
8. Structure and functions along with application of various equipment in a gymnasium.
9. Assessment & evaluative procedures, including motor, sensory, neuromotor coordination, vital capacity, limb length &
higher
functions.
10. Various techniques of mobilization of joints regionwise.
Orthotics
d) Fracture Healing
e) Pathological Aspects of repair
5. Hemodynamic Disorders
Edema, Hyperemia and Congestion, Hemorrhage, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Shock.
6. Disorders of Immune System
a) Cells of the Immune System
b) Immune Mechanisms of Tissue Injury
c) Autoimmune Disease: Mechanism, RA, SLE, Myasthenia Gravis.
d) Immunodeficiency Diseases: Differences Between Primary and Secondary, AIDS.
7. Neoplasms
a) Definitions and Nomenclature.
b) Characteristics.
c) Carcinogenesis, Carcinogenic agents,.
d) Biology of Tumor Growth, Tumor Immunity.
8. Environmental Disorders
a) Injury by Chemical Agents
b) Injury by Physical Agents
9. Infectious Diseases
a) Categories of Infectious Agents
b) Host barriers to Infection
c) Immune Evasion by Microbes
10. Nutritional Disorders
a) Nutritional Deficiencies
b) Obesity
c) Diet and Systemic Disease
11. Vascular System
a) Vascular Wall Cells and their Response to Injury
b) Arterial Diseases: Arteriosclerosis, Hypertension and Hypertensive Vascular disease, Buergers disease, Aneurysm.
c) Venous Disease: Varicose Veins, Phlebothrombosis, And Thrombophlebitis.
d) Lymphatic Diseases: Lymphangitis, Lymphoedema.
12. Cardiac System
a) Principles of Cardiac Dysfunction
b) Types of Heart Disease: Ischemic Heart Disease, Hypertensive Heart Disease, Valvular Heart Disease, Myocardial
Heart
Disease, pericardial Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Disease.
13. Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System
Anemia, Polycythemia, Leukopenia, Leukemia, Deficiencies of factor VIII and IX, Splenomegaly.
14. Respiratory System
Atelectasis, obstructive Lung disease, Restrictive Lung Disease, Vascular Lung Diseases, Pulmonary Infections:
Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis, Lung Abscess, Pleural Disorders: Pneumothorax, Hemothorax.
15. Gastrointestinal System
Gastritis, Gastric Ulcerations, Ischemic Bowel Disease, Appendicitis, GI Tract Infections, Crohns Disease, Jaundice,
hepatic
Failure, Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis, Diabetes Mellitus, Pancreatits.
16. Urinary and Reproductive System
a) Nephritis, Kidney Stones.
b) Male Genital Tract: Specific Inflammation.
c) Female Genital Tract: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Menopause and Post Menopausal Changes, Endometritis,
Carcinoma
of the Mammary Glands.
17. Endocrine System
Hyperpituitarism, Hypopituitarism, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism.
18. Musculoskeletal System
Osteoporosis, Osteomyelitis, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Osteoma, Osteosarcoma, Chondroma, Chondrosarcoma,
Osteochondrosarcoma, Muscular Dystrophy.
19. Integumentary System
Psoriasis, SLE, Acne Vulgaris.
20. Nervous System
Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, Hematoma, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimers Disease, Parkinsonism, G.B. Syndrome.
PRACTICALS
Demonstration of slides
Anaemia
Leukaemia
Acute inflammation
Chornic inflammation
Tuberculosis of lymphnode
Leprosy
Squamouscell" carcinoma
Osteoclastoma
Specimen Dcmonstration
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
Pathology
2.
Aids of Pathology
3.
Boyd's Text Book of Pathology
4.
Text Book of Pathology
: Robbins
: Dixson
: Boyd
: N. C. Dey
MlCRO BIOLOGY
1.
General Bacteriology
1.Introduction, Historical background, Classification of microorganisms.
2.Morphology of Bacteria
3.Staining of bacteria.
4.Sterilization
5.Cultivation and culture media
2.
Systemic Bacteriology
1. Gram-positive Cocci-Streptococci Staphylococci and Pneumococci
2. Gram-negative cocci-Gono. & Meningo cocci.
3. Gram negative bacilli - Typhoid, Cholera Dysentery
4. Gram positive bacilli
a) Aerobic - Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Leprocy
b) Anaerobic - Tetanus, Gas Gangrene, Botulism.
3.
Immunology
Immunity, Anatigens,
Antibodies, Antigen and Antibody Reactions
Agglutination. Precipitation Hypersensitivity reactions:
4.
General Virology
a) Poliomyelities
b) Rabies
c) Demonstration of tests in
Diagnosis of AIDS
Diagnosis of Hepatitis
Diagnosis of Syphilis
5.
Parasitology
Malaria
Amoebiasis
Roundworm & Hookworm
6.
Mycology
Candidiasis, Ringworm, Scabies
PRACTICALS
1. Demonstration of collection of clinical specimens and cultivation of samples.
2. Demonstration of cultures
3. Demonstration of H.D. & Simple Grams and Ziehl Neelsens staining
4. Demonstration of Sterilization techniques
5. Demonstration of Serogical tests.
6. Demonstration of Diagnostic tests of AIDS, Hepatitis. Syphilis.
7. Demonstration of Fungi.
8. Demonstration of Hypersensitivity tests
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
1.
2.
Microbiology
Text Book of Microbiology
Text Book of Parasitology
:
:
:
Rajesh Bhalani
Rajesh Bhatia
Bhatia
Paper-13 PHARMACOLOGY
Course Description: This course involves the principles involved in using common drugs,
Course Objectives: The student should be able to explain the indication, Contra indication and side effects of commonly
used drugs
1. General pharmacology
a. Definitions and Routes of Drug Administration
b. Pharmacokinetics:
c. Transportation across membranes, Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, Excretion, Kinetics of elimination
d. Pharmacodynamics:
e. Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action, Combined effects of drugs , Drug dosage , Factors modifying Drug Action .
f. Adverse Drug Effects
2. Systemic Pharmacology
a. Drugs acting on Central Nervous System: Anaesthetics, alcohols, alkaloids, narcotics, neuroleptics
b. Hypnotics, anticonvulsants,
c. Sedatives, stimulants, antianxiety, etc
d. Drugs acting on peripheral nervous system: Skeletal muscle relaxants
e. Local anaesthetics
f. Drugs acting on the Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic &
g. Anticholinergic drugs ,
h. Adrenergic & Antiadrenergic drugs.
i. Drugs acting on cardiac vascular system.
j. Drugs acting on the respiratory system
k. Drugs acting on the Kidney.
l. Drugs affecting Blood and Blood formation
m. Gastrointestinal Drugs
n. Antimicrobial Drugs
o. Drugs acting on Skin and Mucous membrane
p. Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Ectoparasiticides
q. Chelating agents
r. Chemotherapeutic agents.
s. Hormones and drugs affecting endocrine functions
t. Vitamins
u. Metabolic and other inorganic compounds.
v. Immunologic agents.
w. Diagnostic agents.
x.Respiratory System
y. Geriatrics
Recommended Books
1. Essential of Medical Pharmacology- K. D. Tripathi
2. Pharmacology in Rehabilitations- Ciccone
Paper-14 GENERAL MEDICINES
Course Description: This course involves the management of general medical, cardiopulmonary, skin, psychiatric
conditions and common
emergencies requiring medical care. Identification and description of the relevant instruments used for investigation and
practice for
management of general medical, cardiopulmonary, skin and psychiatric conditions will also be discussed.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to describe the management of general medical, cardiopulmonary, skin
and psychiatric
conditions with a special emphasis on conditions involving physiotherapy management. The student should be able to
understand the
importance of first aid and explain the rules of first aid, identify and give first aid in common emergencies, describe the
types of wounds,
haemorrhages, shock and respiratory emergencies, acquire knowledge about ambulances service and their functions in
relation t o
emergencies. The student should be able to describe the assessment of general medical, cardiopulmonary, skin and
psychiatric conditions
with a special emphasis on conditions involving physiotherapy management.
I. GENERAL MEDICINE
1. Genetic, Immunological, Environmental, Climatic Factors in Disease.
2. Diseases due to Infection
3. Major Manifestations of Infection, Principles of Management, Diseases due to : Viruses, Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae,
Bacteria,
Spirochaetes, Fungi, Protozoa, helminthes, Arthropods, STD.
4. Diseases of the alimentary tract and pancreas
5. Diseases of the teeth, stomach and duodenum, large and small intestine and pancreas
6. Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage
7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
8. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System
9. Jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, renal failure , hepatic encephalopathy fulminant hepatic failure , acute and
chronic
parenchymal disease , tumors of the liver, liver transplantation , gall stones , cholecystitis
10. Nutritional factors in disease
11. Disturbances in water, electrolyte and acid base balance.
12. Physiology of water and electrolytes, major manifestations of electrolyte and acid base disorders , hypernatremia ,
hyponatremia , hyperkalaemia , hypokalaemia , sodium and water excess , calcium , phosphate and magnesium
disorders ,
metabolic acidosis and alkalosis , respiratory acidosis and alkalosis mixed acid base disorders.
13. Diseases of Kidney and Genito- urinary system
14. Acute glomerulonephritis syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, recurrent haematuria, renal failure, glomerular diseases ,
infections if
the kidney and urinary tract , obstruction of the urinary tract , urinary tract calculi and nephrocalcinosis , congenital
abnormalities
of the kidney , drug induced kidney disorders and tumors.
15. Diseases of the endocrinal system and metabolic
16. Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal diseases
17. Sexual disorders
18. Diabetes Mellitus
19. Diseases of the Blood.
20. Disorders of the erythrocytes & leucocytes,
21. Blood transfusion, haemostasis
22. Disorders of the venous thrombosis
23. Oncology
24. Clinical presentation and principles of management
25. Principles of Geriatric Medicine.
26. Demography of aging, normal old age
27. Atypical presentation of disease
28. Acute confusion, urinary incontinence, immobility, falls.
29. Acute poisoning
30. Assessment of severity, general principles, general features and management and prevention.
II. CARDIAC DISEASE
1. Disorders of heart rate, rhythm, and conduction.
2. Ischaemic (Coronary) heart disease.
3. Myocardial Infarction.
4. Vascular disease
5. Diseases of the heart valves.
6. Congenital Heart Disease.
7. Diseases of the myocardium.
8. Diseases of the pericardium.
Management of spine, Hip, Knee, SI Joint, Poncets Tuberculous Rheumatism, Tubercular Osteomyelitis, etc.
5. Regional Orthopedics: Outline the Definition, Classification, Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Investigations,
Differential Diagnosis,
Complications and Management of the following conditions:
A. Shoulder; Tendinitis, Peri Arthritis, Rotator Cuff Injury, Deltoid Fibrosis, Adhesive Capsulitis, Frozen Shoulder, etc.
B. Elbow: Tennis Elbow, Golfers Elbow, Recurrent Slipping of Ulnar Nerve, Pulled Elbow, etc.
C. Wrist and Hand: Ganglion, DeQuervains Disease, Trigger Thumb and Finger, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Dupuytrens
Contracture,
etc.
D. Spine: Cervical: Brachial Neuralgia, Brachial Plexus Injury, Thoracic Inlet Syndromes, Torticollis, Cervical Spondylitis,
PID, etc.
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Deformities of the spine, Spondylolisthesis, Lumbosacral Strain, Lumbar Canal stenosis,
Spondyliti s,
PID, etc
E. Hip: Coxa Vara, Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis, AVN, etc.
F. Knee: Deformities, Quadriceps Fibrosis, Recurrent Dislocation of the Patella, Osgood Schlatters Disease, Loose
Bodies, Anterior
Knee Pain, Chondromalacia Patellae, etc.
G. Foot and Ankle: ainful Heel, Plantar Fascitis, Posterior Heel Pain, Deformities, Forefoot pain, metatarsalgia, Tarsal
Tunnel
Syndrome, etc
H. Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Outline the clinical features and management, including reconstructive surgery of, Radial,
median
and ulnar nerve lesions, Sciatic and lateral popliteal lesions, Brachial Plexus injuries including Erb's, Klumpke's and crutch
palsy.
6. Special Surgical Techniques
A. General Principles and Applications of the Following:
B. Arthrodesis and Arthroplasty
C. Tendon Transfer
D. Muscle Lengthening
E. Tenotomy
F. Tendon repair
G. Osteotomy
H. Nerve Suturing
I. Discectomy
J. Spinal Fusion
K. Laminectomy
L. Soft Tissue Release
7. Common Sports Injuries
Recommended Books
1. Outline of Fractures- Adams
2. Outline of Orthopedics- Adams
3. Turek
4. Campbell
Paper-16 GENERAL SURGERY & PLASTIC SURGERY
Course Description: This course involves the management of general surgical, eye, ENT, cardiopulmonary,
gynaecological and obstetrical conditions. Identification and description of the instruments used for investigation and
practice for management of general surgical, eye,
ENT, cardiopulmonary, gynaecological and obstetrical conditions will be discussed.
Course Objectives: The student should be able to describe the management of general surgical, eye, ENT,
cardiopulmonary, gynaecological and obstetrical conditions with a special emphasis on conditions involving physiotherapy
management. The student should
be able to describe the assessment of general surgical, eye, ENT, cardiopulmonary, gynaecological and obstetrical
conditions with a special
emphasis on conditions involving physiotherapy management.
Introduction:
Description of events frequently accompanying General Anesthesia.
Blood transfusion and
Physiological response of the body.
Wounds, Scars, Ulcers, Boils, Carbuncles etc.
Principles of Pre and Post Operative Physical examination
Investigations
Surgical Post operative complications and their examination
Surgery:
lncisions, Complications and management of following
Nephroctomy, Appendicectomy, Herniorrhaphy
Mastectomy, Thyroidectomy, Colostomy, Adrenalectomy
Cystectomy, Hysterectomy, Prostatectomy, Cholecystectomy
Nesostomy, Incisional Hernia and its prevention
Lectures on the familiarity of various instruments used in surgical procedures and their demonstration.
BOOK REFERENCES:
1. Baily & Love Short Practice of Surgery - by Rains & Ritelife
2. Surgery by Nan
General Surgical Operations by R.M. Kirk and R.C.N. Willamson.
PLASTIC SURGERY
1.
2.
Burns; Causes. Classification, medical Management and precautions in the acute stage.
Complications of burns and their management.
Plastic Surgery:
a)
Principles of plastic surgery Post-operative management, and
Complications.
b)
Cineplasty
c)
Principles of cosmetic surgery
d)
Skin Grafting
e)
Surgery of hand with emphasis on the management of traumatic and leprosy hand.
f)
Burns and plastics surgery management.
Paper-17
RADIOLOGY
(Both in Normal and Pathological conditions)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Objective
To understand the step of research process and research method.
To develop the skills of critical thinking and selection of research strategy.
Unit- I: Introduction:
Introduction to Biostatistics, types of variables and scales of measurement, measures of central tendency and dispersion,
rate, ratio, proportion, incidence and prevalence.
Unit-II: Sampling
Methods of sampling, Randomization, Sampling and non-sampling errors and methods of minimizing these errors.
Unit-III: Basic probability distribution and sampling distributions:
Concept of probability and probability distribution. Normal, Binomial distribution, Standard error and confidence intervals,
Skewness and kurtosis.
Unit-IV: Tests of Significance:
Basic of Testing of hypothesis-Null and alternate hypothesis, type I and type II errors, level of significance and power of te
test, p value.
Parametric test, non-parametric test, correlation and regression.
Research Methodology
Unit-I:
Research in Physiotherapy
Introduction, Definition, Types of research, aims and objective of research, methodology, analysis and report writing.
Unit-II:
Concepts of Measurement
Reliability, validity, direct and indirect measurement variables.
Unit-III: Research Design
Types of design- clinical trails, surveys, observations, exploratory, case study, case reports etc.
Unit-IV: Clinical Research
Hypothesis, formulation writing research work, collection, interpretation, presentation of data.
Paper-21
NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY
Objective
To know the clinical manifestation of neurological disorders and their medical management.
1.
2.
3.
i)
NEUROSURGERY
THEORY
Neurophysiology: .
Review in brief the neurophysiological basis of Tone and Disorder of Tone and Posture Bladder control, Muscle
contraction.
Movement and pain.
Brief clinical features and surgical management of the following neurological disorders.
1.
Congenital and Childhood disorders
a) Hydrocephalus
b) Spina bifida
2.
Trauma-Broad localisation. First Aid and management of sequelae of Head injury and spinal cord injury.
3.
Diseases of the Spinal cord.
a) Syringomyelia
b) Craniovertebral junction anomalies
c) Cervical and lumber disc disease
d) Tumors
e) Spinal arachnoiditis
4.
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
a) Peripheral nerve injuries : Localisation and Management
b) Entrapment neuropathies
5.
Intracranial tumours : Broad classification, Signs and Symptoms.
6.
Pre-Operative assessment and indications and contraindications for Neurosurgery.
7.
Management of pain. Electrical Stimulation of brain and spinal cord.
PRACTICAL
Clinical assessment of neurological function by
1. Basic history taking to determine whether the brain, spinal cord peripheral nerve
is involved.
2. Assessment of higher mental function such as Orientation, Memory, Attention,
Speech and Language. .
3. Assessment of Cranial nerves
4. Assessment of Motor System
5. Assessment of Tone Spasticity Rigidity and Hypotonia
6. Assessment of Sensory function, Touch, Pain and Position
7. Assessment of cerebral function
8. Assessment .of Higher cotical function - Apraxia etc.
9. Assessment of Gait abnormalities.
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Respiratory System:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, Definition, Clinical features, . Investigation Complication and Treatment.
Bronchial Asthma Definition, Aetiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Pneumonia- Definition, classification Clinical features complications & Treatment.
Tuberculosis Aetiopathogenesis Clinical tests of pulmonary Tuberculosis, Diagnosis. Complication and
Treatment.
Lung Abscess and Bronchiactesis Defionion Clinical features.
Chest wall deformities Describe various Deformities of chest wall and effect and pulmonary diseases associated
with it.
Occupational Lung disease, Clinical features, diagnosis & Treatment.
Respiratory failure Classification, Causes and Treatment.
4.
ii)
Introduction:
Types of incision, Pre and Postoperative Assessment. Management and complications of Cardio thoracic
Surgery and their management.
Cardiac Surgery
Outline indications: Contra-indications, site of incision, Pre and Post . Operative Valvotomy and Valve
Replacement Open Hear Surgery Cardiac By Pass Surgery.
Surgery on Percardium
Operations in Congenital disorders
Heart Transplantation
Pacemaker
Coronary Angioplasty
Baloon Angioplasty and Vascular Surgery (Outline surgery) of artery and veins)
Thoracic Surgery:
i) Outline clinical features and management of the following
Fracture of ribs. Flail chest stove in
chest, Pneuinothorex, Haermothorax, Lung Contusion and Laceration and Injury to vessels and Brunches.
Outline Indications, Contraindication : Site of incision, Pre and post
operative management and
complications of following Loberctomy,
Pneumonectomy, Segmentectomy
iii)
Outline clinical features and management of Carcinoma: of lung
iv)
Describe in dentail the following procedures
Management of endotracheal tubes, Tracheal suction, Weaning the patient from Ventilator Exrubation
and Post extrubation care.
v)
Describe! the principles of cardio pulmonary resusecitation cardiac massage, Artificial respiration
Defbrillators and their use.
BOOK REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Paper-23:
Paediatrics
Objective
To understand the Paediatric patients and their special needs in relation to physical therapy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
Papwer-24
GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
1. History taking
2. Terminologies used..
3. Classification of Diseases.
4. Birth control.
5. Reproduction.
6. Placenta and placental membranes.
7. Foetus.
8. Physiological changes during pregnancy.
9. Endocrinology in relation to reproduction.
10. Foetus in - utero.
11. Foetal skull and maternal pelvis.
12. Antenatal care.
13. Antenatal assessment of foetal well - being.
14. Normal labour, normal puerperium.
15. Complications of pregnancy and labour.
16. Special considerations (previous history of C- section, Rh. , elderly primigravida, grand multipara, bad obstetric
history, obesity. )
17. Term, newborn infant, low birth weight baby.
18. Diseases of the fetus and newborn.
19. Pharmacotherapeutics, induction of labour, operative obstetrics.
20. Special topics (foetal distress, intrapartum foetal monitoring, shock in obstetrics, acute renal failure, blood coagulation
disorders,
high risk pregnancy, immunology in obstetrics)
21. Aids to diagnosis in obstetrics.
22. Pelvic inflammatory disease
23. Abortions and ectopic pregnancy.
24. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding defunction, causes, differential diagnosis, management.
25. Genital malignancies, cervix, uterus, vagina.
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Health care of a woman by Seymoul L, Romney Mary Jane Gray. J.A Merrill.
Shaw's Text Book Gynaecology.
Jeffcoat's Principles of Gynaecology.
Paper-25:
PSYCHIATRY
Objective
To understand the implications of psychological disorders on disability.
1.
Brief History of Psychiatry
2.
Rationale of Psychotherapeutics
3.
Causes of mental disturbances
4.
Symptoms of Mental illness
5.
Levels of consciousness
6.
General appearances and behavior
7.
Emotions and thoughts
8.
Perception and intellectual functions.
9.
Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Obsessive Compulsive Neurosis, Hysteria, Phobia.
10.
Stress related disorders
11.
Schezophrenia
12.
Psychosis Manie depressive Paranoid, Involuntary
13.
Organic Brain Syndromes, Toxic, Metabolic, Cerebro-Vascular.
Head Injury. Drug induced
14.
Drug dependence and alcoholism
15.
Psychosomatic illness
16.
Mental retardation
17.
Childhood disorders, Hyper and hypokinetic children
18.
Assessment and methods of Treatment
19.
20.
BOOK REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Paper-26 OPHTHALMOLOGY
Objective
To understand the diseases of Ophthalmology.
1. Ophthalmology
2. Aetiology
3. Symptomatology and treatment of visual defects
4. Emphasis etc.
5. Errors of refraction
6. Squint
7. Conjunctivities
8. Trachoma
9. Corneal ulcers
10. Iritis
11. Cataract
12. Retimitis
13. Detachment of cornea and Glaucoma
14. Lecture and demonstration regarding the familiarly of the instruments used in Ophthalmology
EYE
1. Brief description of anatomy and physiology of the eye.
2. Ophthalmic optics and brief description of examination.
3. Diseases of the eye and adnexa of the eye.
4. Disorders of motility of the eye.
5. Ocular manifestations of diseases of the nervous system.
6. Brief description of immunopathology of the eye.
7. Preventive ophthalmology.
BOOK REFERENCES.
1. Modern Trends in Opthalmology - Arnold Sorsby
Paper-27 ENT
Objective
To know the diseases and management of ENT.
1. Brief description of anatomy and physiology, peripheral receptors & central neural pathways of auditory and Vestibular
system.
2. Audiology and acoustics.
3. Brief description of assessment of hearing.
4. Hearing loss.
5. Assessment of Vestibular functions.
6. Disorders of Vestibular system.
7. Diseases of the external and middle ear.
8. Otosclerosis.
9. Facial nerve and its disorders.
10. Brief description of Menieres disease, acoustic neuroma, ot
11. algia , tinnitus.
12. Tumors of external ear, middle ear, and mastoid.
NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
1. Brief description of anatomy and physiology.
2. Classification of diseases and disorders
3. Rhinitis (acute, chronic, allergic, other forms of non allergic rhinitis)
4. Trauma to the face.
5. Sinusitis.
THROAT
1. Brief description of diseases of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
2. Esophagus.
3. Brief description of the techniques used.
4. Brief description of clinical examination.
5. Indications and types of operative surgery.
6. Instrumentation
BOOK REFERENCES.
1. E.N.T. for General Practitioners.
Paper-28 Dermatology
Objective
To understand the skin diseases and their manifestations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
16. Neck, back and spinal cord disorders: 1. Approach to neck and low back disorders 2. Diagnostic testing for neck and
back
disorders 3. Radiculopathy and cauda equina syndrome 4. Spondylosis including spondylolytic cervical myelopathy and
facet
joint pain 5. Myofascial pain and SI joint 6. Facet joint pain 7. Treatment of chronic neck and back pain
Suggested Readings
1. Saunders Mannual for Neurologic Practice. Randolf Evans, Elsavier
2. Neurology And Neurosurgery Illustrated. Lindsay And Bone
3. Diseases of the Nervous System. R Bannister
4. Brains Clinical Neurology. R Bannister
5. Pediatric Orthopaedics And Fractures. Sharrard
6. Disorders of Muscle. Dubowitz
7. Normal Development. Illingworth
BPT 303 COMMUNITY & REHABILITATION MEDICINE
Course Description: This course involves an over view of community resources available for rehabilitation.
Course Objective: To teach the concept of team approach in rehabilitation, Observation and identification of diagnostic
features,
Medical and surgical aspects of disabling conditions, Identification of residual potentials in patients with partial and
total disability and the formulation of appropriate goals in treatment and rehabilitation.
1. Conceptual framework of rehabilitation, definitions and various models of rehabilitation.
2. Epidemiology of disability with emphases on locomotor disability, its implications on the individual, family, society,
economy and the
state. Describe the following communicable diseases with reference to reservoir, mode of transmission, route of entry and
level of
prevention. (Poliomyelitis, Meningitis & Encephalitis, Tuberculosis, Filariasis Leprosy, Tetanus, Measles.) Epidemiology of
Rheumatic
heart disease, cancer, chronic degenerative disease and cerebrovascular accidents.
3. Outline the influence of nutritional factors such as Protein Energy Malnutrition, Anemia, Vitamin and mineral deficiency
on disability.
Preventive aspects of disability and organizational skills to manage it. Define occupational health and list methods of
prevention of
occupational diseases and hazards.
4. Physical restorative services
5. Education of the persons with disabilities.
6. Vocational Rehabilitation.
7. Community Based Rehabilitation and Out -Reach programs to rehabilitate persons with disabilities living in rural areas:
Define
community based and institution based rehabilitation. Describe the advantage and disadvantage of institution and
community-based
rehabilitation.
8. Statutory provisions, schemes of assistance to persons with disability.
9. Role of the Voluntary Sector in rehabilitation of the Persons with Disabilities.
10. Legislative support for Rehabilitation: Outline the Employees State insurance scheme and its various benefits,
Describe the social
security measures for protection from occupational, Hazards, accidents, diseases, and the workman's compensation act
11. Strategies for awareness, public education, and information: List the principles of health education, methods of
communication and
role of health education in rehabilitation services.
12. Basic principles of administration and finance including personnel management and budget preparation and
procurement etc.
13. Role of technology and manpower for rehabilitation.
i. Outline selected National Health Programs
ii. Architectural Barriers And Possible Modifications: With Reference To Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cerebrovascular Accident,
Spinal
Cord Injury, And Other Disabling Conditions.
iii. Disability Evaluation: Principles Of Disability Evaluation And Discuss Its Use.
iv. Legal Aspects: Legal Aspects Of Disability In Terms Of Compensation For Disability And Benefits Available To The
Disabled.
v. Social Implications: Social Implications Of Disability For The Individual And For The Community.
vi. Community Based Rehabilitation Module: Cbr Module And Compare This With An Institutional Based Rehabilitation
System
vii. Description of roles of members of the Rehabilitation Team
a) Physician
b) Occupational Therapist and Physiotherapist
c) Clinical Psychologists
d) Social worker
e) Prosthetic and Orthotic Engineers
f) Audiologists and Speech Therapists
g) Hearing aid and ear mould technicians
h) Orientation and Mobility instructors
i) Teachers for various categories of children with disabilities.
j) Vocational instructors, Counselors and Placement Officers
k) Multi purpose rehabilitation workers
l) The FAMILY
Recommended Books
1. Community Based Rehabilitation by Sunder
2. Preventive and Social Medicine by Park and Park
BPT 304 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN GENERAL MEDICINE AND GENERAL SURGERY
Course Description: This course involves a description of the assessment and treatment of patients with general medical
and general
surgical conditions.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to conduct a safe and effective treatment of patients with General medical
and General
surgical conditions
1. Review of the pathological changes and principles of management by Physiotherapy in the following conditions:
a) Diabetes Mellitus
b) Oncology
c) Geriatric Medicine.
d) Inflammation (acute, chronic and suppurative).
e) Edema Traumatic, obstructive, paralytic, edema due to poor muscle and laxity
f) Common condition of Skin Acne, Psoriasis, Alopaecia, Leucoderma, Leprosy.
g) Deficiency Diseases Rickets, Diabetes, Obesity, Osteoporosis & other efficiency disorders related to Physiotherapy.
h) Psychiatric Disorders Psychosis, Psychoneurosis, Senile dementia.
2. Special Considerations
a) Problems of Elderly:
i) Medical, sensori motor, cognitive falls.
ii) Frail and Institutionalised elder
iii) Functional assessment of the elderly
3. General Gynaecology and Obstetrics and ENT: Review of the pathological changes and principles of pre and
postoperative
management by Physiotherapy of the following conditions:
a) Common abdominal surgeries, including GIT, liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, etc.
b) Common operation of reproductive system, including surgical intervention for child delivery. Ante natal and post natal
Physiotherapy management.
c) Common operations, of the ear, nose, throat and jaw as related to Physiotherapy.
d) Common organ transplant surgeries - heart, liver, bone marrow, etc.
4. Wounds, Burns and Plastic Surgery: Review of the pathological changes and principles of pre and postoperative
management by
Physiotherapy of the following conditions.
a) Wounds, ulcers pressure sores.
b) Burns and their complications.
c) Common reconstructive surgical procedures for the management of wounds, ulcers, burns and consequent
contractures
and deformities.
5. PHYSIOTHERAPY IN GENERAL SURGERY
Assess the patients, medical history, past treatment, breathing pattern, ability to cough and pain. Identify problems: Pain,
increased
secretions, defective posture and decreased exercise tolerance. Treatment techniques: Breathing exercise, huffing and
coughing,
mobilizing exercise, posture correction and graduated exercise programme.
BPT 304 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN GENERAL MEDICINE AND GENERAL SURGERY PRACTICAL
Course Description: This course involves a description of the assessment and treatment of general medical and general
surgical
conditions.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to conduct a safe and effective treatment of patient with General medical
and general
surgical conditions
The students will be shown patients of relevant diseases and disorders for:
1. History taking of the conditions of patients.
2. Assessment of medical and cardiopulmonary functions
3. Clinical diagnosis of the presentations.
4. Investigations and tests of different clinical presentations
5. Physiotherapy management of the various diseases & surgeries
Recommended Books
1. Physiotherapy In Gynaecological & Obstetrical Conditions-Poldon
2. Astrand P. A. Rodahe K. -Text Book Of Work Physiology
3. Therapeutic Exercise Kisner
BPT 305 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
Course Description: This course involves a description of principles for conducting research.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to frame a research project using the principles of research methodology
and biostatistics.
1. Introduction
a) Introduction Importance of research in clinical practice, scientific approach, characteristics, purposes, and limitations.
b) Ethical issues in research, elements of informed consent.
c) Structure of a research proposal.
2. Research Methodology
a) Research question including literature review.
b) Measurement: Principles of measurement, reliability and validity.
c) Experimental sampling and design.
d) Descriptive and Inferential research research
3. Biostatistics:
a) Descriptive statistics.
b) Comparison of means, T-tests.
c) Analysis of Variance
d) Multiple comparisons
e) Non-parametric statistics
f) Correlation
Recommended Books
1. Handbook of Research in Physical Therapy. C. E. Bork
2. Physical Therapy Research: Principles and Application. E. Domholdt
blood pressure, pulse, temperature, sputum expectorated (colour and quantity), drugs (time last does of analgesic given),
drains,
presence of pacemaker or intra aortic balloon pump. ECG and blood gas results. Describe chest radiograph with respect
to expansion
of lungs, size of heart, presence of secretions and placement of chest tubes.
H. PHYSIOTHERAPY AFTER PULMONARY SURGERY: Preoperative: Demonstrate treatment techniques: Explanation
to patient, care of
incision, mechanical ventilation, breathing exercise, huffing and coughing, mobilising exercise, posture correction,
graduated exercise
programme. Post - operative: Assess: Special instructions pertaining to operative procedure performed, breath sounds,
cyanosis,
respiratory rate, temperature and pulse, blood pressure, drainage from pleural drain (bubbling or swinging) sputum
expectorated,
analgesia, movements of chest wall (symmetry) position of patient and effort of breathing, chest radiograph and blood
gases.
Identifying problems: Pain, intercostal drains in situ, decreased air entry, retained secretions, decreased movement of the
shoulder of
affected side, decreased mobility and poor posture. Treatment techniques: Deep breathing and segmental breathing
exercises,
vibrations, percussions, huffing and coughing, full range active-assisted arm exercises, ankle foot exercises, trunk
exercises, posture
correction, positioning of patient, IPPB and inhalations.
I. PHYSIOTHERAPY AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY: Pre operative: Assess patients of medical history, normal breathing
pattern of patient,
pulse, respiratory rate, BP, thoracic mobility, posture and patients exercise tolerance. Identifying problems: Excess
secretions,
decreased mobility of thorax, defective posture, decreased exercised tolerance. Treatment techniques: Explain to the
patients about
their operation and about the incision, ICU, Endotracheal tube. Central lines, nasogastric tube, catheter, ECG leads,
drains, peripheral
lines, temperature probe etc. Teach breathing exercises, splinting of incision, huffing and coughing, correct posture, range
of motion
exercises to trunk and shoulders, active exercise to ankle and foot. Post operative: Assess special instructions pertaining
to operative
procedure performed, type of incision, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, colour, time of last analgesic dose, drains,
temperature,
ECG, chest X-ray and blood gases. Identify problems: Pain, decreased air entry, retained secretions, reduced leg
movements,
decreased mobility. Treatment techniques: Deep breathing exercises, suctioning, active/assisted exercises to arm and
leg, graduated
exercise programme.
J. PHYSIOTHERAPY IN REHABILITIATION AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Role of the physiotherapist in a
coronary care unit during the
first 48 hours. Principles of formulation of an exercise programme: Bed exercises, walking, stair climbing. Home exercise
programme
and advice on leisure activities. Describe physiotherapy for complications after myocardial infarction: Chest infections,
cerebral
embolism and shoulder hand syndrome.
CARDIOPULMONARY PHYSIOTHERAPY PRACTICAL
Course Description: This course involves a description of the assessment and treatment of patients with
cardiopulmonary conditions.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to conduct a safe and effective treatment of patient with cardiopulmonary
conditions
The students will be shown patients of relevant diseases and disorders for:
1. History taking of the conditions of patients.
2. Assessment
3. Clinical diagnosis of the presentations.
4. Investigations and tests of different clinical presentations
5. Physiotherapy management of the various disorders & surgeries
Recommended Books
1. Cash`S Text Book For Physiotherapists In Chest, Heart & Vascular Diseases
2. Chest Physical Therapy & Pulmonary Rehabilitation-Donna Frownfilter
3. Brompton`S Hospital Guide
4. Physio Therapy In Cardio- Vascular Rehabilitation-Webber
5. Exercise & The Heart, Wenger
Paper-30 NEUROPHYSIOTHERAPY
Course Description: This course involves a description of the assessment and treatment of patients with neurological
conditions.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to conduct a safe and effective treatment of patient with neurological
conditions
A. REVIEW OF NEURONATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Review the structure and function of a. neuron. b. synapse. c. supporting tissue. Review the organisation and function of
a)
cerebral hemispheres b) cerebellum c) spinal cord d) peripheral nerves e) pyramidal system f) extra pyramidal system.
Review
the factors influencing alpha motor neuron activity. Review the neurological basis of muscle tone and movement and
demonstrate the following: a) hypotonia b) hypertonia- spasticity and rigidity c) ataxia d) athetosis e) chorea.
B. PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT
Review a) skills in history taking. b) assessment of higher function, cortical sensations, cranial nerves, dorsal column
sensation
and pain and temperature sensations. c) Assessment of motor function: grading of muscle power, assessment of range of
movement, balance and coordination. d) Assessment of superficial and deep reflexes. e) Assessment of reflex maturation
in
terms of stimulus, position, negative/positive reactions and their significance. f) Assessment of gait - both normal and
abnormal
(spastic, ataxic and paralytic patterns). Emphasis should be placed on teaching accurate assessment techniques and
various
recording methods eg. Color-coding on body charts, graphs, etc.
C. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
I. Review the treatment principles as follow
1. Sensory re -education: hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity and anesthesia.
2. Treatment of altered tone: hyper tonicity and hypotonicity
3. Motor re- education: Strengthening exercise coordination exercises, joint mobilization exercises, use of equilibrium and
labyrinthine system, use of PNF patterns, controlled sensory use of stretch to elicit movement (facilitation), light joint
compression (in habitation) use of reflex activity to improve motor function, physiogenic sequence of motor behaviors:
Treatment to improve functions: Free exercises, gait training with and without aids, activities of daily living, mat exercises
and exercises and recreation.
4. Review the use of ambulatory aids in neurological conditions: in spastic upper motor neuron lesions, in lower motor
neuron lesions, in dorsal column dysfunction and cerebellar dysfunction.
5. Revise the use of splints and braces in spastic upper motor neuron and in flaccid lower motor neuron lesions in both
upper and lower limbs.
6. Revise the management of chronic pain in neurological conditions with respect to the types of pain, treatment
modalities
available, selection criteria for each modality and possible complications.
II. THEORETICAL BASIS OF TREATMENT:
Roods approach
Bobbath Neurodevelomental Therapy
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Motor Relearning Program
I. CEREBRAL PALSY
Define cerebral palsy and describe the topographical classification - monoplegia, diplegia, paraplegia hemiplegia and
tetraplegia. Describe types of cerebral palsy: Visual, hearing, speech and intelligence. Assess reflex activity at different
levels:
cortical, mid brain, brain stem, spinal, Assess developmental milestones from birth to five years. Assess functional ability:
prone
to supine (rolling) coming to sitting, quadripod, crawling, kneeling, stand with support and walking. Examine for
contractures as
follows: hip flexion, adduction, internal rotation, knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion, inversion eversion, flexion contractures
of
elbow, wrist and fingers and spinal deformities.
Treatment- Describe and demonstrate the treatment of motor disabilities: Passive movement, stretching of soft tissue
tightness, use of ice to reduce spasticity, positioning the child to prevent soft tissue contractures, to inhibit abnormal
reflexes
and to facilitate volitional movement. Techniques of carrying of different types of children, encouraging bimanual activities
in
different starting positions like prone, sitting and standing and activities across the midline, appropriate home programmes
for
position in the child, handling them and assisting improvement of function. Introduction to treatment techniques: Bobath,
Rood.
II. PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS:
Identify types of' peripheral nerve lesions. Assess the motor system: Specific muscles, range of motion, active and
passive
ranges, muscle girth. Assess sensory system: touch, pain, temperature, paraesthesia, and nerve regeneration. Assess
autonomic function: sweating, skin condition, soft tissue atrophy. Treatment: describe muscle re-education techniques,
electrical stimulation (selection of current), Passive and auto assisted stretching and massage. Sensory re-education and
pain
relief by various modalities. Common splints used in peripheral nerve lesions: static, dynamic and functional. Muscle
transfers:
preparation for transfer. Assessment of muscle power. Stretching of soft tissue tightness, isolation of muscle contraction,
specific muscle strengthening.
Post - operative management: Pressure bandaging and muscle re-education after transfer. Describe a home programme.
III. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:
Stages of the disease ambulatory, wheel chair and bed stages. Significance of exercise: resisted, active and free. Identify
and
assess common contractures and deformities. Assess range of motion and muscle power. Assess functional ability.
Demonstration of treatment programme for strengthening weak muscle: active movements and hydrotherapy. Increase
range
of motion by suspension therapy, powder board, passive stretching, positioning, etc. Demonstration of gait training with
appropriate orthoses. Describe management of chest complications: breathing exercises, chest percussion, drainage of
secretions and assisted coughing.
IV. PARKINSONISM:
Review the natural history, course and prognosis of the disease. Identify and assess problems in posture, sitting, kneeling
and
standing balance, voluntary and automatic movements, rigidity, tremor and gait. Assess also hearing, speech and finger
dexterity. Describe disability grading according to Yahr. Demonstration of treatment: Postural awareness and relaxation
training, gait training techniques, associated reactions, heel toe gait, overcoming obstacles, start and stop on command,
turning and walking backwards, forwards and side wards. Describe an appropriate home exercise programme.
V. SPINAL CORD LESIONS:
Describe types of spinal cord lesions. Describe signs of tract and root interruptions. Positioning of the patient in acute
spinal
cord injury. Describe assessment of the motor system tone, power of specific muscles, range of motion and limb girth.
Describe
assessment of sensory system and reflexes. Assessment of functional ability and balance reactions in appropriate cases.
Assessment of respiratory function: Muscles of respiratory, coughing ability and vital capacity. Level of lesion is
ascertained.
Treatment: Stages of immobilization and stage when loading of the spine is allowed. Describe spinal orthosis,
Demonstration
motor re-education programmes and a programme for respiratory care in high level paraplegics and quadriplegics.
Demonstrate progressive ambulation, mat exercises, various strengthening programmes, methods of decreasing
spasticity and
improving sitting balance. Demonstration of various types of paraplegic gaits and re-education in functional activities:
transfers
and protective falling. Common ambulatory aids used in paraplegics and common splints used in tetraplegics. Use of
hydrotherapy in paraplegics. Describe the concept of team approach in rehabilitations of these patients.
VI. HEMIPLEGIA
Hemiplegia and identify the following sensory disturbance, alteration in tone, loss of selective movement, loss of balance
reactions and communications problems.
Treatment: Unilateral and bilateral approaches to treatment. Describe positioning in the supine position, on the affected
and
on the unaffected sides. Demonstration activities in the recumbent, position: arm mobilization, trunk elongation, scapular
movement, arm elevation activities for a recovering arm. Activities for the lower limb. Hip and knee flexion over the side of
the
bed. Knee extension with dorsiflexion, hip control, isolated knee extension.
Mat activities: Demonstrate rolling on to affected, unaffected sides, sitting and kneeling. Technique of making a patient sit
passively and active assisted sitting. Demonstrate transfer techniques. Activities in sitting: equal weight transfer through
arms
balance reactions of trunk. Head demonstrate activities in the standing position: Standing from plinth, from chair (assisted
and
independent). Weight bearing on affected leg. Knee control in standing, weight transfers forward, backward and sideward,
gait
training and stair climbing describe tilt board activities in the lying and sitting positions. Additional methods of stimulat ion
using
verbal cues, ice pressure and tapping. Management of shoulder pain and shoulder hand syndrome. Identify and describe
a
hemiplegic gait, identify synergy components and abnormal reflex activities.
Re-education of gait: motor relearning techniques, functional approach and use of orthoses.
VII. CEREBELLAR LESIONS: Identify and assess abnormal tone, decomposition of movement, rapid alternate
movements,
pleurothotonus, proprioception, dysmetria, posture and gait.
Treatment: Exercise for incoordination. Frenkels and weighted exercises. Demonstrate techniques for re-education of
balances
and equilibrium reactions by visual compensation. Use of appropriate aids for ambulation depending on the severity of
affection: Walker, elbow crutches, quadripod walking sticks, etc.
VIII. POLIOMYELlTIS: Stages in the disease: acute, recovery, and residual paralysis. Describe treatment in the acute
stage: heat,
chest care, positioning. Assessment of a patient in the recovery stage: active and passive range of motion, soft tissue
tightness,
muscle power and spinal deformities. Treatment in the recovery stage: muscle strengthening - progressive resistive
exercises,
active - assisted, active and active - resisted exercises. Role of suspension and hydrotherapy. Treatment of soft tissue
tightness
by passive stretching. Auto stretching and positioning. Treatment in the stage of residual paralysis pre-operative
assessment of
contractures: hip flexion, TFL contracture, and knee flexion and foot deformities. Assessment of limb length discrepancy
and
spinal deformities. Orthotic aids commonly used in the management of polio. Tendon transfer operation commonly
performed.
Functional retraining for self-care, gait training and posture correction.
NEUROPHYSIOTHERAPY PRACTICAL
Course Description: This course involves a description of the assessment and treatment of patients with neurological
conditions.
Course Objectives: The student will be able to conduct a safe and effective treatment of patient with neurological
conditions
The students will be shown patients of relevant diseases and disorders for:
1. Basic history taking to determining whether the brain spinal cord or peripheral nerve is involved.
2. Assessment of higher mental function such as orientation, memory, attention, speech and language.
3. Assessment of cranial nerves.
4. Assessment of motor power.
5. Assessment of sensory function touch, pain and position.
6. Assessment of tone- spasticity, rigidity and hypotonia.
7. Assessment of cerebellar function.
8. Assessment of higher cortical function- apraxia etc.
9. Assessment of gait abnormalities
10. Clinical diagnosis of the presentations.
11. Investigations and tests of different clinical presentations
12. Physiotherapy management of the various diseases & surgeries
Recommended Books
1. Cash`s Text Book For Physiotherapists In Neurological Disorders --Jaypee Bros. Publication
PRACTICAL
Various physiotherapy procedure and treatment techniques for the above mentioned conditions to be demonstrated and
practiced by the students
Paper-34 COMMUNITY PHYSIOTHERAPY
Objective
To understand the disability in communities and to apply therapeutic agents for their management.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
75 hrs
Objective
To understand the disability in communities and to apply therapeutic agents for their management.
8.
9.
9.
10.
11.
General Epidemiology.
Health Education, environmental health, disposal of wastes.
Water norma for potability purification.
Preventive Physiotherapy:
Prevention, levels of prevention, various measures in the Prevention of disability and dysfunction public Health
Physiotherapy.
Public Health Physiotherapy
Introduction, definition, objectives and functions of public health Physiotherapists surveying and evaluation:
Utilization of physiotherapy manpower, payment for physiotherapy services, School Physiotherapy health
Programmers, Physiotherapy services in the State and Centre. Private practice administration.
Ethics
Professional conduct
Rule of professional conduct, relation ship with patients, medical collegues, other professional.
Confidentiality, and responsibility personal and professional standard.
Unit-III:
Legal Concepts
Consumer protection act, liability, documentation, negligence, protection from mal practice, claims, compensation.
Unit-IV:
WCPT, advertising, documentation, sale of services and goods, inform choice and consent continuing education and
personal development.
Unit-V:
Organizational Characteristics physical facilities and planning, organizational structure and job design for physical therapy
practice.
Unit-VI:
Management
Management principles, work design for physiotherapy, recruitment and hiring of professional. Personnel development,
and performance appraisal, physiotherapy marketing and strategies of marketing current trends and marketing fianance
planning and management.
Unit-VII: Computer application
Basics of computer application, hard ware and soft ware, windows, MS word, Excel, MS office, SPSS, and MS power
point.
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
RAJASTHAN
DETAILED SYLLABUS
BYNS
COURSE TITLE
PAPER CODE
HUMAN ANATOMY
BYNS110
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
BYNS 120
HUMAN PATHOLOGY
BYNS 130
PHILOSOPHY OF YOGA
BYNS 140
PHILOSOPHY OF NATURECARE BYNS 150
YOGA CULTURE
BYNS 160
COMPUTER SKILLS
BYNS 170
SECOND YEAR
COURSE TITLE
PAPER CODE
BIOCHEMISTRY
HUMAN MICROBIOLOGY
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
HYDRO THERAPY
FUNDAMENTALS OF AYURVEDA
FASTING NUTRITION DIETETICS
PHYSIOTHERAPY
BYNS210
BYNS 220
BYNS 230
BYNS 240
BYNS 250
BYNS 260
BYNS 270
: 1400
MARKS
Theory
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
TOTAL
1400
MARKS
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
Total
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1400
THIRD YEAR
COURSE TITLE
YOGA THERAPY
ACCUPRESSURE
ACCUPUNCTURE
MEGNETO THERAPY
OBSTETITRICS & GYNAECOGY
PEDIATRICS
PHYSICAL EXERCISE & FITNESS
PAPER CODE
BYNS310
BYNS 320
BYNS 330
BYNS 340
BYNS 350
BYNS 360
BYNS 370
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
MARKS
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
FOUTH YEAR
COURSE TITLE
PAPER CODE
MARKS
BYNS410
BYNS 420
BYNS 430
BYNS 440
BYNS 450
BYNS 460
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1400
Practical
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
TOTAL
1200
Note:
Theory Paper :30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70% University
examination. Practical Paper : 30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70%
University examination.
1.
2.
3.
Skin
a. Types of Skin, Epidermis, Dermis, Nerves, Blood Vessels, age related Changes, Repair
b. Appendages of Skin: Pilo sebaceous Unit, Nail Unit.
4.
Skeletal System
a. Morphology of Human Skeleton: The Skeleton in Life, Shape and Proportions of Bone, Function of Bone
and Skeleton, mechanical Properties of Bone, Growth of Individual Bones
b. Skeleton Connective Tissues: Structure of Cartilage, Bone as a Tissue, Microscopic structure and
Organization of Bone, Blood Vessels and Nerves of Bone
c. Types of Joints:
d. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum, Skull.
e. Appendicular Skeleton: upper limb, Lower Limb.
5.
Muscle
a. Types of Muscle, Attachments of Skeletal Muscle
b. Form and Function in Skeletal Muscle: Form and Fiber Architecture, Functional Implications of Form.
c.
Muscle and Movement.
d. Muscles and Fasciae of Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper Limb, Lower Limb
6.
Nervous System
a. Regional Organization of Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord, Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon,
Diencephalon, Telencephalon, Basal Nucleii, Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance in the CNS.
b. Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous System Peripheral
Apparatus of Special Senses: Gustatory, Olfactory, Peripheral Visual, Accessory Visual, Auditory,
Vestibular.
7.
8.
Respiratory System
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, Larynx, trachea. Bronchi, Lungs, Pleura, Mediastinum
9.
Alimentary System
Oral Cavity, Abdomen, Oesophagus to Anus
10.
11.
Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Chromaffin System, Diffuse Neuroendocrine
System, Adrenal Gland, Paraganglion, Para-aortic Bodies, Tympanic Bodies, Coccygeal Body.
PRACTICAL :
Labeled Digrams of different organs and bones
Viva
100 Marks
THEORY
1.
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
2.
3.
Plasma Proteins Normal values, Origin and method of separation and Functions and variations in health
and disease
Erythrocytes Morphology and variation in health and disease, Development of erythrocytes, Site and
stages in development, Necessary factors, Regulation of development of erythrocytes and Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR)
Leucocytes Classification, morphology, development and functions and Variation in health and diseaseHaemoglobin Structure, synthesis, function and metabolism, types of haemoglobin
Anemia, its definition and classification.
Jaundice, its definition and classification and function of spleen
Thrombocytes its Origin, morphology and functions and variation in health and disease
Haemostasis Mechanism of heamostasis, coagulation of blood and Fate of clot and disorders of clotting
Anticoagulants - Mechanism of action and clinical applications.
Blood group Classification, ABO and RH system and blood transfusion, indication and hazards
Lymph and tissue fluids Lymph and reticular system, Principles of immune system and Cellular and
humoral immunity
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart Structure and properties of cardiac muscle, Conduction of heart, Cardiac circulation and
Regeneration and spread of cardiac impulse
Electrocardiography Einthovens law, Various ECG leads, normal ECG and its interpretation, Cardiac
arrhythmias and heart blocks and Cardiac vector
Cardiac cycle Pressure and volume changes ( mechanical events), Heart sounds, Principles of echocardiography and Measurement and regulation of cardiac cutout.
Heart Sounds Description, causation and relation to other events in cardiac cycle and clinical significance of
heart sounds.
4.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
6.
Blood Pressure Definition, regulation and factors influencing B.P. Measurement of blood pressure and
physiology of hemorrhage and shock.
Circulation Blood vessels, Physical principles of blood flow, regulation of blood flow, jugular venous pulse
tracing, radial pulse tracing, Coronary, cerebral, renal and pulmonary circulation, splanchnic, coetaneous and
capillary circulation and Cardiovascular changes in altitude and exercise.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
7.
Reproductive system
Physiology of reproduction Sex determination and sex differentiation and chromosomal study
Male reproductive system Growth, development and structure of testes, Gonadotropins and gonadal
hormones, Functions of testes and spermatogenesis, Composition of semen and secondary sexual
characteristics
Female reproductive system Ovary, gonadotropins, Structure of ovary and corpus lueteum, Functions of
ovary, ovarian hormones, Physiology of menstruation cycle and physiology of pregnancy, Physiology of
placenta, gestation and parturition, Physiological basis of test for ovulation and pregnancy and secondary
sexual characteristics.
8.
9.
Morphology and measures of excitability, classification and properties of nerve fibers and nerve
conductance tests.
Types of muscles and their properties and morphology, Neuro-muscular junction, excitation-contraction
coupling, action-potential, Clinical study of their hypo and hyper function and myasthenia gravis
Physiology of olfaction and olfactory discrimination and olfactory pathway and defects of olfaction
PRACTICAL
Hematology Experiments
Study of fresh drop of blood, effects of isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic saline on RBCs, Determination
RBC count, haemoglobin, Packed cell volume (PCV), Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),
WBC (Total count), Differential WBC count platelets (platelet count) and Determination of blood group (ABO
system)
Recording of blood pressure in human beings and study of effects of exercise on blood pressure
Electrocardiography (Demonstration) Clinical examination of CVS and radial pulse
THEORY
General Pathology1.
a). History, definition, various branches of pathology and scientific study of disease
and methodology.
b). The cell and the reaction of cell, tissue and organ to inury
2.
a.
Vascular and cellular phenomenon, cells of exudates, chemical and mediators and tissue changes in
Acute inflammation, Cardinal signs of acute inflammation and types and systemic effects of acute
inflammation.
Chronic inflammation
b. Wound Healing
Restitution, regeneration and Repair of epithelipal and mesenchymal tissue
Primary union and secondary union and Mechanism involved and factors modifying repair
process.
3.
a.
Granulomas
4.
a.
Immunopathology
Basic pathological mechanism in autoimmune disorders, Concept of immunodeficiency disorders and pathology of AIDS
b. Growth and its disorders like Definition of agenesis, aphasia, atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy,
hypoplasia, metaplasia
c.
Neoplasia
1.
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
1.
a.
Iron deficiency anaemia, B12 and folic acid deficiency anaemia , maglo sideroblastic anemia posthemorrhagic
anaemia.
b. Concept and classification of haemolytic anaemia, Acquired hemolytic anaemia and aplastic
anaemia, Polycythemia and Laboratory investigations in anaemia.
c.
Structure, function and pathology of platelets and Laboratory investigation in bleeding disorders.
2.
a.
c.
3.
a.
b. Diseases of Kidney
c.
Vaginal discharge
Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrheal
Polymenorrhea
D.U.B. (Dysfunctional Uterus Bleeding)
Endometrial hyperplasia adenomyosis and endometriosis.
Carcinoma of cervix, tumors Fibroid uterus.
Pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Carcinoma and other diseases of vulva.
4.
a.
Diseases of Breast
b. Endoctrine Pathology
c.
Pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma.
Musculo-skeletal Pathology
e.
Lymphadenopathy
Malignant lymphomas and spleenomegaly
5.
a.
Pathology of Skin Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma, Warts, molluscum
contagiosum and Superficial and deep fungal diseases.
c.
NOSE
Acute chronic and Vasomotor Rhinitis, Nasal allergy, Nasal poly D.N.S.
Acute and chronic sinusitis
d. THROAT
6.
OPTHALMOLOGY
Errors of refraction.
Presbyopia & anisomatropia
Conjunctivitis, Corneal ulcers, Glaucoma
Keratitis, lritis, lridocycliris.
Cataract, Optic Neuritis, Optic Atrophy.
PRACTICAL
Hematology :1.
2.
Urine analysis
Semen analysis
Pregnancy test
Reference Books:
THEORY
General Introduction to Yoga Philosophy, Definition, Concepts, Aims & Objectives and its importance in
modern sociological life.
1.
2.
Gheranda Samhita
3.
The seven exercises, the six purificatory process, four internal Doutis Bahiskrita Douti Danta Douti, Danta Mula douti,
Jihva shodhana douti, hrid douti, Vastra douti, Vamana douti, Mulashodhana
Bastis- Jala & Stala
Neti & Trataka
Kaphalabhati- Vamakrama, VyutKrama & Sitkarma
4.
Place, time, six seasons experiencing of seasons Moderation of diet, Prohibited Foods.
Types of pranayama, purification of nadis, kinds of kumbhaka, vayu and their seats.
Dhyana Yoga
5.
Sthula Dhyana, Jyotir Dhyana, Sukshma Dhyana and Samadhi Yog as mentioned in the original text.
PRACTICALS:
1.
2.
Reference Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
THEORY
1.
2.
Laws of Nature Pancha Maha Bhutas, Shareera Dharmas Ahara. Nidra, Bhaya, Maithunani, Inflammation and its
different stages and Natura rejuvenation.
Definition of Prakarti and its types
Unity of disease, unity of cure and unity of treatment. How nature cures?
Foreign matter and toxins accumulation in the body and its importance in elimination through different ways or
channels
Definitions and maintenance of natures constructive principles of health
Importance of the physical and mental hygiene
Personal life and prevention of diseases.
3.
Introduction to Hydrotherapy Properties and various forms in which water is used for therapy, Effect of different
temperature on body and Treatments Hip bath, Arm bath, Spinal bath, Steam bath, Foot bath, Immersion bath,
Enema.
Introduction to Mud therapy Collection to composition of mud, Preparation of pack, Types of application and
Effects of MUD on the body
Magnets, types, application and precaution
Introduction to Manipulative therapy Brief introduction to Message, Chiro-Practice, Osteopathy & Acupressure &
effects of Manipulative techniques or body
4.
Fasting therapy History and types of fasting, Effects of fasting and How to break a fast
Introduction to Chromo therapy Primary and secondary colors and their properties and Treatment
Equipments in Chromo therapy
Introduction to Nutrition Definition and importance and Carbohydrates, fats proteins, vitamins, minerals and
trace elements, availability and function and their importance
Natural diet Raw diet and its benefits, Sprouts and its benefits, Advantage and disadvantages of cooked and
uncooked food and diet for different disease and ages
5.
PRACTICALS
Identification of Naturopathic equipment, diets
Reference books
THEORY
1.
Mudras & Bandhas their neuro muscular & glandular effects on the body.
2.
3.
NADI: Ida, Pingala, Sushumna, and upanadis, Preparatory Breathing Exercises Anuloma Viloma and Nadi
Shudhi,
Types of Pranayamas: Suryabheda, Ujjayi, Sheetkari, Sitali, Bhastrika, Bhramari, Moorcha and plavani theory
and practice.
Physiological & Psychological effects of Pranayamas
Physiological and spiritual importance of shatkriya practice
Physiological effects of shanka Prakshalana
Importance of Pratyaharas
Techniques of Dharana.
Religious methods, Zen Meditation, Gurujapa, Transcendental meditation, Preksha meditation, Om meditation,
Brahma meditation and Vipassana meditation
The basic of yoga science and kundalini
Different Chakras, its seat, its qualities and methods to awaken different charkas
Physiology and psychology of kundalini Yoga
Misunderstanding about kundalini and sex
Symptoms of kundalini
Kundalini charkas innage Lifestyle
4.
5.
Practicals
REFERENCE BOOKS
THEORY
2.
Define computer, its generation, measures, types of computer, software, its type like System software & user designed
application software, CPU, RAM and SSD
3.
HARDWARE:- Definition.
Input Devices: - Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Light Pen, Optical/ Magnetic Scanner, Touch Screen, Microphone for voice
as input
4.
5.
Plotter
Sound System
Storage Devices:
6.
Laser Printer
Dot Matrix Printer
Color Printer
Line Printer
Inkjet Printer
Floppy Disc
Hard Disc
Cartridge
Tape
CD-ROM.
Programming language:
Compiler, Assembly Language, Machine Language, Main Program Language & Accessories program group.
What is MS-WORD, Create Document, Tables
PRACTICAL
Reference books:
1.
2.
THEORY
1.
Hydrogen on concentration, Acids, Bases, Buffers, Henderson hasepbasch education amino acids
Classification, Structure properties & side chains.
2.
3.
Elimantary aspects of the structure of collagen, Myoglobin & Haemoglobin, enzymes definition,
classification, specificity, co-enzymes, co-factors & activators diagnostic importance of enzymes &
iso-enzymes.
4.
Carbohydrates- Definition, classification & Biological importance & function. Lipids Definition,
classification & biological importance.
Composition of trigycerol, waxes.
Function of phospholipids, Spongiolipids & Glycolipids.
Functions of Fatty acids- Properties of saturated & unsaturated fatty acids.
5.
Nucleic Acids Definition classification, composition & biological importance of Nucleic acids,
Purines & pyrimidine bases.
Vitamins Definition & Classification,
Minerals- calcium, Phosphosrus, Iron, Copper, Zine, Magnesium, Manganese, Lead, Merury, Arsenic, Metal
Toxcity, Flourine & Iodine.
1.
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins carbohydrate metabolismGlycogenesis, glycogenolysis & Krebs Cycle glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle,
Biological Oxidation
Lipid Metabolism, Lipgenesis, Synthesis of Fatty Acids, Desideration, Phospholipids, Biosynthesis
Of Letting, Cephalic & their Breakdown, Oxidation of fatty Acids, formation & utilization of Ketone
Bodies, Ketosis, Synthesis & breakdown of Cholesterol, disorders of lipid metabolism. Fatty lever &
Lipotropic factors
3.
Metabolism of proteins and amino acids Breakdown of tissue proteins, amino acids poal,
general metabolism of amino acids, disposal of ammonia, urea cycle, formation of glutamate
and glutamine, disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Purina and pyrimidine merabolism outline of synthesis and breakdown of purine and pyrimidine,
Disorders of metabolism of purine and pyrimidine.
4.
5.
Kidney Function Tests Composition of Urine, Urea clearance and creatinin clearance,
Electrolytes and water metabolism
PRACTICALS
Determination of Blood sugar, Blood Urea, Total serum protein, Total serum
calcium Total serum cholesterol, Total serum billrubin, SCOT and SGPT
Demonstration of principles of Colorimetry and colorimeter, Paper
chromatography, Electrophoresis, Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and Flame
Photometry.
1.
General Bacteriology:
Immunology:
2.
Systemic Bacteriology:
3.
Parasitology:
Virology:
4.
Mycology:General characters and methods used for study and diagnosis of fungi infections.
Superficial Mycoses, Systemic Mycoses, Candidiasis, Aspergillosis Mycetoma, rhinosperidiosis.
5.
Applied Microbiology:
Diagnostic methods in common diseas
Meningitis, UTI, PUO, Gastroenteritis, Respiratory infection Urogenital infection,
Phogenic infections, nosocomia infection, infections of Ear, Eye and Oral Cavity .
PRACTICAL:
Slides of important bacteria, virus & fungi
Disinfection of water & hospital instrument / Equipment sterilization
Identification of different type of culture media
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Text book of the microbiology by R. Anantha Narayan & C.K. Jaya Ram Panikar
Parasitology By Jaya Ram Panikar
Text book of microbiology by Chakravarthy
THEORY
1.
Genetics
Epidemiology of communicable DiseasesRespiratory infection small Pox, Vericella, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, influenza, Diphtheria,
pertusis, tuberculosis
Intestinal infections Polio, viral hepatitis, cholera, acute diarrheal Diseases, Typhoid, Food
poisoning, Ancylioslomiasis, Taoniasis
Yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Malaria, Filarial
Rabies Tranchoma, Tetanus, Leprosy, STD, AIDS
2.
3.
4.
5.
PRACTICAL
Insecticides
Universe immunization programme
Communicable diseases
Insect borne diseases
Microscope slides
Environment and sanitation
Field visits
Water filtration plant
TEXT BOOKS:
Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine By J.E. Park & K.Park
Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine By B.K. Mahajan & M.C. Gupta.
THEORY
1.
2.
Anemia, Neurasthenia, Hypochondria, Cerebral congestion, Rhevnatism, Diabetes mellitus ovular heart
diseases
3.
4.
Fermentation, compresses and packs:- The hot water bag, the siphon hot water bag, the thermopore, the mustar
fermentation, clay and glycerine poullice , charcoal poullice cotton poullice.
The wet sheet pack, cooling pack, cold shower pack, sweating pack, dry pack, half pack, hot blanket pack,
evaporating pack, very cold compress, proximal compress, neutral compress, alternate compress, revulsive
compress of ten days for injuries and eruptions, alternative ten applications to be head and spine, local packs,
wet girdle pack, dry abdominal bandage.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
5.
SPECIAL FORMS OF COMPRESS :- Cephalic compress, chest pack, triangular chest pack, Half chest compress,
joint compress, Pelvic pack, Foot pack, cold spinal compress, Towel chest pack.
Pericardial or cardiac compress, Hip pack, Leg pack, Perineal compress prone packs, Lumbar
compress.
Mud Therapy
PRACTICALS:
Demonstration of various therapeutic Procedure and treatment in Hydrotherapy during clinical classes at the
hospital, At the end of final B.Y.N.S. Course candidate should be in a position to give treatments independently -
REFERENCE BOOKS:
THEORY
1.
Shareera Vigyan :
Prakriti Vigyan.
2.
3.
Dvividhopa Karma.
HERBLOLGY
4.
The following herbs are to be studies with respect to their source and therapeutic uses.
S. No. Botanical Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Emblica Offcinals
Ficus Glomerata
Cinnamomum Camphora
Tribulus Terrestris
Cuminum Cyminum
Ocimum Sanctum
Coriandrum Sativum
Allium Cepa
Psoraled Corylofolia
Aegle Marmelos
Cassia Fistula
Vetiveria Zizanodies
Monsardica Charantia
Myristica Charantia
Seasamum Indicum
Punica Grantum
Azadirachta Indica
Piper Longum
Taxus Baccata
Semecarpus Anacardium
5.
The following herbs are to be studies with respect to their therapeutic uses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Phyllanthus Niruri
Trigonella Foenum Graecum
Allium Sativum
Acorus Calamus
Rauwolfia Serpentina
Terminalia Chebula
Syzygium Aramaticulum
Gingiber Officinalis
Piper Nigrum
Santahlum Album
Mimosa Pudica
Asparagus Racemosus
Curcuma Longa
Ferula Narthex
Terminalia Belerica
PRACTICALS
BOOKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
THEORY
1.
Introduction
2.
3.
General Physiology
Effect on metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins during fasting
Difference between fasting and starvation
Difference between hunger and appetite
4.
5.
6.
General Physiology
Methods and types of therapeutic fasting (Dry, Water, Juice, Saline, Monodiet (Kalpa), Fruit, Intermittent,
Preventive weekly etc.)
Air and Breathing, Enema, Bathing, Clothing, Water Drinking, Exercise, Fasting and Menial influence.
7.
8.
9.
PRACTICALS
Reference Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nutrition
1.
Introduction of Nutrition
2.
Components of the food and their classification Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals and
trace elements and water and Electrolytes
3.
Food Groups
4.
Cereals, Millets and coarse grains, Pulses, Green leafy vegetables, Other vegetables, Roots and tubers, Fruits , Milk
and Milk product, Sugar and Jaggery, Honey, Fats and oils, Spices and condiments, nuts and oils seeds and Fats
and oils
Nutritive value of food ingredients commonly used in India
5.
6.
Nutrition in Health
7.
PRACTICALS
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
DIETETICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical composition of different raw juices & their effects & uses.
Wheat grass, beetroot cabbage, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, garlic, onion, tomato, pomegranate, grapes, apple,
bittergourd, ashgourd, pumpkins etc.
Sprouts their nutritive values & methods of sprouting
Food values in raw states, Germination form & cooked form
Comparison with raw & cooked food.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Diabetes, Renal diseases, Anaemia, PEM, Peptic ulcer, Constipation, Malabsorption, Syndrome, Liver diseases like
jaundice fatty liver etc. high B.P low B.P, Atherosclerosis, gall bladder disease, cancer, tuberculosis, and arthritis.
REFERENCE BOOK:1.
2.
3.
4.
THEORY
1.
Goniometry
2.
3.
Voluntary Movements
Involuntary Movements
Active & Passive movements
Techniques of relaxation, Principles of obtaining relaxation in various positions Types, factor responsible
for good posture, factor responsible for poor development of good posture, Principles & Techniques of reeducation, walking aids Analysis of normal Gait with muscles work, various Pathological gaits
Crutch Gait- Introduction, Crutch Measurement, Various types of Crutch gait (in Delhi)
4.
Exercise:
5.
Mobilization Exercise
Strengthening Exercise
Stretching Exercise
Electrotherapy
1.
Shortwave Diathermy
Microwave Diathermy
Ultrasonic Therapy
Interferential Therapy
2.
PRACTICAL:
TEXT BOOKS
THEORY:
1.
Yogic therapy for Cardio- vascular diseases, Psychic diseases, Mental retardation, Neuron muscular diseases,
Digestive disorders, Hormonal disorders, Respiratiory diseases, metabolic disorders, Obstetrics &
Gynecological disorders Meditation & its applications on psychosomatic disorders
2.
3.
4.
5.
Personality : Nature, development & integration, stress its causes, effects and control, Historical perspective,
identifying psychological disorders like Anxiety disorders, Dissociative Disorders, Personality Disorders,
Schizophrenia, Therapy for psychological disorders like Psychotherapy Nature and Forms, yoga as a form of
Psychotherapy, Therapy of interpersonal relations and Behavior therapy and methods of administering
questionnaires & their scoring. Pain analogue scale, Personality questionnaire, etc.
Hasya Yoga
PRACTICAL:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Hasya Yoga Vigyan by Jiten Kofli, Dr. Ram Avtar, Dr. R.K. Verma
History of Acupressure
Principle of Acupressure
Procedure of Acupressure
Disease of Eye Glaucoma
Night blindness, Day blindness, Color blindness
Diplopia
Cataract
Disease of Ear
Otitismedia
Tinnitus
2.
Tonsillitis
Adenicos
Sore Throat
Tooth Ache
Gingivitis
Sinusitis
Epitasis
Cervical Pain, Shoulder pain, Lumber pain, Sciatica pain
Disease of Heart
Hypertension & Hypotension
Angina Pectoris
3.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
DISORDER OF DIGESTION
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cough
Disease of Liver
Jaundice
Gall stone
Kidney stone
Stone in Urinary Bladder
Enlarged Prostate Gland
Bed wetting
DIABETES MELLITUS
4.
Arthritis
Rheumatic fever
Gout
Ankylosing spondhytis
Pain in knee joints
SEVERN HEADACHE
Migraine
5.
Impotence
Premature ejaculation
Loss of sexual desire
Enlarged prostate gland
Facial paralysis
Bells palsy
Epilepsy
Polio
MENTAL PROBLEM
Depression
Anxiety
Hysteria
Mental tension
PRACTICAL:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Definition of Acupuncture.
History of Acupuncture
2.
3.
Auricular Therapy.
Scalp Acupuncture
4.
5.
Head ache, Facial paralysis, Hemiplegic, Paraplegia, Asthma. Hypertension, Nausea & vomiting,
Leucorrhoea, Frozen shoulder, Psoriasis, Night blindness, Hysteria, Sexual impotence, Low back ache, Pain in
knee joint, Warts, Sciatica pain, Alopecia Areats, Cervical spondylosis, Sprain & Strain, Toothache, Deafness
& Tinnitus, Rhinitis & Sinusitis, Amenorrhea, Retention of Urine. Anxiety, Epilepsy, Splenomegoly,
Toothache, Stomatitis, Whooping cough.
PRACTICAL:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Magnetism in the universe Earth a huge natural magnet, Nature of Earth Magnetism and Earth
Magnetism and Earth Magnetic effects on human beings.
2.
3.
Magnets and their composition Natural magnets and artificial magnets and Permanent classification of
magnets material.
Power of magnets various qualities of magnet low, medium and high power magnets and
magnetic belt etc.
Electro magnets electro magnetic field on human physiology behaviors, Electro magnets for
medical purpose Electro magnetic treatment bed and hand magnetic treatment bed and hand
magnetizer, food magnetizer, vibro electro massager and electro magnetic chair etc. Non
pulsating Nachketha clinical electro magnet, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance theory, Uses,
merits & de- merits.
4.
Technique of application of magnets north and south pole, local treatment and general treatment,
techniques of application of magnets in the treatment of various common diseases.
Magnetized water, magnetized milk, and magnetized oils magnetized water in nature
influence of magnetic field on the properties of water, methods of preparation of magnetized
water, dosage and therapeutic effect of magnetized water method of preparation of magnetized
oils and their application and therapeutic effects
Advantage of Magneto-therapy
5.
PRACTICAL:
Students should have 45 demonstration classes in various types of magnets, equipment and their clinical application
Case studies (25) with record
10 cases with bio-chemical reports.
TEXT BOOKS
Anatomy of female generative organs and pelvis, Maturation and of Fertilization of ovum
Diagnosis of pregnancy, Differential diagnosis of pregnancy, Foetus in normal pregnancy and Ante-natal care
Physiology and stages of labour and mechanism of labour
Phenomena of normal puerperium, Care of Puerperium and care of new-born child
Hyperemesis gravidarum, anaemia in pregnancy, Diseases of urinary system, Diabetes in pregnancy, Diseases
and abnormalities of fetal mambrane and placenta. Abortion , Ectopic pregnancy, Ante-partum haemorrhage,
Placenta previa and P.E.T (Pre-eclampic toxaerpia)
Occipito posterior position, Breech presentation, Prolapse of the cord, compound Presentation multiple
rd
pregnancy, Contracted Pelvis, management of labour in contracted pelvis and complications of 3 stage of
labour
Asphyxia neonatorum, Pre-term baby and Congenital malformations.
Obstetrical Operations like Forceps, Caessarpreansection and induction of abortion and labour.
Puerperal Infections
Ultra sonogram in obstetrics and contraception types procedures Gynecological diagnosis
Diseases of vulva
Diseases of vagina
Sexually transmitted diseases in female
2.
3.
4.
5.
Disorders of menstruation
Prolapsed of uterus
New growths of uterus
Diseases of ovary
Pelvic inflammatory diseases
PRACTICAL:
THEORY:
1.
2.
Nutrition
Nutritional Disorders
Under Nutrition
Vitamin Deficiencies
3.
Respiratory System
4.
Vomiting
Constipation
Abdominal Pain
Acute Chronic Diarrhea
Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Gastrointestinal System
Prophylactic immunisation
Program on immunisation of following diseases:
T.B.
Diphtheria Pertusis
Polio
Hepatitis B
Measles Mumps Rhinosis (MMR)
Typhoid Fever
5.
Muscular Dystrophies
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diabetes Mellitus
Obesity
Goiter
Delayed Puberty
Cerebral Paslsy.
Diaper Rash
Urticaria
Eczema
Dandruff
PRACTICALS
2.
3.
4.
q. Singing
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Endurance
Strength
Speed
Flexibility
10. Agility
11. Measuring your Heart rate
12. Weight control
13. Factors influencing Physical fitness
14. Clothing
15. When to Exercise & which Exercise should be done
PRACTICAL:
REFERENCE BOOK:1.
2.
3.
Definition of foreign matter, the process of accumulation of foreign matter in the body, , encumbrance
and changes caused in the body due to the accumulation of foreign matter and general pathology of
foreign matter.
2.
The nature: origin and cure of diseases of children for their unity and developments.
Bad habits support the accumulation of foreign matter in the body like tobacco, alcoholic drinks,
coffee and tea-opium.
Drug addictions Pethedine heroin, injection etc., suppression of diseases v/s elimination of morbid and
diseased germs from the system.
3.
4.
Types of Encumbrance Front Encumbrance, right side Encumbrance, Front & right side
Encumbrance, left side Encumbrance, mixed or whole Encumbrance, their descriptions, general
characters & possible diseases in the concerned incumberance & their treatment.
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Bronchitis
Asthma
Angina Pectoris
Heart Attack
Headache
Hernia & Hydrocele
Hypertension
Heart Diseases
Hepatitis
Hysteria & Fainting
Acidity
Allergy
Asthma
Anemia
Arthritis
Appendicitis
Anxiety
Black Water Fever
Beriberi
Constipation
Cervical Spondylitis
Cough & Cold
Coronary Heart Disease
Carbuncle
Colitis
Diarrhoea
36. Influenza
37. Cholera
38. Kidney Stone
39. Leucoderma
40. Lumbago
41. Leprosy
42. Menstrual Disorders
43. Menopause
44. Mental Health
45. Malaria
46. Nervous Debility
47. Obesity
48. Old Age Problem
49. Piles
50. Polio
51. Psoriasis
52. Premature Graying Hair
53. Pleurisy
54. Pneumonia
55. Pyorrhoea
56. Sciatica
57. Stress
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Diabetes
Duodenal & Gastric Ulcer
Dyspepsia
Displacement of the Uterus
Eczema
Fever
Gas Trouble
Goiter
Gall Stone
Gonorrhea
Insomnia
Itches
Impotency
58. Sterility
59. Spleen Disorders
60. Tonsillitis
61. Thinness
62. Varicose Veins
63. Typhoid
64. Tooth Trouble
65. Tuberculosis
66. Tumour
PRACTICLES:
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Acne
Alcoholism
Allergies
Amnesia
Anaemia
Anal Fissure
Anorexia Nervosa
Appendicitis
Arteriosclerosis
Arthritis
Asthma
Backache
Boils
Bronchitis
Cancer
Cataract
Cervical Spondylosis
Chicken Pox
Cholera
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Colitis
Common Cold
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Common Fever
Conjunctivitis
Constipation
Corns
Cough
Dandruff
Defective Vision
Dental Caries
Depression
Dermatitis
Diabetes
Diarrohoea
Diphtheria
Dropsy
Dysentry
Eczema
Epilepsy
Falling of Hair
Fatigue
Gastritis
Gastro-Enteritis
Glaucoma
Goitre
Gout
Headache & Migraine
Heart Diseases
Hiatus-Hernia
High Blood Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure
Hydrocele
hypoglycemia
Impetigo
Indigestion
Influenza
Insomnia
Intestinal Worms
Jaundice
Kidney stone
Leucoderma
Low Blood Pressure
Malaria
Measles
Meningitis
Mumps
Muscle Cramps
Neurasthenia
69. Neuritis
70. Nephritis
71. Obesity
72. Osteoporosis
73. Parkinsons Disease
74. Peptic Ulcer
75. Piles
76. Pleurisy
77. Pneumonia
78. Premature Graying of Hair
79. Prostrate Disorders
80. Psoriasis
81. Pyorrhea
82. Rheumatism
83. Rickets
84. Ringworm
85. Scabies
86. Sciatica
87. Scurvy
88. Sexual importance
89. Sinusitis
90. Sore throat
91. Stomatitis
92. Stress
93. Stroke
94. Styes
95. Thinness
96. Thyroid Fever
97. Thyroid Diseases
98. Tonsillitis
99. Tuberculosis
100.Urticaria
101.Varicose Veins
102.Venereal Diseases
103.Warts
104.Whooping Cough
PRACTICLES
REFERENCE BOOKS
2.
3.
4.
Diagnostic Thoracocentesis
Thyroid T3, T4, TSH estimation.
Ultra sonography
Computerized tomography scan (CT scan)
5.
PRACTICAL:
REFERENCE BOOKS
Sexual offences:- Impotency and sterility, virginity, Legitimacy, Unnatural offences, medico legal
aspect
Infanticide.
Medico-legal aspects of insanity.
Toxicology
2.
3.
4.
Poisons:-
Corrosives, Non-metallic, Metallic, Organic Irritant, Somniferous Inebrait, Deliriant, Spinal, Cardiac
poisons, insecticides and weed killers, Food poisoning, Asphyxiants and Drug Dependence
Legal responsibilities: Medical ethics.
5.
Responsibilities and duties of the Medical practitioners to the state Professional secrecy and
privileged communication.
PRACTICALS:
Age estimation
Skeleton remains
Spotters
Examination of injured Alocoholic
Psychiatric and Toxicology
REFERENCE BOOKS:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Refraction
Reflection
Absorption
The source of light- The sun forming resources- The solar atmosphere- Sun power- color effectsinfluence of sunlight on skin, muscles, digestive organs and bones.
Chromo therapy prescriptions for different diseases:a.
b.
c.
Headache
Ailments of the eyes
Ailments of the ears
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
PRACTICALS:
REFERENCE BOOK:
MANIPULATIVE THERPY
THEORY:
1.
2.
Skin
Muscular system Nutrition and Development , Excitation of m, contraction of M and muscular electroexcitability, removal of the fatigue from muscle
On the ligaments and skeletal
On the circulatory system
On the nervous system
On respiration increase of respiratory activity and increase of tissue respiration
On GIT Improvement in appetite, improvement in secretion of digestive fluid, absorption and
improvement in peristalsis.
Excretory system
Powdered Massage Merits and demerits.
3.
4.
Basic therapeutic massage techniques, indication and contraindications of massage while applying to the
patients.
Massage and its effects Nutrition, Haematogenesis, Phagocytosis, increase in the number of blood
corpuscles and Absorption of increased inflammatory exudates, change in the weight of the person, obese
or emaciated
Different Massage manipulations, classification and their detail explanation, uses and contra-indication, ii)
Manipulative treatments in stress management,
Shiastu in manipulative therapy (Acupressure)
Manipulation and life extension
Dry Brush massage.
Movement of Joints: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Supination, Circumduction and Deviations Medical
and Lateral
Massaging in local areas under special circumstances: Massage of Abdomen
Massage to liver
Massage to stomach
Massage to heart
Massage to head
Massage to spine
Special type of massage in different diseases.
5.
PRACTICALS:
35 demonstration classes
10 demonstration in panchkarma
Each students should do 35 massages
Coronary artery blockage
Jaundice
Gall stone
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis of liver
Spleenomegaly
Diabetes
Kidney stone
Renal failure
Urinary tract infection
Prostate enlargement
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Cervical spondylitis
Migraine
Epilepsy
6.
Importance of Nature care treatments and the digestive process natural dietetics.
The importance of Nabhi Pareeksha, the methods of Nabhi Pareeksha & the techniques of
correction.
Introduction to Iridology
Definition of Iridology
Technique in Iris reading The normal and abnormal Iris, colour of the Iris
Study of density of the iris
PRACTICALS:
SINGHANIA UNIVERISITY
RAJASTHAN
CMLT
(CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY)
SYLLABUS
(YEARLY PROGRAM)
CMLT
(CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY)
DETAILED SYLLABUS
(MEDICAL SYSTEM)
COURSE TITLE
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
COMPUTER SKILLS
:1200
PAPER CODE
CMLT110
CMLT120
CMLT130
CMLT 140
CMLT150
CMLT 160
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
MARKS
Practical
Total
TOTAL
1200
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
CMLT 110
ANATOMY
Total marks :200
COURSE CONTENTS THEORY
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (and their lobular segments)
Thoracic cavity
Pleura and Pleural cavity
B) Circulatory Organs :
C) Digestive Organs :
Tongue
Teeth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine and its colons
PRACTICAL :
Labeled Digrams of different organs and bones Vivo
100 Marks
PATHOLOGY
CMLT 120
1)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Introduction of pathology
Cellular structure and metabolism
Inflammation Acute and Chronic
Derangement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes
Types of shocks
Ischaemia
Infection
e. Neoplasia Etiology and Pathojgenesis
2)
Introduction of hematology
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
I.
Formation of Blood
Erythropoiesis
Leucopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Collection of Blood
Anticoagulants
Red cell count Haemocytometer, Methodsand Calculation
WBC Count -- Methods
Differential Leucocytes Count (DLC)-Morphology of White Cells, Normal Values
Rananocostry Stains : Staining procedures
Counting Methods, Principle of staining
Hb estimation Method
Colorimetric Method
Chemical Method
Gasmetric Method
S.G. Method
Clinical Importance
Hematology :
ESR
Methods
Factors Affecting ESR
Normal Values
100 Marks
Importance
RBC Indices
WBC
Platelets
Practical :
I.
100 Marks
Collection of Sample
Hb estimation
TLC and DLC
RBC Count
Peripheral blood film staining and study of Malarial Parasite
CMLT 130
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Introduction of Biochemistry
2. Elementary knowledge of inorganic chemistry :- Atomic weight, molecular weight, equivalent
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Practical
Glassware :
Composition of Glass
General Glass wares
Instruments :
Balance
Hot Plate and Magnetic stirrer
Centrifuges
Incubators
Constant temperature bath
Colorimeter : Principal, Function
Photometer
Flame Photometry
100 Marks
3. Chemical examination of urine : Qualitative, Sugar, Protein, Bile Salt, Bile Pigment,
Ketones Bodies
4. Chemical examination of Stool : Occult Blood.
5. Chemical examination of other Body Fluids : CSF, Plural Fluids, Ascitic Fluid etc.
6. Laboratory management and Maintenance of Records.
MICROBIOLOGY
CMLT 140
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Definition
Bacteria General characteristics of Bacteria
Classification and morphology of Bacteria
Structure of Cell, Capsule, Flagella, and Spore
Growth of Bacteria
Nutrition of Bacteria
Virology :
100 Marks
Bacteiology
Definition
General Introduction of Virus
Physiochemical characteristic of Viruses
Parasitology :
Definition
General Characteristics of Parasite
Classification of Parasite
Mode of transmission
Fungus :
Definition
Structure
Classification
Practical :
Demonstration of washing of instruments
100 Marks
CMLT 150
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell :
Definition
Structure and functions the cytoplasmic Organelles
Reproduction : Miosis, Mitosis
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Reproduction System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
Practical
Viva and diagrams of different Vital Organs
Practical :
Viva and diagrams of different Vital Organs
100 Marks
CMLT 160
COMPUTER SKILLS
COURSE CONTENTS
Fundamentals of Computers
Introduction :
Classification of computer & generation, Basic architecture of computer and its building blocks,
input devices, Computer memories.
Number System :
Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal representation of characters : ASCII and EBDIC codes, Binary
arithmetic and logic circuit.
Machine, Assembly and High level language, Brief idea of operating system, Assembler, Compiler
and interpreter.
Problem solving through computer algorithms and flow chart level of programming.
Operating System :
Introduction to O.S., Types of operating system, Multiprogramming, Timesharing, Batch, Real time
and UNIX
Internet :
Introduction to Internet, Components, Services and working on internet, introduction to protocols,
tools.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
(DMLT)
(YEARLY PROGRAM)
COURSE TITLE
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
COMPUTER SKILLS
PAPER CODE
DMLT110
DMLT 120
DMLT 130
DMLT 140
DMLT 150
DMLT 160
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
SECOND YEAR
COURSE TITLE
PAPER CODE
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
ANATOMY
DMLT 210
DMLT 220
DMLT 230
DMLT 240
DMLT 250
MARKS
Practical
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
TOTAL
1200
MARKS
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
200
200
200
200
200
1000
Note:
Theory Paper :30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70% University
examination. Practical Paper : 30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70%
University examination
DMLT 110
ANATOMY
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (and their lobular segments)
Thoracic cavity
Pleura and Pleural cavity
B) Circulatory Organs :
C) Digestive Organs :
Tongue
Teeth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine and its colons
PRACTICAL
Labeled Diagrams of different organs and bones
Vivo
Labeled Digrams of different organs and bones Vivo
100 MARKS
DMLT 120
PATHOLOGY
a.
b.
c.
d.
Introduction of pathology
Cellular structure and metabolism
Inflammation Acute and Chronic
Derangement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes
Types of shocks
Ischaemia
Infection
e. Neoplasia Etiology and Pathojgenesis
2) Introduction of hematology
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Formation of Blood
Erythropoiesis
Leucopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Collection of Blood
Anticoagulants
Red cell count Haemocytometer, Methodsand Calculation
WBC Count -- Methods
Differential Leucocytes Count (DLC)-Morphology of White Cells, Normal Values
Rananocostry Stains : Staining procedures
Counting Methods, Principle of staining
Hb estimation Method
Colorimetric Method
Chemical Method
Gasmetric Method
S.G. Method
Clinical Importance
I.
Hematology :
II.
ESR
Methods
Factors Affecting ESR
Normal Values
Importance
RBC Indices
WBC
Platelets
Body Fluids :
(a) Urine :
Method of Collection
Normal Constitutents
Physical Examination
Chemical Examination
(b) Stool Examination :
Method of Collection
Normal Constituents and appearance
Abnormal Constituents (Ova, Cyst)
(c) C.S.F. Examination
Physical Examination
Chemical Examination
Microscopy
Cell 1 Count
Staining
Practical :
100 MARKS
Collection of Sample
Hb estimation
TLC and DLC
RBC Count
Peripheral blood film staining and study of Malarial Parasite
DMLT 130
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Introduction of Biochemistry
2. Elementary knowledge of inorganic chemistry :- Atomic weight, molecular weight,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Practical
100 MARKS
Glassware :
Composition of Glass
General Glass wares
Instruments :
Balance
Hot Plate and Magnetic stirrer
Centrifuges
Incubators
Constant temperature bath
Colorimeter : Principal, Function
Photometer
Flame Photometry
3. Chemical examination of urine : Qualitative, Sugar, Protein, Bile Salt, Bile Pigment,
Ketones Bodies
4. Chemical examination of Stool : Occult Blood.
5. Chemical examination of other Body Fluids : CSF, Plural Fluids, Ascitic Fluid etc.
6. Laboratory management and Maintenance of Records.
MICROBIOLOGY
DMLT 140
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Bacteiology
Definition
Bacteria General characteristics of Bacteria
Classification and morphology of Bacteria
Structure of Cell, Capsule, Flagella, and Spore
Growth of Bacteria
Nutrition of Bacteria
Virology :
Definition
General Introduction of Virus
Physiochemical characteristic of Viruses
Diseases caused by different Virus and mode of infection
Parasitology :
Definition
General Characteristics of Parasite
Classification of Parasite
Mode of transmission
Fungus :
Definition
Structure
Classification
Practical :
Staining Type of Staining, Principal, Procedure and Interpretation
Demonstration of washing of instruments
100 MARKS
DMLT 150
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell :
Definition
Structure and functions the cytoplasmic Organelles
Reproduction : Miosis, Mitosis
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Reproduction System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
Practical
Viva and diagrams of different Vital Organs
Practical :
Viva and diagrams of different Vital Organs
100 MARKS
COMPUTER SKILLS
DMLT 160
Introduction to Computers : purpose and meaning of data, information and knowledge for
business organizations. Information technology, its definition, scope and related technologies.
Relationship of information technology with management.
Types of Computers: Digital, Analog and hybrid Computers, General Model of Computer, Size wise
Organization of Computers-Mini, Micro, desktop, workstationand Supercomputer
Practical
VIVA
Internet Practical
100 Marks
DMLT 210
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Blood
Definition
Composition
Function
2. Formation of different type of blood cells
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
3. Mechanism of Blood Cltting
4. Cerebrospinal Fluid
Formation
Composition
Function
5. Special Senses
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Touch
Sight
PRACTICAL :
Viva and diagrams of Corpuscles
100 Marks
DMLT 220
PATHOLOGY
PRACTICAL :
Blood grauping
Tube Method
Slide Method
BIOCHEMISTRY
DMLT 230
1. Carbohydrates : Introduction
Importance
Classification
Properties
Estimation of Glucose
Clinical Significance
2. Protein : Introduction and Physiological importance
Amino acids
Essential amino acids
Classification
Denaturation of Proteins
Estimation of Total protein, Albumin, Globilin, A/G Ratio
3. Introduction, Properties and function of important hormones
4. Enzymes and Co-enzymes
Introduction and difference
Functions
Estimation of important enzymes
i. SGOT (AST)
ii.
SGPT (ALT)
iii.
Alkaline Phosphatase
iv. Acid Phosphatase
v. Amylase, lactate dehydrogenase
vi. CPK, CPK-MB
1. Lipids :
Metabolism
Estimation : Total lipids, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Total cholesterol, Trigycede
Clinical significance
2. Principal of Assay procedures for biological materal and estimation of kidney function
tests.
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
3. Electrolytes :
Function
Properties
Estimation of Essential electrolytes : Soldium, potassium, calcium, chloride and Phos
phorus etc.
Clinical Importance
4. Genetics
DNA, RNA Structure
Gene coding
Transciption & Translation
Genetic Disorders
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
Method of estimation of Urea
Method of estimation of Creatinine
Method of estimation of Cholesterol
Method of estimation of glucose : Benedicts Reaction, Glucose oxidase
Method
Method of estimation of P
MICROBIOLOGY
DMLT 240
Staining of Bacteria :
1. Composition and preparation of staining
2. Principal and Procedure of Bacteriological stain
Grams Stain
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
Albert Stain
Spore and Negative Stain
Cultivation of Micro-organism :
1) Immunology
Definition
Immunity : Definition and Classification
Antigen
Antibodies Immunoglobulin
Antigen and antibody reaction and clinical importance
Structure and function of immune system
Immune response
Hypersensitivity
2) I Principal & Procedure of Serological Tests.
BICAL, CRP, Brucella, Agglutination, ASO
Cold agglutination, VDRL, TPHA
(i)
Advanced techniques in Microbiology ELISA, RIA etc.
(ii)
Epidemiological Markers of Micro-organism serotyping
(iii)
Preparation & Standardization of Antigen and Antisera
(iv)
Preparation & Standardization of vaccine and immunization
3) I) General Introduction, life cycle, mode of transmission, pathogenicity, and lab
diagnosis of various Protozoa.
(ii) Entamoeba Hisolytica
(iii) Entamoeba coli
(iv) Giardia lamblia
(v) Trichomonas Vaginalios
(vi) Leishmenia donovani
4) Sprozoa
Malaria Parasite
Toxoplasma Gondii
(ii) Balatidium Coli
(ii)
Trematodes of Flukes :
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Gestrodiscoides hominis
(iii)
Nematodes :
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Ancylostoma duodenale
Enterobjus vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
PRACTICAL :
Demonstration :Slide Agglutination
VDRL
VIDAL
ASO
CRP
Stool Examination
Physical
Microscopic Demonstration of Ova, Cyst, Pus, Cells
Hanging Drop Examination
100 Marks
DMLT 250
ANATOMY
PRACTICAL
Labeled Diagrams of different organs and bones
Vivo
Labeled Digrams of different organs and bones Vivo
100 Marks
SINGHANIA UNIVERISITY
RAJASTHAN
DETAILED SYLLABUS
DURATION
COURSE TITLE
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
COMPUTER SKILLS
PAPER CODE
BMLT110
BMLT 120
BMLT 130
BMLT 140
BMLT 150
BMLT 160
: 3300
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
100
MARKS
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
Total
200
200
200
200
200
200
1200
SECOND YEAR
COURSE TITLE
ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
PAPER CODE
BMLT 210
BMLT 220
BMLT 230
BMLT 240
BMLT 250
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
MARKS
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
Total
200
200
200
200
200
1000
THIRD YEAR
COURSE TITLE
Preventive &social medicine
PATHOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
LAB MANAGEMENT
PAPER CODE
BMLT 310
BMLT 320
BMLT 330
BMLT 340
BMLT 350
MARKS
Theory
100
100
100
100
100
Practical
100
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
Total
200
200
200
200
200
1000
Note:
Theory Paper :30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70% University
examination. Practical Paper : 30% Continuous Internal Assessment and 70%
University examination.
BMLT 110
ANATOMY
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (and their lobular segments)
Thoracic cavity
Pleura and Pleural cavity
B) Circulatory Organs :
C) Digestive Organs :
Tongue
Teeth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine and its colons
PRACTICAL :
Labeled Digrams of different organs and bones
Viva
100 Marks
BMLT 120
PATHOLOGY
a.
b.
c.
d.
Introduction of pathology
Cellular structure and metabolism
Inflammation Acute and Chronic
Derangement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes
Types of shocks
Ischaemia
Infection
e. Neoplasia Etiology and Pathojgenesis
2) Introduction of hematology
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Formation of Blood
Erythropoiesis
Leucopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Collection of Blood
Anticoagulants
Red cell count Haemocytometer, Methodsand Calculation
WBC Count -- Methods
Differential Leucocytes Count (DLC)-Morphology of White Cells, Normal Values
Rananocostry Stains : Staining procedures
Counting Methods, Principle of staining
Hb estimation Method
Colorimetric Method
Chemical Method
Gasmetric Method
S.G. Method
Clinical Importance
III. Hematology :
ESR
Methods
Factors Affecting ESR
Normal Values
Importance
RBC Indices
WBC
Platelets
Practical :
100 Marks
Collection of Sample
Hb estimation
TLC and DLC
RBC Count
Peripheral blood film staining and study of Malarial Parasite
BMLT 130
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Introduction of Biochemistry
2. Elementary knowledge of inorganic chemistry :- Atomic weight, molecular weight,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3. Chemical examination of urine : Qualitative, Sugar, Protein, Bile Salt, Bile Pigment,
Ketones Bodies
4. Chemical examination of Stool : Occult Blood.
5. Chemical examination of other Body Fluids : CSF, Plural Fluids, Ascitic Fluid etc.
6. Laboratory management and Maintenance of Records.
Practical :
Glassware :
Composition of Glass
General Glass wares
Instruments :
100 Marks
Balance
Hot Plate and Magnetic stirrer
Centrifuges
Incubators
Constant temperature bath
Colorimeter : Principal, Function
Photometer
Flame Photometry
BMLT 140
MICROBIOLOGY
Bacteiology
Definition
Bacteria General characteristics of Bacteria
Classification and morphology of Bacteria
Structure of Cell, Capsule, Flagella, and Spore
Growth of Bacteria
Nutrition of Bacteria
Virology :
Definition
General Introduction of Virus
Physiochemical characteristic of Viruses
Diseases caused by different Virus and mode of infection
Parasitology :
Definition
General Characteristics of Parasite
Classification of Parasite
Mode of transmission
Fungus :
Definition
Structure
Classification
Practical :
Practical :
Demonstration of washing of instruments
100 Marks
BMLT 150
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell :
Definition
Structure and functions the cytoplasmic Organelles
Reproduction : Miosis, Mitosis
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Reproduction System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
Practical
Viva and diagrams of different Vital Organs
Practical :
100 Marks
BMLT 160
COMMUNICATION SKILL
COURSE CONTENTS :
Concept of beliefs and values and how how they determine our behavior :Mc
Gregors theory X and Y orientations and how they shape our attitudes towards
people.
Concept of Perception-one way and two way communication and the effect it has
on people to produce desire results and productivity how inadequate and
incomplete communications lead to rumors and dysfunctional behaviors the need
For shared objectives and values for effective communication the art of listening
and enhancing understanding when relating with other people.
Under interpersonal relations styles and learning skills to communicate effectively
Learning dynamics of intra and intergroup behavior resolving conflicts and getting
operation and commitment from colleagues building trust collaboration
Developing presentations skills to create impact use of presentation ads,
developing objectives handing objections and some facilitation skills all this leading
to personality development.
BMLT 170
COMPUTER SKILL
COURSE CONTENTS :
Introduction to Computers : purpose and meaning of data, information and knowledge for
business organizations. Information technology, its definition, scope and related technologies.
Relationship of information technology with management.
Types of Computers: Digital, Analog and hybrid Computers, General Model of Computer, Size wise
Organization of Computers-Mini, Micro, desktop, workstation and Supercomputers.
BMLT 210
ANATOMY
PRACTICAL
100 Marks
BMLT 220
PATHOLOGY
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
COOMBS Test
Direct and Indirect Test
Titration of Antibody
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
COOMBS Test
Direct and Indirect Test
Titration of Antibody
HISTOPATHOLOGY (Theory and Practical )
a) Fixation of tissues
Classification of Fixatives
b) Tissue Processing
Collection
Steps of fixation
c) Section Cutting
Microtome and Knives
Techniques of Section Cutting
Mounting of Section
Frozen Sections
d) Decalcification
Fixation
Declacification
End Point
e) Staining Dyes and their properties, H & E Stain, Special Stains
PRACTICAL :
COOMBS Test
Anti D Titr
Blood gruping
Tube Method
Slide Method
COOMBS Test
Anti D Titre
100 Marks
BMLT 230
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Carbohydrates : Introduction
Importance
Classification
Properties
Estimation of Glucose
Clinical Significance
2. Protein : Introduction and Physiological importance
Amino acids
Essential amino acids
Classification
Denaturation of Proteins
Estimation of Total protein, Albumin, Globilin, A/G Ratio
3. Introduction, Properties and function of important hormones
4. Enzymes and Co-enzymes
Introduction and difference
Functions
Estimation of important enzymes
vii.
SGOT (AST)
viii.
SGPT (ALT)
ix.
Alkaline Phosphatase
x.
Acid Phosphatase
xi.
Amylase, lactate dehydrogenase
xii.
CPK, CPK-MB
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
MICROBIOLOGY
BMLT 240
Staining of Bacteria :
3. Composition and preparation of staining
4. Principal and Procedure of Bacteriological stain
Grams Stain
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
Albert Stain
Spore and Negative Stain
Cultivation of Micro-organism :
Hypersensitivity
2) I Principal & Procedure of Serological Tests.
BICAL, CRP, Brucella, Agglutination, ASO
Cold agglutination, VDRL, TPHA
(i)
Advanced techniques in Microbiology ELISA, RIA etc.
(ii)
Epidemiological Markers of Micro-organism serotyping
(iii)
Preparation & Standardization of Antigen and Antisera
(iv)
Preparation & Standardization of vaccine and immunization
3) I) General Introduction, life cycle, mode of transmission, pathogenicity, and lab
diagnosis of various Protozoa.
(ii) Entamoeba Hisolytica
(iii) Entamoeba coli
(iv) Giardia lamblia
(v) Trichomonas Vaginalios
(vi) Leishmenia donovani
4) (i)Sprozoa
Malaria Parasite
Toxoplasma Gondii
(ii) Balatidium Coli
5) General Introduction life cycle, mode of transmission, pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of
various Helminths :
(i)
Cestodes or Tapeworms :
Taenia solium
Taenia sagnata
Hymenolepis nana
Echincoccus granulosus
(ii)
Trematodes of Flukes :
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Gestrodiscoides hominis
(iii)
Nematodes :
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Ancylostoma duodenale
Enterobjus vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
BMLT 250
PHYSIOLOGY
PRACTICAL :
Viva and diagrams of Corpuscles
BMLT 310
BMLT 320
PATHOLOGY
Anaemias :
(a)
(b)
II.
III.
IV.
V.
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
Bleeding Time, Clotting Time, PT,APTT,TT, Platelet Count & Platelet Function Test
Sickle Cell preparation
Reticulocyte Count
Osmotic Fragility Test
Brie Marrow Smears Preparation
ELISA Demonstration
LE Cell Preparation
BIOCHEMISTRY
BMLT 330
II.
III.
Gastric Juice
Importance
Constituents
Collection
IV.
COURSE CONTENTS :
1. Special Profiles :
Glucose Tolerance Test
Insulin Tolerance Test
Gastric analysis
Xylose absorption Test
Clearance Test for Renal Function
2. Analysis of Calcult
3. Introduction of
Chromatography
Electrophoresis
Radio immunoassay (RIA)
ELISA
4. Electrometric determination of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)
5. Quality control of clinical investigation and Automation in clinical biochemistry.
6. Cardiac enzymes CPK, CPK MB, LDH, Troponin
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
MICROBIOLOGY
BMLT 340
Streptococci
Staphylogocci
Pneumococci
Corynebacteria
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella
Pseudomonas
Vibro
Haemophilus
Mycobacterium
Brucella
Clostridia
Treponema
Niesseria
Leptospira
Microlasma
Ricketessia
Clamydia
PRACTICAL :
100 Marks
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT
BMLT 350
1. Laboratory Planning
General Principles
Planning at different levels
Planning for Hospital Lab Services
Section for a Hospital Laboratory
Space requirement
2. Laboratory management Technique
General Principle
Component and function of Laboratory
Staffing the Laboratory
Job Specification
Work Shedule
3. Care of Laboratory Glassware, Equipments, Instruments and Chemical etc.
General Principle
Care and Cleaning of Glassware
Care of equipment and instruments
Lab chemicals, their proper use and care
Labeling
4. Laboratory Safety
General Principle
Laboratory hazards
Safety programs
First Aid
5. Quality Control of Laboratory
6. Stores Oranisation
Introduction
Function
Organisation and Structure
Duties
Type of Store
Goods inward Store
Main Store
Main Records
7. Relationship with other function value analysis
8. Store/Office use stationary
Detailed Syllabus
of
Sl.
Paper Code No
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
. DAP 110
DAO 120
DAP 130
DAP 140
DAP 150
Subject
Ayurved Siddhant Evam Itihas
Sharir Rachana 110 100 100
Dravyaguna vigyan-1 110 100 100
R.S. & B.K. - 1 110 100 100
Prathmik Upachar Evam Rugna Paricharya
SECOND YEAR
Sl.
Paper Code No
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
. DAP 210
DAP 220
DAP 230
DAP 240
DAP 250
DAP 260
Subject
Dravyaguna vigyan-2
R.S. & B.K. 2
Ayurved Parichay including roga nidan Evam Chikitsa
Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics including Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy
Kriya Shaarir
Selected Topics in Pharmacy
FIRST YEAR
Definition of Ayurved.
Ashtanga Ayurved The eight specialized branches of Ayurveda, concept and definition.
Ayurvediya Padarth Vigyan and its importance. Characteristics and classification of Padarth.
Dravyaguna Vigyaniyam, characteristics, number and classification of dravyas. The characteristics, qualities (gunnas) and
origin of Panchamahabhutas and their mutual micro-merging (Paraspara anupravesh).
Guna Vigyaniyam : characteristics and types of Gunas as gurvadi guna, adhyatmika guna, vaisheshika guna, saamanya
guna.
Time: 3 Hours
Theory
41 Sudershan 42 . Tulsi
43. Tvak 44 .Udumber
45. Vansh 46 . Vacha
47. Vibhitaki 48 . Lodhra
49. Vidang 50. Yashtimadhu
51. Katuka 52. Vasa
53. Sarpgandha 54. Sunthi
Practical
Time: 3 Hours
8. Aushadh Yogas:
Practical
Preparation of at least 20 yogas (formulations) from Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, including purification
processes.
Time: 3 Hours
Theory Theory: 100 Marks
Vegan dharniyadharniyam Vivek, Kitpatangadinam, Jiwanaitiham, Masak.
Makshika, Pipalikadi, Sansargatah, Roghvishesha, Tesham manavdeho raktagatam chatra gatam vaishamyam.
Sankramak Nirodhak Bhavaha
Sankramak roga prasarasheha, prasangat Gatra sansparsati, Nihswarat, Sah Bhojanat, Ekasayyashat. Gandhamalyadi, sam
parkaccho psarga Rogah
Teshaam vishistam vigyanam tanni Rodhak & Niwarnabhu tascha Bhavah Swasthasyalakshnam, Swasthya swarupam,
swasthsya rakshanartham. Upachar Dincharya, Ratricharya, Ritucharya, Rituwanusaren, Ahara swarupam, Nivas sthan
vichar, Ahara vidhi vishesayatanani, paraspara viruddha dravya gunam Peyadravya vishesh, Anupan vichar, Niwas sthan,
udyoga sthan, krida sthan, siksha sthan, Paniyajalasthan. Aramgnna, Jalapan griha, Manovinod sthaladinam niyojana,
Aaudogika sadvrita samanye sadurita.
Satmya satmya vichar, Shuchitvam, Vaidya guna, Chikitsalaya Bhesajya nirman Garadisu cha. Shuchitvavivek, asuchan,
Bhutanma, Kitadinamacy pravesha.
Tatjanya vikriti vigyanam, tannivarkopaya prati Rodhakapaya.
Sankramak Roga Gyanam, Tanpodwanshakarnam, Teshma viwarnopaya.
Vayu, Tala, Kala, Deshashacha, Tesham Durtih Tanniwarnopaya.
SECOND YEAR
Time: 3 Hours
Time: 3 Hours
Practical:
Time: 3 Hours
Time : 3 Hours
1. Introduction of Different dosage forms.
Time: 3 Hours
1. Dosh, dhatu, mala mulam shariram.
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
(RAJASTHAN)
DETAILED SYLLABUS
DIPLOMA IN PHYSIOTHERAPY (DPT)
(DPT)
(YEARLY SYSTEM)
Paper Code
DPT-110
Theory
100
Practical
100
Total
200
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
DPT-120
100
100
200
BIOCHEMISTRY
DPT-130
100
100
200
BIOMACHANICS
DPT-140
100
100
200
PATHOLOGY &
MICROBIOLOGY
DPT-150
100
100
200
PRINCIPAL OF BIOELECTROICALS
MODALITIES
DPT-160
100
100
200
COMPUTER SKILL
DPT-170
100
100
200
1400
SECOND YEAR
S.No. Paper Name
Paper Code
Theory
Practical
Total
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
DPT-210
DPT-220
DPT-230
DPT-240
DPT-250
DPT-260
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
TOTAL
1200
Exercise Therapy
Pharmacology
Orthopaedics
Electrotherapy
Sociology and psychology
Physiotherapeutic in
orthopaedic
FIRST YEAR
DPT 110 HUMAN ANATOMY
Maximum Marks : 100
Duration : 3 hours
Objectives:
General Anatomy:
1. Thoracic cage
2. Pleural cavities & pleura
3. Lungs and respiratory tree
4. Mediastinum & pericardium
5. Heart and great vessels
6. Diaphragm
Upper extremity :
Lower Extremity:
Spine :
1. Back muscles - Superficial layer, Deep muscles of back, their origin, insertion, action
and nerve supply.
2. Vetebral column Structue & Development, Structure & Joints of vertebra
3. Applied anatomy & Developm,ental defects.
1. Cranium
2. Central nervous system disposition, parts and functions
3. Cerebrum (Brief Description)
4. Cerebellum (\Brief Description)
5. Midbrain & brain stem (Brief Description)
6. Blood supply & anatomy of strokes
7. Spinal cord-anatomy, blood supply, nerve pathways, applied significance
8. Pyramidal, extra pyramidal system
9. Thalamus, hypothalamus (Brief Description)
10. Ventricels of brain, CSF circulation (Brief Description).
11. Development of nervous system & defects (Brief Description)
12. Nerve plexuses.
13. Cranail nerves special emphasis on V, VII, X, XI, XII (course, distribution and palsies)
14. Sympathetic nervours system, its parts and components (Brief Description).
15. Parasympathetic nervours system (Brief Description).
1. Endocrine system Pituitary, Thyroid, parathyroid (Brief Description)
2. Special senses (Brief Description) : Nerve receptors, Eye, Ear, Labyrinth
3. Embryology (Brief Description) : - General embrylolgy, placentra, fetal membranes, twining, and
teratogenesis.
Suggested Readings :
DPT 120
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
3 hours
Objectives : To know the Physiology of human body.To understand the effects of physical therapy
on human physiology with major emphasis on cardio-respiratory, Musculo-skeletal and nervous
system.
1. Genral Physiology (brief description only)
1. Structure of cell.
2. Functional morphology of the cell
3. Intercellular communication
4. Homeostasis
2. Cardiovascular System (descriptive)
1. Anatomical, biophysical consideration of arterial, arteriolar & capillary venous level,
Lymphatic circulation
2. Homodynamics.
3. Origin and spread of cardiac excitation
4. Basic idea of Electrocardiogram
5. Cardiac cycle, Cardiac output, its regulation
6. Local & systemic regulatory mechanisms of CVS, humeral & neural
7. Cerebral, coronary, splachnic, skin, Placental & Fetal circulation
3. Respiratory System (descriptive)
1. Physiological anatomy of lungs, mechanics of respiration
2. Pulmonary circulation, Ges exchange in lungs
3. Oxygen & Carbon dioxides transport
4. Other function of respiratory system
5. Neural & chemical control of breathing
6. Regulation of respiratory activity, non-chemical influences on respiratory activity
4. Cardio respiratory adjustments in health & disease (descriptive)
1. Exercise, high altitude, deep sea diving
2. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypomania, oxygen treatment
3. Asthma, emphysema, artificial respiration
5. Blood (brief description only)
1. W.B.C., R.B.C. Platelets formation & functions
2. Plasma, Blood Groups
3. Homeostasis, Immunity
6. Digestive System & excretory System (In brief)
7. Nerve (descriptive)
1. Nerve _ General Concept
2. Nerve cell structure
3. Genesis of resting membrane potential & Action potential
4. Their ionic basis, All or None phenomenon
5. Ionic basis of nerve conduction
6. Classification & types of nerve fibre
7. Miaxed nerves & compound action potential
8. Concept of nerve injury & wallerian degeneration
8. Muscle (descriptive)
Suggested Readings :
1. C. C. Chatterji, Human Physiology
2. Keele, Samsons Wrights Applied Physiology.
3. Bijlani, Understanding Medical Physiology.
4. Ganong, Review of medical Phtysiology.
5. Guyton, Texbook of Medical Physiology.
6. A. K. Jain, Manual of Pratical Physiology.
DPT 130
BIOCHEMISTRY
FIRST YEAR
Duration : 3 hours
DPT 140
Maximum Marks : 100
BIOMECHANICS
FIRST YEAR
Duration :3 hours
Objectives :
Suggested Readings :
1. hollis & Cook, Practical Exercise Therapy
2. Gardiner, Principles of Exercise Therapy.
DPT 150
.
Maximum Marks : 100
Duration : 3 hours
Course objectives : Brief concept of health and illness, health promotion and diseases prevention.
Contents :
1. Immunology: Brief outline of immune system, Immunity, immune responses & immune
deficiency. Immunology and exercise with us implications on Physical therapy,
Hypersensitivity disorders
2. Infectious diseases: Brief description of classification of microorganisms, morphology, and
identification. Sterilization and disinfections.
3. Brief outline of identification, disease produced, prevention and treatment of common
pathogens streptococus, staphylococci, gonococci, Meningococci, salmonella, V.
cholerae, E. coli, shigella, tetanus, Diphtheria, M. leprse, M. tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis,
Rabies, Matera, Amoebiasis, Helminthiasis, Scabies, ringworm, candidiasis.
4. Inflammation, inury and repair (Brief description)
5. Oncology : Classification, general clinical features, relationship with exercise, cancer pain
syndrome. (brief Outline only)
6. Skin : (Brief outline only) Etio pathogenesis, gross pathology, and clinical features of
commonly occurring skin Diseases, Burns, Pressure ulcers.
7. Cardiovascular system : (Brief description only) Etio pathogensis, gross pathology, and
clinical features of conditions 0 agining, IHD, MI, CCF, HT, RHD, Congenital heart
disease, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombo-angitis, Vasomotor0Raynauds, venous thrombosis,
Gangrene Lymph edema.
8. Haematology : (Brief outline only) Etio -pathogenesis,m gross pathology, and clinical
Features of conditions- anaemia, polycythaemia, leukaemia, haemolytic disease, and
Haemophilia.
9. Respiratory system : (Brief description only) - Etio - pathogenesis, gross pathology, and
clinical features of conditions-aging, Pneumonia, Pulmonary TB, Bronchiectasis, COPD,
Bronchial Asthma, Restrictive Lung disease, Occurpational lung disease.
10. Musculoskeletal system : (Brief description only) - Etio-pathogenesis, gross pathology,
and clinical features of conditions - Biological responses to trauma, bone and soft tissue
immobilization, osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Osteomyelitis, Osteoerthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, Gout, spondyloarthropathy, Ostenecrosis, Myofascial pain syndrome.
11. CNS AND PNS: (Brief description only) - Etio-pathogenesis, gross patholog, and clinical
features of conditions - aging, meningitis, Encephalitis, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic lateral
Sclerosis, storke, Neuropathies (Carcoat Marie Tooths disease, Compression and
entrapments, diabetic, G.B. syndrome) Poliomyelities erd post-polio syndrome,
Myasthenia Gravis.
Suggestion Readings:
1. P. Chakraborty, Textbook of Microbiology:.
2. Ananthnarayan, Textbook of Microbiology.
3. Harsh Mohan, Textbook of Pathology.
4. Kumar, Coutran, Basic Pathology.
5. Nagalotima, Textbook of Pathology.
DPT 160
Duration : 3 hours
Course Objective:
To understand the basic electricity, equipments and their application in Electrotherapy.
All topics are for a brief description only.
Fundamentals of Electricity:
DC Currents - Modern concept of electricity: fundamental electric charges (protons and
electron), bound free electrons, free electron and current, static electric charge, charging of an
object potential difference and EMF.
A. C. currents : Sinusoidal wave fro, frequency, wavelength, Amplitude and phase of a sine
wave, Average & RMS value of a sine wave
Quantity of electricity, magnitude of current, conductors and insulators, reistance of
conductor and Ohms law, resistances in series and parallel.
Capacitors: Electric field around a capacitor, charging and discharging a capacitor, types of
capacitor with application of each in physiotherapy department.
Rheostat: Series and shunt Rheostat with application of each in the Physiotherapy
department.
Effects of electric Current: Thermal effect, chemical effect (ionization) and magnetic effect.
Electric shock, Earth shock, causes and its prevention.
Magnetism : magnetic - non-magnetic substances and their properties, properties of magnet,
molecular theory, poles of magnet and its properties, magnetic lines of force and their properties,
Electromagnetism, magnetic effects of electric current, Electromagnetic induction, Lenzs law,
Inductor and Inductance types of inductor, reactance and impedance.
THERMIONIC VALVES : Thermionic emission, Biode and Triode valves and their
characteristics, Construction and application of Cathode Ray Oscilloscpe.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES : Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, advantages of diode
and transistors devices. Basing of Diode and their characteristics, Light Emitting Diodes,
integrated circits.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS : Rectifiers & smoothing circuits, Oscillators - Sinusoidal and
nonsinusoidal types.
a.c. AND D.C. METERS : Functions and applications of Ammeter and volt meters, Ohmmeters,
Wheat stone bridge
Emphasis should be given to fundamental part with formulae without mathematical drivations
wherever necessary.
PHYSICAL ENERGY : Definition, description, effects, physiological effects and dangers of heat
and Electromagnetic radiations.
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY : Brief description of generation,
circuit diagrams and testing.
Low frequency currents, Direct currents, Medium frequency currents
Short wave Diathermy-continuous and pulsed
Microwave Diathermy
Ultrasonics
Actino-therapy Infared, UVR and lasers.
NOTE: Emphasis is given only to generation circuit diagram and testing of the various
electrotherapy apparatus.
Suggested Reading:
1. Forster & Palastanga Claytons Electrotherapy
2. Low & Reed, Electrotherapy Explained
3. Nelson & Currier, Clinical Electrotherapy
Computer Skill
DPT-170
100 Marks
DPT 210
THERAPY
SECOND YEAR
Duration : 3 hours
Course Objectives :
1. To understand the principlesof exercisetherapy & therapeutic massage and its application
Contents :
Starting positions :
1. Description and muscle work
2. Importance of fundamental and derived types.
3. Effects and uses of individual positions.
Movements :
1. Anatomical definition and description
2. Movements and exercise as therapeutic modality and their effects
3. Physiological reaction of exercise
Passive movements :
1. Definition
2. Relaxed, forced and stretching type.
3. Indications, contraindications, advantages and Techniques of various passive move ments.
Muscle Stretching :
1. Special aphasis on stretching of : Pectoral major, biceps branii, triceps brachii, long flexors
of fingers, Rectus Femoris, llio-tibial band, gastrocnemius-soleus, hamstrings, hip
abductors, ilio-psas. Stermocleidomstoid.
Active movemtns :
1. Free, assisted and resisted
2. Indication, contraindications, advantages andtechniques of various types of active
exercises.
3. Home programs of streengthening of various muscle group including progressive resisted
exercises.
4. Special emphasis on : Shoulder abductors & flexsors, Triceps brachii, Hip abductors &
flexors, quadricps fmoris, Abdominal and back extensors.
Manual Muscle Testing :
1. Concept, introduction, significance andlimitations.
2. Grade systems
3. Techniques of Muscle testing
4. Empahsis on skills to grade upper, lower limb, neck and trunk muscles including trick
movements.
Goniometry
1. Measurement of various joints range in normal and disease condition.
2. Different techniques of goniometry.
3. Limb length measurements.
Relaxation
1. Description of fatigue and spasm & factors.
2. General causes, signs and symptoms of fatigue
3. Techniques of Relaxation - local and General with indication
4. Rationale of relaxation Techniques.
Joint Mobility :
1. Joint range, stiffness, range and limitations
2. Accessroy movements - glides, traction and approximation
3. Mobilization of peripheral joints in detail.
Re-education of muscles :
1. Concept, technique, spatial and temporal summation.
2. Various reduction techniques and facilitating methods.
3. Progressive strengthening of various muscle groups in Grade-I-Grade IV.
4. Muscle strengthenng technique-PNF
Crutch Waling :
1. Description of crutch - components, clasification
2. Good crutch, measurements
3. Crutch use - Preparation, Training, counseling.
4. Crutch gaits - types, & significance.
5. Crutch complications, Palsy, dependency etc.
Normal Posture :
1. Posture - definition & description, static and dynamic.
2. Posture - alignments of various joints, centre of gravity, planes & muscular moments
3. Analysis of posture.
Normal Gait :
1. Normal gait - definition & description, centre of gravity
2. Normal gait - alignments of various joints, centre of gravity, planes & muscle acting
mechanisms, pattern, characteristics.
3. Normal gait cycle, time & distance parameters, & determinants of Gait.
Co-ordinations :
1. Balance - static and Dynamic
2. Discoordination : LMNL & UMNL, cerebellar lesion, loss of kinesthetic sense
((Tabes0dorsalis, leprosy, syringomyelia)
3. Reeductiona of balance and coordination : PNF and Frenkels exercise.
Traction : Rationale, Technique, indication & contra- indications.
Yogasenas and Pranayma : Physiology and therapeutic principles of yoga, Yogasana for physical
culture, relaxation and medication. Application of yogasana in physical fitness, flexibility.
Tehrapeutic application of yoga. Yoga a holistic approach.
Suggested Readings :
1. Hollis & Cook, Pactical Exercise Therapy.
2. Gardiner, Principles of Exercise Therapy.
3. Kolby Kisner, Theraputic Exercise.
4. Holey, Theraputic Massage.
5. Margret Hollis, Massage for Therapist.
6. Kendal, Muscles Testing and Function.
7. Norkin, Measurement of Joint Motion.
DPT 220
PHARMACOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
DPT 230
Maximum Marks :
Course objectives :
ORTHOPAEDICS
SECOND YEAR
To know common orthopaedic conditions and procedures and applications of physical therapy in
various orthopaedic conditions.
Contents :
1. Introduction : history taking, clinical features, clinical examination, and investigation.
2. The Musculo-skeletal system : Gross anatomy of bones, joints, muscles and neres in brief.
Skeletal growth and development (normal & pathological) in brief.
Fracture healing (Normal & pathological) in brief.
Types of muscle contractor. nerve-muscle physiology in brief.
Calcium-phosphorus metabolism-nnormal and pathological states.
3. Congenital malformations :
Brief descriptions of following congenital conditions along with the outline of treatment :
Congential Hip Displasia, Congential Talipes Equinovarus / Calcaniovalgus, Arthrogryposis
Multiplex Congenita, Congenial Torticlis, Acromelia, phocomelia, amelia. Spina Bifida:
all types, clinical presentation sequel & management.
4. Development diseases of skeleton : (Brief description only)
Chndro-osteodystrophy, Osteogenesis imperfeta, Osteoprosis, heterotpic ossification,
Osteochnodiritis, (Perthes disease, tibial epiphysitis, Cong. Coax vara)
5. Neuromuscular diseases : (Brief descriptions only)
Muscular dystrophies, infantile hypotonia, Volkmanns Ischaemic contracture, obstetrical
paralysis, and peroneal muscular atrophy.
Cerebral palsy, Poliomyelitis - full description including management, (surgical management
- utline only)
6. Spinal deformities : Brief description & Conservative mangemetn of Scoliosis, Kyphosis,
and traumatic deformities.
7. Infections of Musculoskeletal system : Bacterial infections of bones & joints with
consevative management (in brief); Tubercular infections of bones & joints with
conservative mangement (in brief); Leprosy, Potts paraplegia (Brief Description)
8. Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases : Clinical features, evaluation & conservative management
of various categories of arthritis e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile Ch. Arthritis, Reiters
diseases, polymylagia rheumatica, Gout, Osteoarthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis,
Neuropathic - joins, haemophilic arthropathy, Avascular necrosis.
9. Neuro-vascular Diseases (brief Description): Clinical features, evaluation and consevative
management of various conditions e.g. Nerve injuries, (general & specific), Plexus
inuries, vascular ailments (Raynauds, Thrombangitisolitrans, Frostbite, Dioabetic foot).
10. Bony & Soft tissue injuries : Injury & repair, Clinical presentation, evaluation & general
princiles of rehabilitation mangement. (Brief Description)
11. Spine : Brief anatomy & mechanics, clinical presentation evaluation and conservative
management of affections in various regions of spine - (disc prolapse, cord compression,
spondylosis, Ankylosing spondylosis, etc.) and Spinal injury.
12. Upper Limbs : Brief anatomy & mechanics of upper limb joints. Clinical presentation,
evaluation & conservative managment of affections in various regions of Uppper limb
(sprain of shoulder joint, bursitis, tendonitis, shoulder dislocation, snapping & winged
scapula, tennis elbow, bursitis, Bony & soft tissue injuries Arthritic conditions,
tenosynovitis, Carpal tunnel syndrome, deformities Dupnytrens contracture, VIC, reflex
sympathetic dystrophy).
13. Lower Limb: Brief anatomy and mechanics of Lower Limb Joints. Clinical presentation,
evaluation and conservative management of afections in various regions of lower limb
(Arthritic conditions, Injuries bony & soft tissue, deformities, reflex sympathetic
dystrophy, neuropathic Joints)
14. Amputations-Justification, outline of surgical approaches, incisions, procedres,
indications, contraindications, complications & management.
Suggested Readings:
1. Joshi & Kotwal, Essentials of Orthopaedics.
2. Magee, Orthopaedic & Physical Assessment.
3. Adams, Outlines of Fractures.
4. J. maheshwari, Essential orthopaedics.
5. Louis Solomon, Apleys System of Orthopaedics & Fractures.
6. Brown & Newman, Orthpaedic Secrets.
DPT 240
Maximum Marks: 100
ELECTROTHERAPY
SECOND YEAR
Duration : 3 hours
Objectives:
1. To list indications and contraindications of various Modalities.
2. To understand different techniques of applications, their justification and effects.
3. Demonstration of individual techniques of applications of various modalities.
Contents:
A. Low Frequency Currents:
1. Nerve Muscle Physiology: brief outline
2. Faradic current.
1. Indications, contraindications, Techniques, parameters, Gruop muscle stimulation.
2. Faradic footbath, Faradism under pressure and muscle re-education.
3. Dosimetry
3. Galvanic current.
1. Indications, contraindication, precautions and therapeutic effects of stimulation
2. Techniques, parameters, Dosimetry
4. Electro-Diagnosis :
1. S. D. Curve, Reaction of degeneration, chronaxie & Rheobase
2. Outline of EMG & Nerve conduction velocity
5. Iontophoresis :
1. Definition and principles & factors
2. indications, effects, techniques, contraindications, precautions and Potetial harmful effects.
6. TENS therapy :
1. Principle of therapy, Parameters and therapeutic uses.
2. Theories of pain and pain control.
3. Indications and contra-indications, Dosimetry.
B. Infrared Therapy.
1. Therapeutic effects and uses, Techniques of application.
2. Theories of pain and pain control.
3. Indications and contra-indications, Dosimetry.
C. Heating Modalities :
1. Therapeutic effects and uses, Techniques and applications
2. Indications, contraindications, precautions and Potential harmful effects of various heat
modalities :
Paraffin wax bath therapy, Hydro collator packs, Whirlpool and moist heat Heating pads, hot
air chambers.
D. Cold-therapy :
1. Indications, contraindications and therapeutic effects.
5. Technique, precautions and Potential harmful effects of treatment, Dosimetry.
E. Medium frequency currents :
Definitions, effects, indications, techniques of application, contraindications.
Interferential therapy :
1. Physiological, therapeutic effects & dangers, Indications & contra indications.
2. Technique and method of applications, Dosimetry.
DPT 250
Maximum Marks: 100
Duration: 3 hours
Course Objectives:
Two know various psychological factors and effects in physical illness and its application while
dealings with patients during admission, treatment, rehabilitation and discharge.
PART - A
PSYCHOLOGY
PART - B
SOCIOLOGY
A-Introduction
1. Definition and scope of Sociology
2. Its relation with Anthropology, Psychology, Social Psychology and ethics.
3. Methods of Sociology-case study, Social Survey, Questionnaire, interview and opinion
poll methods.
4. Importance of its study with special reference to health care professionals.
B-Social Factors in health and Disease :
1. The meaning of Social Factors.
2. The role of Social factors and illness.
C-socialization :
1. Concepts of social groups.
2. Influence of formal and informal groups on health and sickness.
3. The roll of primary groups and secondary groups in the hospital and rehabilitation setting.
E - Family:
1. The family.
2. Meaning and definition.
3. Functions.
4. Changing family Patterns.
5. Influence of family on the individual health, family, and nutrition. The effects of sickness
of family and psychosomatic disease and their importance to Physiotherapy.
F-Community:
1. Rural community-Meaning and features-Health hazards of ruralities.
2. Urban community-meaning and features-Health hazards of urbanites.
G-Culture and Health:
1. Concept of culture.
2. Cultures and Behaviour.
3. Cultural meaning of sickness.
4. Culture and health disorders.
H-Social change:
1. Meaning of social changes & Factors of social changes
2. Human adaptation and social change.
3. Social change and stress.
4. Social and deviance.
5. Social change and health Program.
6. The role of social planning in the improvement of health and in rehabilition.
I-Social problems in disabled:
Consequences of the following social problems in relation to sickness and disability,
remedies to prevent these problems.
1. Population explosion.
2. Poverty and unemployment.
3. Beggary.
4. Juvenile delinquency.
5. Prostitution.
6. Alcoholism.
7. Problems of women in employment.
J-Social security: Social security and social legislation in relation to the Disabled.
K-Social work : Meaning of social work ; the role of a medical social worker.
Suggested Readings :
1. Morgan & King, Introduction to Psychology.
2. Manju Mehta, Behavioral sciences in Medical practice.
3. Davison, Abnormal Psychology.
4. Vidya Bhushan, Introduction to Sociology.
5. Turner, Ther Structre of Sociological Th.
6. Cuff, Shaerock, Perspectves in Sociology
DPT 260
PHYSIOTERAPEUTIC IN ORTHOPAEIDC
SECOND YEAR
Duration: 3 hours
Course objectives:
1. To identify various Musculo Skeletal dysfunction clinically
2. To set goals and apply therapeutic skills in different orthopaedic conditions.
Traumatology :
1. Physical evaluation of an orthopedic patient
2. General principles of physiotherapy in fracture management including complications at different
stages.
3. General principles of physiotherapy in dislocations management including complications.
4. specific assessment and management of : Fractures of upper limb, lower limb
5. Specific assessment and management of : Fractures of spine with or without neurological
involvement
6. Assessment and therapeutic management of:
7. Soft tissue injuries - Sprains, strains, ligament and cartilage tear/rupture.
Orthopaedic surgery:
General principles of assessment, physiotherapy management in surgical conditions likes:
1. Bones and joint surgeries: joint replacements, orthodoxies, illizarovs technique, etc.
2. Tendon transplant, soft tissue release.
3. Spinal stabilization, surgeries in C.P. & Polio
Assessment, management and treatment goals of:
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Spondlosis, spondylolisthesis
3. PIVD
4. Periarthrities, rotator cuff lesion of shoulder.
5. Tuberculosis of the spine, bone and major joints
6. A vascular bony necrosis at different joints.
7. Rheumatoid arthritis.