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x1 4 x2 x3 1
2 x1 x2 x3 2
4 x1 5x2 3x3 4
1 4 1 x1 1
2 1 1 x 2
2
4 5 3 x3 4
x1
1 4 1
1
A 2 1 1; X x2 ; B 2
x3
4 5 3
4
AX B
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b) Calculation Rules
Equality of Matrices
We say matrix A is equal to Matrix B only when every elements in A and B are
equal.
1 3
1 3
A
; B 4 5
4 5
For example, if
A=B
1 3
6 9
A
; B 2 3
4
5
1 3 6 9
AB
4 5 2 3
1 3 6 9
AB
4 5 2 3
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix A can be multiplied by matrix B only if the number of columns
in matrix A is equal to the number of rows in matrix. For example,
if
a
b b b
a
A 11 12 ;
B 11 12 13
a21 a22 2x2
b21 b22 b23 2x3
A
B C
(mn)(nq) (mq)
n
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1 3
2 8 4
A
;B 1 33;
4
5
1 3 2 8 4
C AB
4 5 1 33
Applying the rule for matrix multiplication to the following matrices:
1 4 1 x1 1
2 1 1x 2
2
4 5 3 x3 4
1x2 1x3 2
2x1
4x
5x2 3x3 4
1
we have
For matrix addition and multiplication, the following rules have to be applied:
A(B + C) = AB + AC
A(BC) = (AB)C
IA = A; BI = B
AB BA
Transpose Matrix
If we have a m n matrix A with elements aij , a n m matrix B with elements
bij a ji is called the transpose matrix of A. For example, if
1 3 2
A
4 5 7
1
AT 3
2
4
5
7
(A B) T AT BT
( kA) T kAT
( AB) T BT AT
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Inverse of a Matrix
If the result of a square matrix A multiplied by another square matrix B is
a unit matrix I, that is,
AB I
A1
to represent
2
4 5 3x3 4
we write it as AX = B
We cannot solve this equation by dividing A in both sides of the equation.
Because there is no rules for matrix division. But we have an alternative
way to solve this equation. If there exists an inverse of matrix A, we
multiply both side of the equation by
A1AX A1B
IX A1B
X A1B
x1 4 x2 x3 1
2 x1 x2 x3 2
4 x1 5x2 3x3 4
The steps for using the Gauss method to solve this set of equations
are as follows.
1) Express x1 in terms of x2 and x3, and substitute it into the other
two equations
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2) express
x3 back into
x2
x 2 and x3
back into
x1
z
zx
zy
yz
x
xz
yx xy
xy yx , xz zx , yz zy
Strain: amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original
size and shape
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0 0
x
1
1
0 0
y
z 1 1
0 0
0 0 0
E/G
0
xy E
yz
0
E/G
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
zx
where
=
=
=
x
y
z
0 xy
0 yz
E / G zx
0
0
0
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
E
, the Shear modulus
21
or we written it as:
C
where [C] is commonly known as the material compliance matrix.
D
where
[D] [C]1
1
1
E
0
0
0
1 1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
21
0
0
0
0
1 2
21
1 2
21
0
0
0
0
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1
0 x
1
0 y
1
xy
0 0
2
or
1
x
0 x
E
1
0 y
y
(
1
)(
1
)
1 2
xy
0
2 xy
or
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Note that in this case, the material stiffness matrix [D] reduces to a
single scalar E which is the Youngs modulus of the material.
c) Strain-displacement Relationships
L0'1' L01
L01
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And the shear strain in x-y plane (the angle change inbetween the two lines) is:
x x
y 0
xy
u
y v
or