01 Directional Derivatives and Gradient

Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines
Diliman
Directional Derivatives & Gradient
Recall: Derivatives
Let y = f (x).
Recall: Derivatives
Let y = f (x).
dy
dx
= f 0 (x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
Recall: Derivatives
Let y = f (x).
dy
dx
= f 0 (x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
f 0 (x) represents the rate of

change of y = f (x) with respect
to x
Recall: Partial Derivatives

Let z = f (x, y).
z
x
z
y
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h0
h
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
= fy (x, y) = lim
h0
h
= fx (x, y) = lim
Recall: Partial Derivatives

Let z = f (x, y).
z
x
z
y
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h0
h
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
= fy (x, y) = lim
h0
h
= fx (x, y) = lim
fx represents the rate of change

of f with respect to x (in
direction parallel to the x-axis)
when y is fixed
fy represents the rate of change
of f with respect to y (in
direction parallel to the y-axis)
when x is fixed
Directional Derivative
Goal:
Goal: Study the rate of change of f in an arbitrary direction.
Suppose we want to find the rate of change of f at (x0 , y0 ) in
the direction of a unit vector u = ha, bi.
the direction of a unit vector u = ha, bi. That is, the slope of
the tangent line to C at P .
If Q(x, y, z) is another
point on C and P 0 , Q0 are
the projections of P and
Q on the xy-plane, resp.,
then the vector P ~0 Q0 is
parallel to u
If Q(x, y, z) is another
point on C and P 0 , Q0 are
the projections of P and
Q on the xy-plane, resp.,
then the vector P ~0 Q0 is
parallel to u so for some
scalar h,
P ~0 Q0 = hu = hha, hbi .
Therefore,
x x0 = ha x = x0 + ha
y y0 = hb y = y0 + hb
Therefore,
x x0 = ha x = x0 + ha
y y0 = hb y = y0 + hb
The rate of change of f (with respect to distance) in the

direction of u at the point (x0 , y0 ) is
f
h0 h
lim
Therefore,
x x0 = ha x = x0 + ha
y y0 = hb y = y0 + hb

f
h0 h
lim
f (x, y) f (x0 , y0 )
h0
h
lim
Therefore,
x x0 = ha x = x0 + ha
y y0 = hb y = y0 + hb

f
h0 h
lim
f (x, y) f (x0 , y0 )
h0
h
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )
= lim
h0
h
=
lim
Definition
Let f be a function of x and y. The directional derivative of
f at a point (x, y) along a unit vector u = ha, bi, denoted by
Du f (x, y), is given by
Du f (x, y) := lim
h0
f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

,
h
if this limit exists.
Definition
Du f (x, y) := lim
h0
f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

,
h

Remarks:
1 If u =
= h1, 0i, then
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
D f (x, y) = lim
h0
h
Definition
Du f (x, y) := lim
h0
f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

,
h

Remarks:
1 If u =
= h1, 0i, then
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
= fx (x, y).
D f (x, y) = lim
h0
h
Definition
Du f (x, y) := lim
h0
f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

,
h

Remarks:
1 If u =
= h1, 0i, then
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
= fx (x, y).
D f (x, y) = lim
h0
h
2 If u =
= h0, 1i, then
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
Df (x, y) = lim
h0
h
Definition
Du f (x, y) := lim
h0
f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

,
h

Remarks:
1 If u =
= h1, 0i, then
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
= fx (x, y).
D f (x, y) = lim
h0
h
2 If u =
= h0, 1i, then
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
Df (x, y) = lim
= fy (x, y).
h0
h
Example 1
Example
Use the definition to find the directional
derivative of
3
1
2
2
f (x, y) = x + 3y along u = h 2 , 2 i at the point (1, 1).
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
Du f (1, 1)
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
Du f (1, 1) =
lim
h0
f (1 +
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h0
h
!2

2
1
3
h
= lim (1 +
h + 3 1
4
h0 h
2
2
Du f (1, 1) =
lim
f (1 +
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h0
h
!2

2
1
3
h
= lim (1 +
h + 3 1
4
h0 h
2
2

1
3 2
h2
= lim
1 + 3h + h + 3 1 + h +
4
h0 h
4
4
Du f (1, 1) =
lim
f (1 +
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h0
h
!2

2
1
3
h
= lim (1 +
h + 3 1
4
h0 h
2
2

1
3 2
h2
= lim
1 + 3h + h + 3 1 + h +
4
h0 h
4
4

1
3 2
= lim
3h + h + 3h
h0 h
2
Du f (1, 1) =
lim
f (1 +
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
Du f (1, 1) =
=
=
=
=
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h0
h
!2

2
1
3
h
lim (1 +
h + 3 1
4
h0 h
2
2

1
3 2
h2
lim
1 + 3h + h + 3 1 + h +
4
h0 h
4
4

1
3 2
lim
3h + h + 3h
h0 h
2

3
lim
3+ h+3
h0
2
lim
f (1 +
Example 1
Example
derivative of
3
1
2
2
Du f (1, 1) =
=
=
=
=
3
2 h, 1
h2 ) f (1, 1)
h0
h
!2

2
1
3
h
lim (1 +
h + 3 1
4
h0 h
2
2

1
3 2
h2
lim
1 + 3h + h + 3 1 + h +
4
h0 h
4
4

1
3 2
lim
3h + h + 3h
h0 h
2

3
lim
3+ h+3 = 3+3
h0
2
lim
f (1 +
Theorem
If f is a differentiable function of x and y, then f has a
directional derivative at point (x0 , y0 ) in the domain of f , in the
direction of any unit vector u = ha, bi and
Du f (x0 , y0 ) = fx (x0 , y0 )a + fy (x0 , y0 )b.
Theorem
Proof. Define g(h) = f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb).
Theorem
Proof. Define g(h) = f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb). Then
g 0 (0)
lim
h0
g(h) g(0)
h
Theorem
g 0 (0)
lim
h0
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0
Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,

g 0 (h)
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0

g 0 (h) =
f dx
f dy
+
x dh
y dh
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0

g 0 (h) =
f dx
f dy
+
= fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b
x dh
y dh
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0

g 0 (h) =
f dx
f dy
+
x dh
y dh
h = 0, x = x0 , y = y0
Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0

g 0 (h) =
f dx
f dy
+
x dh
y dh
h = 0, x = x0 , y = y0 g 0 (0) = fx (x0 , y0 )a + fy (x0 , y0 )b

Theorem
g 0 (0)
=
=
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

g(h) g(0)
= lim
h0
h
h
Du f (x0 , y0 ).
lim
h0

g 0 (h) =
f dx
f dy
+
x dh
y dh
h = 0, x = x0 , y = y0 g 0 (0) = fx (x0 , y0 )a + fy (x0 , y0 )b = Du f (x0 , y0 )

Example 2
Example
Given f (x, y) = x2 2xy y 2 . Find the directional derivative of
f at P (1, 2) in the direction from P to Q(4, 1).
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y)
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2)
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y)
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2)
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6
Since P~Q = h3, 3i is not a unit vector, take u =
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6
Since P~Q = h3, 3i is not a unit vector, take u = h
2
2
2 , 2 i
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6
Since P~Q = h3, 3i is not a unit vector, take u = h 22 ,

!
!
2
2
Du f (1, 2) = fx (1, 2)
+ fy (1, 2)
2
2
2
2 i
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6

!
!
2
2
Du f (1, 2) = fx (1, 2)
+ fy (1, 2)
2
2
!
!
2
2
= 2
6
2
2
2
2 i
Example 2
Example
fx (x, y) = 2x 2y fx (1, 2) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2x 2y fy (1, 2) = 6

!
!
2
2
Du f (1, 2) = fx (1, 2)
+ fy (1, 2)
2
2
!
!
2
2
= 2
6
2
2
= 2 2
2
2 i
Example 3
Example
Determine the directional derivative of f (x, y) = xy 2 cos(xy)
at any point, in the direction of the vector 3 4
.
Example 3
Example
.
The unit vector in the same direction as the given vector is
u=
h3, 4i
k h3, 4i k
Example 3
Example
.
u=
h3, 4i
h3, 4i
=p
k h3, 4i k
32 + (4)2
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Hence,

3
4
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)
+ fy (x, y)
5
5
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Hence,

3
4
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)
+ fy (x, y)
5
5

= y 2 + y sin(xy)
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Hence,

3
4
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)
+ fy (x, y)
5
5

3
= y 2 + y sin(xy)
5
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Hence,

3
4
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)
+ fy (x, y)
5
5

3
= y 2 + y sin(xy)
+ (2xy + x sin(xy))
5
Example 3
Example
.

h3, 4i
3 4
h3, 4i
=p
=
,
u=
k h3, 4i k
5 5
32 + (4)2
Hence,

3
4
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)
+ fy (x, y)
5
5

3
4
2
= y + y sin(xy)
+ (2xy + x sin(xy))
5
5
u
(x0 , y0 )
If the unit vector u = ha, bi, makes an angle with the x-axis,
then
u
(x0 , y0 )
then
a = kuk cos
u
(x0 , y0 )
then
a = kuk cos = cos
u
(x0 , y0 )
then
a = kuk cos = cos
b = kuk sin
u
(x0 , y0 )
then
a = kuk cos = cos
b = kuk sin = sin
u
(x0 , y0 )
then
a = kuk cos = cos
b = kuk sin = sin
and the formula in the previous theorem becomes
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y) cos + fy (x, y) sin .
Example 4
Example
2
Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = ex y 2x + y at the

point (1, 0) in the direction of the unit vector given by = 3 .
Example 4
Example
2

From the previous formula,
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y) cos + fy (x, y) sin
Example 4
Example
2


2
=
2xyex y 2
Example 4
Example
2


2
=
2xyex y 2 cos
3
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
2xyex y 2 cos + x2 ex y + 1
3
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
2xyex y 2 cos + x2 ex y + 1 sin
3
3
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,
Du f (1, 0)
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,
Du f (1, 0) = 2
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,

1
Du f (1, 0) = 2
2
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,

1
+2
Du f (1, 0) = 2
2
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,

1
+2
Du f (1, 0) = 2
2
!
3
2
Example 4
Example
2


2
2
=
3
3
Hence,

1
+2
Du f (1, 0) = 2
2
3
= 1 + 3.
2
The Gradient Vector
From the previous theorem,

Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b
The Gradient Vector

= hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i ha, bi
The Gradient Vector

= hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i u
The Gradient Vector

The Gradient Vector

The vector hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i appears not only in the formula
for directional derivative but in many applications as well.
The Gradient Vector

The vector hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i appears not only in the formula
for directional derivative but in many applications as well.
This vector is called the gradient of f , denoted grad f or f .
The Gradient Vector

Definition
If f is a function of x and y, then the gradient of f is the
vector function f defined as
f (x, y) = hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i
The Gradient Vector

Definition
If f is a function of x and y, then the gradient of f is the
vector function f defined as
f (x, y) = hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i
Thus, the directional derivative of f in the direction of a unit
vector u = ha, bi can be written as
Du f (x, y) = f (x, y) u.
Example 5
Use gradient to find the directional derivative in Example 1.
Functions of Three Variables

Definition
The directional derivative of f (x, y, z) at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in the
direction of the unit vector u = ha, b, ci is
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb, z0 + hc) f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
h0
h
lim
provided this limit exists.

Definition
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb, z0 + hc) f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
h0
h
lim

Definition
The gradient vector of f (x, y, z) is
f (x, y, z) = hfx (x, y, z), fy (x, y, z), fz (x, y, z)i

Definition
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb, z0 + hc) f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
h0
h
lim

Definition
Du f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c

Definition
f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb, z0 + hc) f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
h0
h
lim

Definition
Du f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c
= f (x, y, z) u
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Suppose f is a differentiable function of x and y. The
maximum value of Du f is kf k and it occurs when u is in the
same direction as f . The minimum value of Du f is kf k
and it occurs when u is in the opposite direction as f
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Proof. Let be the angle between f and u.
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Du f (x, y) = f u
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Du f (x, y) = f u
= kf kkuk cos
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Du f (x, y) = f u
= kf kkuk cos
= kf k cos
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Du f (x, y) = f u
= kf kkuk cos
= kf k cos
Result follows since the maximum value of cos is 1 and is
attained when = 0, i.e., f and u are in the same
direction
The Gradient Vector

Theorem
Du f (x, y) = f u
= kf kkuk cos
= kf k cos
Result follows since the maximum value of cos is 1 and is
attained when = 0, i.e., f and u are in the same
direction(minimum value occurs at cos = 1, i.e., = ).
Example 6
Example
Find the minimum directional derivative of
f (x, y, z) = xy 2 x2 z + y 3 1 at the point (3, 0, 2).
Example 6
Example
f (x, y, z)
Example 6
Example
= y 2 2xz,
Example 6
Example
= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 ,
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
f (3, 0, 2) =
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
f (3, 0, 2) =
h12, 0, 9i
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
f (3, 0, 2) =
h12, 0, 9i
Hence, the minimum directional derivative of f at (3, 0, 2) is
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
f (3, 0, 2) =
h12, 0, 9i

kf (3, 0, 2)k
Example 6
Example

= y 2 2xz, 2xy + 3y 2 , x2
f (3, 0, 2) =
h12, 0, 9i

p
kf (3, 0, 2)k = 122 + (9)2 = 15.
Example 7
Example
Suppose that the shape of a hill above sea level is given by the
equation h(x, y) = 1000 0.02x2 0.01y 2 , where x, y, and
h(x, y) are measured in meters. The positive xaxis points east
and the positive yaxis points north. Suppose you are standing
at a point with coordinates (50, 80, 886).
1
If you walk due west, will you start to ascend or descend?

At what rate?
If you walk due southeast, will you start to ascend or

descend? At what rate?
In which direction is the elevation changing fastest (in

what direction should you proceed initially in order to
reach the top of the hill fastest)? What is the rate of ascent
in that direction?
Example 7
Example 7
h(x, y)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x,
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due west:
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due west: u = h1, 0i
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due west: u = h1, 0i Du h(50, 80)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due west: u = h1, 0i Du h(50, 80) = 2
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due west: u = h1, 0i Du h(50, 80) = 2(ascend)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE:
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
1 h1, 1i
2
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
1 h1, 1i
2
Du h(50, 80)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
1 h1, 1i
2
Du h(50, 80) =
2
5
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
1 h1, 1i
2
Du h(50, 80) =
2
5 (descend)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
The maximum rate of change occurs in the direction of

h(50, 80) and the
p rate of ascent is given by
kh(50, 80)k = (2)2 + (1.6)2 = 2.5612.
1 h1, 1i
2
Du h(50, 80) =
2
5 (descend)
Example 7
h(x, y) = h0.04x, 0.02yi
h(50, 80) = h0.04(50), 0.02(80)i = h2, 1.6i
1
Due SE: u =
The maximum rate of change occurs in the direction of

h(50, 80) and the
p rate of ascent is given by
kh(50, 80)k = (2)2 + (1.6)2 = 2.5612.
1 h1, 1i
2
Du h(50, 80) =
2
5 (descend)
Remark
We say that at (x0 , y0 ), f will increase most rapidly in the
direction of f (x0 , y0 ), or that f (x0 , y0 ) points in the
direction of the steepest ascent.

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01 Directional Derivatives and Gradient

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Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f 0 (x) represents the rate of

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Recall: Partial Derivatives

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Recall: Partial Derivatives

fx represents the rate of change

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

The rate of change of f (with respect to distance) in the

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

The rate of change of f (with respect to distance) in the

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

The rate of change of f (with respect to distance) in the

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

if this limit exists.

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

if this limit exists.

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

if this limit exists.

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

if this limit exists.

f (x + ha, y + hb) f (x, y)

if this limit exists.

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,

Directional Derivatives & Gradient

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,

f (x0 + ha, y0 + hb) f (x0 , y0 )

Let g(h) = f (x, y) where x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb. By Chain Rule,