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lecture 5

Today

15-398 Introduction to Nanotechnology

Examining the nanoscale

Microscopy
&
Manipulation

SEM
TEM
STM
AFM

Manipulating atoms

Seth Copen Goldstein

seth@cs.cmu.edu

STM
AFM

CMU
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A Bit of Microscopy History

Optical Microscope
~1700

Transmission Microscopy
Light:

SEM: 1942

Electrons: TEM
1931

2004 Seth Copen Goldstein

Max resolution 275nm

1981: STM
1986: AFM

Electrons
Max resolution <.1nm

Time

Why electrons are better?

De Broglie wavelength of e- ? h/mv
mv is controllable!

www.prynearson.com/science.htm
http://sibener-group.uchicago.edu
http://www.trincoll.edu/~alehman/images/Instruments/
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Transmission Electron Microscope

TEM
Resolution: atomic
Can determine 3-D structure
Be careful of e- - e- interactions

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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SEM
Resolution: atomic
Surface features
Requires Vacuum
Often must coat specimens

NASA nanotech group

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Comparing images

Scanning Probe Micrscopes

Scanning
Probe Tip

What might you measure?

How might you measure it?

Sample
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STM

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STM cartoon
- Battery +
Current

Tunneling Current

Sample
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STM modes

World s smallest Billboard?

Constant-current mode
Measure height of probe to keep
tunneling current same

Constant-height mode
Measure tunneling current
Faster
Requires smoother surface

Resolution
XY: 1nm, Z: .1nm
Xenon atoms
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STM images

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Quantum Corrals

STM of copper(111)
Can you identify:
-Spheres?
- waves?
-Valleys?
-Plateaus?

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1.2nm CNT

Si(111)

28K
1000K
D. Carroll, Clemson U.
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AFM Modes

LASER
Detector

Mirror

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Atomic Force Microscope

LASER

RHK Tehcnology, Inc.

J. Krim, North Carolina State University

Force

Contact
mode

Computer
Tapping Mode
Non-contact

Microscope
Tip

Display

What forces act to attract? Repulse?

Sample Surface scanned back and forth

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Tip Sample separation

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Contact Mode

Tapping Mode
Amplitude

Contact-mode

Height

Interaction between tip and sample in

physical contact
Can damage sample, esp bio materials
Forces in nanoNewtons

Tapping Mode

Phase Shift

Vibrate tip, measure freq of oscillation

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Different Data -> different views

Made from
Si or Si3N4

freeze fractured styrene-isobutylene-styrene a-b-a block copolymer film,

from: http://www.psrc.usm.edu/mauritz/afm.html
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Interpretting images

Carbon
nanotubes
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More artifacts

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Subatomic resolution

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AFM Images

Dip-Pen Lithography
Can Read and Write!

NaCl on Mica (5.6nmx4.8nm)

Hard
Disk

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Inks
Soft Materials

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Speeding up the process

Hard Materials

Small functional
molecules
SAMs
Conducting polymers
Biopolymers /
macromolecules

Metal inks
Sol precursor
inorganic inks
Nanoparticle
catalysts

From Nanoinc presentation

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Today
Looking at (and modifying) the
nanoscale
SEM/TEM
STM/AFM
For Thursday: read chapter 3.

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