C++Basics Ps

IntroductiontoBasicProceduralProgramming(with
C++)
Trytosimulate compilation and execution inyourhead

Trydifferentvariationsonatheme- simplyeditth
C++Basics
eexamples
Easiestwaytolearnprogrammingistoexperiment
Thecomputerisalaboratory
Ifyoudontknowsomethingthenwriteaprogramto
ifyoucan
giveyouthe answer
Otherwise,trylookinginabook(orontheweb)
Youcanalwaysasksomeone(doesnthavetobeme)
RosemaryMonahan
CS613OO&C++
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CS613:OO&C+:BasicC++
Example1Variations- whatwillhappenineachcase?
// Example 1
/* Rosemary Monahan
CS613 C++ Code
*/
main ()// does nothing!!
{}
/* Example 1A
CS613 C++ Code
*/
/* Example 1B
CS613 C++ Code
*/
int main ()// does nothing!!

{return 0;}
int main ()
{}
/* Example 1C
CS613 C++ Code
*/
// Example 1D
int main () {return 7}
Onelinecomment
Multiplelinecomment
Endoflinecomment
mainprogram
> gxx -oExample1.exeExample1.cc

>Example1
Compilation
Execution
Input/Output
>
// Example 1E
int main (){return 0.7;;}
main ()// does nothing!!

{return 0;}
MSDOSCommandLineWindow
// Example 1F
float main (){return 0.7;}
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ExampleVariations- somenotes
Trytolearnsomethingnewfromeachvariation- see
Trynottochangemorethanonethingatonce- see
Trytointroducedifferentcompilererrors- syntax
Example2:outputtothescreen
// Example 2
1B
#include <iostream.h>
int main (){cout<<"Hello World!";}
1C
andsemantics- see1D
Writes(outputs)HelloWorld!
Tothescreen
Trytodistinguisherrorsfromwarnings- see1E
Trytorememberthatthecompilercanbesneaky- se
e1F
Question - whatsortofvariationsmightbeuseful?
removethe include
changetheoutput Hello World!
addina return
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Variation2A:removetheinclude
Variation2B:changetheoutput
// Example 2
// Example 2B
//#include <iostream.h>
int main (){cout<<"Hello World!";}
int main (){
cout<<"Hello Universe, ";
cout <<"how are"<<" you"<<"?";}
Writes(outputs)Example2A.cc:Infunctionìnt main()':
Example2A.cc:4:`cout' undeclared(firstusethisfu nction)
Example2A.cc:4:(Eachundeclaredidentifierisrepo rtedonlyonce
Example2A.cc:4:foreachfunctionitappearsin.)
Program
contains2
instructions
Youcan
stream strings
together
Writes(outputs)HelloUniverse,howareyou?
Note:thisisnot
anerroritistheresultofthecodebeingexecute
Tothescreen
Note:thisisasemantic
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errorreportedbythecompiler
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Variation2C:changetheoutput
Variation2D:changetheoutput
String,in
doublequotes,
containsspecial
character \n
//Example2C
#include<iostream.h>
int main(){
cout<<"HelloUniverse, \n";
cout <<"howare"<< endl<<"you"<< '?';}
Writes(outputs)HelloUniverse,
howare
you?
A ? characterbetween
singlequotes
Notetheuseof
endl - astream
manipulator
object!
Note:theformat - spacesandnewlines
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int main (){
cout<<"7 + 8 = \n";
cout <<7+8;}
Writes(outputs)7+8=
15
An integer
expression which
needstobe
evaluated
Note:theadditioniscorrect(inbase10)
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Example3- introducingvariables
Variation2E:addinareturn
Returnatthe
beginningof
themainbody
// Example 2E
String,in
doublequotes,
containsspecial
character \n
// Example 2D
// Example 3
int main (){
int x = 7+8; cout <<x;
}
int main (){return 0;
cout<<"7 + 8 = \n";
cout <<7+8;}
Thevariable x isidentifiedbythe
sequenceofcharactersx.
Ithastype int (aninteger)
x is declared tobean int and initialised tovalue15

inthesamestatement.
Writes(outputs)absolutelynothingtothescreen
ThisoutputsNote: ifweputthereturninasthelastlinethenwege
behaviourasbefore
tthesame
15
QUESTION: whatvariationstotry?
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Variation3A:Whatifthevariableisnotinitialis
ed?
Variation3C:Whatifthevariableisinitialisedt
// Example 3A
// Example 3C
int main (){
int x; cout <<x;
}
int main (){
int x; int x; cout <<x;
}
Output:
686796
Variation3A:Whatifthevariableischanged?
Output:
Example3C.cc:Infunctionìnt main()':
Example3C.cc:5: redeclaration ofìnt x'
Example3C.cc:5:ìnt x'previouslydeclaredhere
Variation3D:Whatifthevariableischanged?
// Example 3B
// Example 3D
int main (){
int x; cout <<x; x = 0;
cout <<x;
}
int main (){
int x = 1;
x = x+x;cout<<x*x;
}
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wice?
Output:
6867960
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Wecanchangethevalueof
x using x
Thisdoesnotchangethevalueof
Output:
4
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AlreadysomesimplerulestolearnIdentifiers
variables
identifiers
Anidentifiermuststartwithaletterorundersco
zeroormoreletters
C++iscasesensitive
re,andbefollowedby
types
values
constants
VALID
age_of_dog
PrintHeading
TaxRate98
AgeOfHorse
keywords
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INVALIDexamples- trytofindthemyourselvesusin
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gthecompiler
16
Typicalsizeofdatatypes
C++ Data Types
Simple
Structured
Integral
Floating
array struct union class
char short int long enum

float double longdouble
Address
Type
NumberofBytes
char
1
short (short int)
2
int
4
unsigned int
4
enum
2
long (long int)
4
float
4
double
8
long double
12
pointer reference
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Findingsizeofdatatype- systemdependentresults
18
Enumeratedtypes: enum
Usedtodefineconstantvalues
Use
sizeof
tofindthesizeofatype
enum days
{ Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
} yesterday, today;
days tomorrow;
e.g.
cout << sizeof(int)
QUESTION:whatarethevaluesof
tomorrow, yesterday?
Tuesday, today,
Defaultvaluesmaybeoverriddenintheenum list.
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Enumeratedtypes
Booleantype
C++hasabuilt-inlogicalorBooleantype
// Example 4
// Example 5
int main (){

enum days {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday} yesterday, today;
days tomorrow;
cout << Tuesday<<endl;
cout<< yesterday<<endl<<today<<endl<<tomorrow;
}
Outputs:
2
686796
143896
117208
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int main (){
bool flag = true;
cout << flag<< endl<<!flag}
Thisoutputs:
1
0
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Givingavaluetoavariable
Variation5a- booleansarereallyintegers?
true isanynonzero int
// Example 5a
false iszero
int main (){

bool flag1 = 100, flag2 = false, flag3;
cout << flag1<< endl<<flag2<<endl<<flag3;}
In your program you can assign (give) a value to the variable by using
the assignment operator =
Age_Of_Dog = 12;
or by another standard method, such as

cout << How old is your dog?;
cin >> Age_Of_Dog;
true isoutputas1
false isoutputas0
Thisoutputs:
1
0
Thiswasnotinitialised
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keywords:wordsreservedtoC++
WhatisaNamedConstant?
A namedconstant isalocationinmemory whichwecanrefertobyan

identifier,andinwhicha datavaluethatcannotbechanged isstored.
VALIDCONSTANTDECLARATIONS
const
char
STAR = * ;
const
float
PI = 3.14159 ;
const
int
MAX_SIZE = 50 ;
bool, true, false,

char, float, int, unsigned, double, long
if, else, for, while, switch, case, break,
class, public, private, protected, new,
delete, template, this, virtual,
try, catch, throw.
Note:therearemanymoreyoumayseethemintheexam
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plesthatfollow
26
Example7:aC+ternaryoperator
Example6:prefixandpostfix
// Example 7
Output:
// Example 6
++ (prefix)isa unary operator
int main (){
int x =3, y=3;
cout <<++x<<endl;
cout <<y++<<endl;}
Output:
3
4
<< isa binary operator
int main (){

int x =3, y=4;
cout <<"The max. of x and y is: "
<< (x>y?x:y);
}
Themax.ofxandyis:4
++ (postfix)isa unary operator

expression1?expression2:expression3
Means: ifexpression1thenexpression2elseexpression3
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ProgramwithThreeFunctions
PrecedenceofSomeC++Operators
// Example 8
// declares these 2 functions
int Square ( int );
int Cube ( int ) ;
int main ( void ){
cout << "The square of 27 is "
<<
Square (27) << endl ;// function call
cout << "The cube of 27 is "
<< Cube (27) << endl ;// function call
return 0 ;
}
int Square ( int n ){return
n * n ;}
int Cube ( int n ){return n * n * n ;}
Output:
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Precedence
Higher
Lower
Operator
()
+
*
/
%
+
=
NOTE:Writesomeprogramstotestyourunderstandin
Thesquareof27is729
Thecubeof27is19683
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// Example 9
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Everyfunctionhas2parts
int main ( void ){

cout << "int(4.8) ="<<int(4.8)<<endl;
cout << "float(5) ="<<float(5)<<endl;
cout <<float(2/4)="<<float(2/4)<<endl;
cout<<"float(2)/float(4)="<<float(2)/float(4)<<endl;
}
int(4.8)=4
float(5)=5
float(2/4)=0
float(2)/float(4)=0.5
gofprecedence
PartsofaFunction
TypeCastingisExplicitConversionofType
Output:
Description
Functioncall
Positive
Negative
Multiplication
Division
Modulus(remainder)
Addition
Subtraction
Assignment
signature
int main (void)
{
return 0;
body
Outputof float
maylooklikean int
31
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C++I/OBasics
HEADERFILE FUNCTION EXAMPLE
<stdlib.h>
VALUE
OFCALL
abs(i)
abs(-6)
fabs(x)
fabs(-6.4)
pow(x,y)
pow(2.0,3.0)
I/O- Input/Outputisoneofthefirstaspectsofpr
mastered:
ogrammingthatneedstobe
formatting
<math.h>
6.4
whitespace
8.0
structuredinputs- gettingdataintothecorrecti
nternalform
However,donotfallintothebeginnerstraps:
sqrt(x)
sqrt(100.0)
sqrt(2.0)
10.0
brilliantI/Owithincorrectfunctionality
1.41421
thinkingfunctionalityiswrongbecauseI/Oistoo
forgettingthatrandomtestsareoftenbetterthan
log(x)
<iomanip.h>
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log(2.0)
complicatedtogetright
userdependentI/O
0.693147
setprecision(n) setprecision(3)
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34
Explicitprecisionmanipulation
scientificnotation
// Example 10
#include <iomanip.h>
int main ( void){
float
myNumber = 123.4587 ;
cout.setf ( ios::fixed , ios::floatfield );// decimal format
cout.setf ( ios::showpoint ) ; // print decimal point
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
main(){
floatz=123456789.12335;
cout <<z<< endl;
}
cout
return
}
<<
35
<< setprecision ( 3 )
<< endl ;
0 ;
Output:
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"Number is "
<< myNumber
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Numberis123.459
36
setw example
setw(n)
requires#include<iomanip.h>andappearsinanexp
operator(<<)
ressionusinginsertion
affectsonlytheverynextitemdisplayed
setwidthspecifiesnasthenumberoftotalcolu
Thenumberofcolumnsusedisexpandedifnistoo
//Example
#include
#include
int main
{
float
float
11
<iomanip.h>
<iostream.h>
( void)
myNumber
yourNumber
narrow.
Output:
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Whitespace CharactersInclude...
123.4 ;
3.14159;
cout.setf ( ios::fixed , ios::floatfield ) ;

cout.setf ( ios::showpoint ) ;
cout << "Numbers are: " << setprecision (4) << endl
<<
setw ( 10 )
<< myNumber
<<
endl
<<
setw ( 10 )
<< yourNumber
<<
endl ;
return 0 ;
mnstodisplayanumber.
Usefultoaligncolumnsofoutput
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=
=
Numbersare:
123.4000
3.1416
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ExtractionOperator>>
blanks
tabs
end-of-line(newline)characters
skipsover
(actuallyreadsbutdoesnotstoreanywhere)
leadingwhitespacecharacters
The newline characteriscreatedby

hittingEnterorReturnatthekeyboard,
orbyusingthemanipulator endl or\n
inaprogram.
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10
At keyboard you type:

A[space]B[space]C[Enter]
Anotherwaytoreadchardata
char first;
char middle;
char last;
The get() functioncanbeusedtoreadasingle

character.
cin.get(first);
cin.get(middle);
cin.get(last);
Itobtainstheverynextcharacterfromtheinput
streamwithoutskippinganyleadingwhitespace
characters.
first
middle
first
middle
NOTE: Thefilereadingmarkerisleftpointingto
spaceaftertheBintheinputstream.
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last
B
last
the
42
C++ControlFlowBasics
C++controlstructures
Selection
Howtotakedecisions
if
if . . . else
switch
Useful boolean operations

Looping- fixed/non-fixednumberoftimes
Breaking
Repetition
Switching
for loop
while loop
do . . . while loop
FunctionCallsandRecursion
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11
Operator
CONTROLSTRUCTURES
!
*,/,%
+,<
<=
>
>=
==
!=
&&
||
=
Uselogicalexpressionswhichmayinclude:
6RelationalOperators
<
<=>>= ==!=
3LogicalOperators
!
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&&
||
45
Meaning
NOT
Multiplication,Division,Modulus
Addition,Subtraction
Lessthan
Lessthanorequalto
Greaterthan
Greaterthanorequalto
Isequalto
Isnotequalto
AND
OR
Assignment
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SHORT-CIRCUITEVALUATION
Associativity
Right
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Left
Right
46
Short-CircuitExample
int Age,Height;
C++usesshortcircuitevaluationoflogical
expressions
Age=25;
Height=70;
EXPRESSION
thismeansthatevaluationstopsassoonasthefinal
truthvaluecanbedetermined
(Age>50)&&(Height>60)
false
Evaluationcanstopnow
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12
Betterexample
Compoundstatement
Weusebraces{}tobuildcompoundstatements
Tousebracesornottousebraces??
intNumber;
floatX;
(Number ! = 0) &&(X
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< 1 / Number)
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Bewareof danglingelse
Conditionalstatements
Syntax
endofoutput
if (expression)
statement1
else
statement2
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//Example 12
int main ( void) {
int x = 7, y = 8;
if (x == 0)
if (y == 0) cout << "yes"<< endl;
else
cout << "no"<< endl;
cout << "end of output" << endl;
}
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Iterationstatements
Iterationstatements
// compute sum = 1 + 2 + ... + n

// using a while loop
while-statementsyntax
while (expression)
statement
int sum = 0;
i = 1;
while (i <= n) {
sum += i;
i++;
}
semantics
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Iterationstatements
Break
// compute sum = 1 + 2 + ... + n
// using for loop
break;
theexecutionofalooporswitchterminates
immediatelyif,initsinnerpart,the
break;
statementisexecuted.
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
sum += i;
}
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14
Combining break and for
Switch
switch (letter) {
case N: cout <
break;
case L: cout <
break;
case A: cout <
break;
default: cout <
break;
}
charch;
intcount=0;
for(;;){
cin>>ch;
if(ch==\n)break;
++count;
}
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Switch
London\n;
Amsterdam\n;
Somewhere else\n;
58
Whatstheoutput?
switch (letter) {
case N: case n: cout < New York\n;
break;
case L: case l: cout < London\n;
break;
case A: case a: cout < Amsterdam\n;
break;
default: cout < Somewhere else\n;
break;
}
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New York\n;
59
int i=0;
switch(i){
case0:i+=5;
case1:++i;
case2:++i;
case3:++i;
default++i;
}
cout<<iis:<<i<<endl;
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60
15
Functions:
3parametertransmissionmodes
Simplearrays
subscriptscanbeanintegerexpression
Inthedeclaration,thedimensionmustbeaconsta
passby value(default)
passby reference(&)
passby constreference(const&)
ntexpression
const int LENGTH = 100;

...
int a[LENGTH]
...
for (int i=0; i<LENGTH; i++)
a[i] = 0; // initialize array
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Functions:
exampleofpassbyvalue
62
TheSwapFunction
void swap(int x, int y)
{
// Create a temporary variable
int temp;
int sqr(int x) {
temp = x;
x = y;
}
y = temp;
Theswapdoesnt
happen!
Why?
}
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16
Passingvaluesbyreference
TheNewSwapFunction
void swap(int& x, int& y)
{
// Create a temporary variable
int temp;
C/C++passesparametersbyvalue,i.e.a
copyofthevariableispassedtothe
function,nottheactualvalueitself.
C++canpasstheactualvariables
themselves- knownas passingparameters
byreference .
Topassaparameterbyreferenceweplace
&betweentheparameterstypenameand
theparametertag.
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temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}
Whataboutfunctionsandarrays/structures?
65
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Functions:
exampleofpassbyreference
66
Functions:passby
constreference
Makessensewithlargestructuresorobjects
void swap(int & x, int & y) {
Address
const&
}
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17
Arraysarepassedbyreference
Pointers
const int MAX = 100;

void init(int a[], int x) {
for (int i = 0, i < MAX; ++i)
a[i] = rand() % 100; // remainder
x = 99;
}
Whataretheyfor?
- Accessingarrayelements
- Passing arguments to a function when the
functionneedstomodifytheoriginalargument.
- Passingarraysandstringstofunctions
- Obtainingmemoryfromthesystem
- Creatingdatastructuresfromlinkedlists
main() {
int a[MAX], x = 7;
init(a, x);
cout << a[0] << \t << x << endl;
}
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TheAddressOperator&
Pointers
Itispossibletofindouttheaddressoccupiedbya
variablebyusingtheaddressoftheoperator&.
Itis possibletodowithoutpointers:
void main()
{
int var1 = 11;
int var2 = 22;
int var3 = 33;
arrayscanbeaccessedwitharraynotation
ratherthanpointernotation
afunctioncanmodifyargumentspassed,by
reference,aswellasthosepassedbypointers.
However,inordertoobtainthemostfrom
thelanguageitisessentialtousepointers.
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cout
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<< endl << &var1

<< endl << &var2
<< endl << &var3;
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18
Addresses
CreatingPointers
Theactualaddressesoccupiedbyvariablesina
programdependonmanyfactors,suchas
thecomputertheprogramisrunningon,
thesizeoftheoperatingsystem,
and whether any other programs are currently in
memory.
Forthesereasonsnotwocomputerswillgivethe
sameanswertotheaboveprogram.
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Noaddresshasbeenplacedin
ptr,soits
valueisundefined.With ptr being
undefined,acomparisoninvolving p would
beanerror,althoughmostC++compilers
wouldnotflagthemistake.
Itispossibletoassignthevalueconstant
NULLtoindicatethat ptr doesnotpointto
amemoryallocation( ptr isnolonger
undefined).
int
*ptr;
As a result of this declaration, room for an

addressisallocatedto ptr.
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Printingoutvariablesthatholdaddressvaluesare
useful.
TheNULLPointer
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For creation of a pointer variable that can

hold the address of a data type
int, an
asterisk is used to write the type definition
of ptr suchas
75
void main()
{ int
var1 = 11;
int* ptr; //defines a pointer
cout <<endl <<&var1;
ptr = &var1;
cout <<endl <<ptr;
}
The*means pointerto. ptr isapointertoan

int (itcanholdtheaddressofintegervariables).
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19
Definingpointervariables
Puttingvaluesinpointers
Before a pointer is used a specific address
mustbeplacedinit:
definingpointervariables
char* cptr;
int* iptr;
float* fptr;
ptr = &var1;
A pointer can hold the address of any

variableofthecorrecttype;
Warning!
definingmultiplepointervariables
it must be given some value, otherwise it will

point toan arbitraryaddress (becauseit has to
pointtosomething).
char* ptr1, * ptr2, * ptr3;

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Accessingthevariablepointedto
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void main()
{ int var1, var2;
int* ptr;
ptr = &var1;
cout <<endl <<*ptr;
ptr = &var1;
*ptr = 37;
var2 = *ptr;
cout <<endl<< var2;
ptr holdstheaddressofvar1
*ptr holdsthecontentsofvar1
78
UsingPointerstoModifyVariables
void main()
{int
var1 = 22;
int*
ptr;
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}
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20
Pointers/References
IndirectAddressing
//Pointers and references

//pointersF.cc
#include<iostream>
The*isusedindeclarationisdifferenttothe
*usedinassignment.
int main()
{
ppn=0xa88b8
*ppn=0xa88bc
**ppn=10
int n = 10;
int *pn = &n;
int** ppn = &pn;
Usingthe*toaccessthevaluestoredinan
addesss iscalled indirectaddressing ,or
sometimesdereferencing thepointer.
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Output
cout<<"ppn="<<ppn<<endl;
cout<<"*ppn="<<*ppn<<endl;
cout<<"**ppn="<< **ppn<<endl;
}
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InSummary...
int v;
int* p;
//defines variable v of type int

//defines p as a pointer to int
p = &v; //assigns address of variable v

//to pointer p
v = 3;
//assigns 3 to v
*p = 3; //assigns 3 to v using indirect
addressing,
referring
to the same
variable (v) using its address.
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BeCareful!!!
Note:bydeclaringapointeras
void* ptr;
isdeclaringageneralpurposepointerthatcanpointto
anydatatypeirrespectiveofitstype.Itispossiblet
assigntheaddressofan int,float etc., tothesame
pointervariable,thiseliminatestheneedtodeclarea
separatepointervariableforeachdatatype.
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21
UsingPointerNotation
PointerstoArrays
Accessingthesamearrayusingpointernotation
for (j=0; j < 5; j++)
cout <<endl << *(intarray+j);
void main()
{int j;
int intarray[5]={31,54,77,52,93};
Suppose j is3,theexpressionisequivalentto
*(intarray+3), i.e.accessingthe
fourthelementinthearray(52).
for (j=0; j < 5; j++)

cout <<endl <<intarray[j];
}
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Rememberthatthenameofanarrayisitsaddress.
The expression intarray+j is thus the address
withsomethingaddedtoit.
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PointerConstants
The void keyword
Theexpression intarray istheaddress

wherethesystemhasdecidedtoplacethe
array,anditwillstayatthisaddressuntil
theprogramterminates. intarray isa
constant.
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InConemightwrite
main()
Thisisequivalentto:
int main()
not void main() andimplies return 0; attheendofthemain
function.
87
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22
Functions:initialization
Functions:
Typesofargumentsandreturnvalues
Typesofreturnvalues
conversionrulesalsoapplytoreturn-statements
void f() {
static int i=1;
cout << i++ << endl;
}
int g(double x, double y) {

return x * x - y * y + 1;
}
thevaluereturnedis
int andtruncationtakesplace
Itwouldbebettertoexplicitlyacknowledgethisw
int main() {
f();
f();
return 0;
}
ithacast
int g(double x, double y) {

return int (x * x - y * y + 1);
}
September2002
89
September2002
Astaticvariablecanbeusedasaflag
90
Functions: initialization
Defaultarguments
void f() {
static bool first_time = true;
if (first_time) {
cout << f called for the first time\n;
first_time = false; // false
}
cout << f called (every time)\n;
}
September2002
C++allowsafunctiontobecalledwithfewer
argumentsthanthereareparameters
Onceaparameterisinitialized,allsubsequent
parametersmustalsobeinitialized
void f(int i, float x=0; char ch=A) {
..
}
91
September2002
92
23
Functions: initialization
Function overloading
void f(int i, float x=0; char ch=A) {

...
}
...
f(5, 1.23, E);
f(5, 1.23); // equivalent to f(5,1.23,A);
f(5);
// equivalent to f(5,0,A);
twoormorefunctionswiththesamename
Thenumberortypesofparametersmust
differ:
void writenum(int i) {
cout i is << << i << endl;
}
void writenum(float x) {
cout << x is: << x << endl;
}
September2002
93
September2002
94
Functions:
Functions:o verloading
Referencesasreturnvalues
Avaluecanbereturnedfromafunctionusing
anyofthe3transmissionmodes.
Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenpassing
objects.
int g(int n) {
...
}
float g(int n) {
...
}
September2002
95
September2002
96
24
Functions:
Inlinefunctionsandmacros
Whatsbetter:#define,or
const
Afunctioncallcauses
ajumptoaseparateanduniquecodesegment
thepassingandreturningofargumentsandfunctionvalues
savingthestate
Inlinefunctionscause
#defineisapreprocessordirective
thus,constantssodefinedarenotseenbythecom
piler,orthe
debugger.
mightgetconfusingerrormessageaboutanumberw
hereyou
usedaconstant
soln:useconst
butHOW?
nojumporparameterpassing
nostatesaving
duplicationofthecodesegmentinplaceofthefunctioncall
September2002
97
const int Game::NUM_TURNS;
September2002
98
constantsinaclass(oldstyle):
Warninginadvance-constantsinaclass:
class Game {
private:
static const int NUM_TURNS = 5;
int scores[NUM_TURNS];
};
September2002
thisisansi
compliant,
butsome
compilers
mightnot
havecaught
up.gcchas!
99
classGame{
private:
enum{NUM_TURNS=5};
intscores[NUM_TURNS];
};
affectionatelyknownas
theenumhack!
Butdonthavetodo
itthiswayanymore.
September2002
100
25
Whichissafer:macroorinline?
whichfaster?whichsmaller?
Useinliningjudiciously
#define max(a, b) (a < b) ? a : b)

inline int max(int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; }
template <class T>
inline const T& max(const T& a, const T& b) {
return a > b ? a : b;
}
September2002
101
<iostream>ispartoftheANSIstandardC++librar
<iostream.h>isanartifactofpre-standardC++
However,vendorsdonotwantoldcodetobreak;th
willlikelycontinuetobesupported
September2002
September2002
102
Whatsthedifferencebetween
string.handstring
Whatsthedifferencebetween<iostream.h>and
<iostream>
Inlining issafer,providesopportunityforcompilerto
optimize,frequentlysmallerandfastercode!
overzealousinlining=codebloat==>pathological
paging,reduceinstructioncachehitrate
iffunctionbodyisshort,inlinedfunctionmaybeshorter
thancodegeneratedforthecall
theinlinedirectiveisacompilerhint,notacommand.
Compilersarefreetoignore
y
us,<iostream.h>
103
similartoiostream.handiostream
<string.h>-- theoldC-strings(char*)
<string>-- C++stringsandC-strings
September2002
104
26
Preprocessorfacilities
Whatsthealgorithmforold/new
oldheadersarelikelytocontinuetobesupported,even
thoughtheyrenotintheANSIstandard
newC++headershavesamenamew/outthe.h,but
contentsareinstd
Cheaders,like<stdio.h>continue,butnotinstd
newC++headersforfunctionalityinoldClibraryhave
nameslike<cstdio>;offersamecontentbutareinstd
September2002
105
Conditionalcompilation
ausefulwaytohandlemultipleincludefiles
#ifndef SOME___HEADER___FILE
#include SOME___HEADER___FILE
#endif
September2002
106
Stringsandpointers
int main()
{
char*s=rose";
cout <<s;
cout<<"\nlength ="<<strlen(s);
cout<<"\nlength ="<<length(s);
cout<<"\nlength ="<<length2(s);
cout <<"\nhead of"<<s<<"is"<<head(s);
cout <<"\ntail of"<<s<<"is"<<tail(s);
}
//pointersA.cc
Cstrings:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
C++hasthembut:artifactofC
programmermustmanagememory
terminatedwith \0
built-inc-stringlibrary:
strlen(s):returnslengthofstring
strcat(s,t):place t atendof s
strcpy(s,t):copy t intobuffer s
strcmp(s,t):0ifs==t,<0ifs<t,>0ifs>t
int length(char*s){
if(s[0]=='\0'){return0;}
else{s=&s[1];return
1+length(s);}}
int length2(char*s){
if(s[0]=='\0'){return0;}
else{s++;return1+length(s);}}
output
charhead(char*s){return*s;}
char*tail(char*s){return++s;}
September2002
107
September2002
rose
length=4
length=4
length=4
headofroseisr
tailofroseisose
108
27
Commandlineparameters
Commandlineparameters
Integerparametersmustbeconverted:
main(intargc,char*argv[])
argc isthenumberofparameters
argv isanarrayofchar*with
argv[0]thefirstparameter
argv[1]thesecondparamter
etc.
main(int argc, char * argv[]) {

if (argc < 2) {
cout << usage: << argv[0]
<< <number> << endl;
return 1;
}
int n = atoi(argv[1]);
Notethatthereisalwaysatleastoneparameter
September2002
109
September2002
110
StatementsforusingDiskI/O
Readingfromfiles
#include<fstream>
Filesrepresentapermanentmedium
mustbeopened
insideprograms,fileshavealogicalname thatmus
tbemappedtothe
physicalname onthedisk
afterreadingfromorwritingtoafile,itshould
beclosed
September2002
111
ifstreammyInfile;
ofstreammyOutfile;
//declarations
myInfile.open(A:\\myIn.dat);
//openfiles
myOutfile.open(A:\\myOut.dat);
//doyourthinghere
myInfile.close();
//closefiles
myOutfile.close();
September2002
112
28
Whatdoesopeningafiledo?
associatestheC++identifierforyourfilewitht
hephysical(disk)name
forthefile
iftheinputfiledoesnotexistondisk,openis
notsuccessful
iftheoutputfiledoesnotexistondisk,anewf
ilewiththatnameis
created
iftheoutputfilealreadyexists,itiserased
placesa filereadingmarker attheverybeginningofthefile,pointingto
thefirstcharacterinit
September2002
#include<fstream>
main(intargc,char*argv[]){
if(argc!=2){
cout<<usage:<<argv[0]<<<filename><<endl;
return1;
}
fstreaminput;
input.open(argv[1],ios::in);
if(!input){
cout<<file:<<argv[1]<<doesnotexist!<<endl;
return1;
}
intcount=0;charch;input.get(ch);
while(!input.eof()){
if(ch==\n)++count;input.get(ch);
}
cout<<thereare:<<count<<linesin<<argv[1]<
}
#include <fstream>
main (int argc, char * argv[]) {
fstream input;
input.open(argv[1], ios::in);
int count = 0;
char ch;
input.get(ch);
while ( ! input.eof() ) {
if (ch == \n) ++count;
input.get(ch);
}
cout << there are: << count
<< lines in << argv[1] << endl;
}
Therearenochecks,see
ifuserinputthefilename,
doesthefileexist,
canitbeopened!
114
113
<endl;
115
#include<fstream>
voiddouble_space(istream &f,ostream&t){
charch;
while(f.get(ch)){
t.put(ch);
if(ch ==\n)t.put(ch);
}
}
int main(intargc,char*argv[]){
if(argc!=3){
cout<<usage:<<argv[0]<<<infile><outfile>;
return1;
}
istream fin(argv[1]);ostreamfout(argv[2]);
if(!fin){cout<<cantopen<<argv[1]<<endl;retur
if(!fout){cout<<cantopen<<argv[2]<<endl;return
double_space(fin,fout);fin.close();fout.close();return0;
}
n1;}
1;}
116
29
Recursion
StaticDataStructures- structs(withoutpointers)
// Recursion - factorial & fibonacci
//structures.cc
#include<iostream>
#include<iostream>
int factorial (int x){
if (x<1) return 1; else return x*(factorial (x-1));}
int main()
{
Ratio r;
r.num = 10;
r.den = 20;
print(r);
}
int main()
{ cout << "factorial 5 =" <<factorial(5)<<endl;
cout << "fibonacci 5 =" <<fibonacci(5);
}
117
StaticDataStructures- structs(withoutpointers)
118
A)Whentheinputis22
B)Whentheinputis21
Output:
10/20
10/20
int main()
{int n;
cout <<"Enteraninteger:";
cin >>n;
if(n=22) cout <<n<<"=22"<< endl;
elsecout <<n<<"!=22"<< endl;
}
int main(){
Ratio r;r.num = 10;r.den = 20;
Ratio2 rr; rr.r1 = r;rr.r2 = r;
print(rr);
}
Question1: Whatistheoutputfromthispieceofcode?
void print(Ratio2 rr){

print(rr.r1);print(rr.r2);
}
September2002
September2002
Revisionquiz
//structuresB.cc
#include<iostream>
struct Ratio{int num, den;};
struct Ratio2{Ratio r1, r2;};
void print(Ratio r){
cout <<r.num<<"/"<<r.den<<endl;}
Output:
10/20
void print(Ratio r){

cout <<r.num<<"/"<<r.den<<endl;}
int fibonacci (int x){

if (x==1) return 1;
if (x==2) return 1;
else return (fibonacci(x-2) + fibonacci(x-1));}
September2002
struct Ratio
{int num, den;};
119
September2002
120
30
Revisionquiz
Revisionquiz
Question2: Whatistheoutputfromthispieceofcodewhen10isinput?
int main()
{ int n=44;
cout <<"n="<<n<< endl;
{ int n;
cin >>n;
}
{ cout <<"n="<<n<< endl;
}
{ int n;
}
}
Question1: Whatistheoutputfromthispieceofcode?
A)Whentheinputis22
22=22
B)Whentheinputis21
22=22
int main()
{int n;
cin >>n;
if(n=22) cout <<n<<"=22"<< endl;
elsecout <<n<<"!=22"<< endl;
}
September2002
121
Revisionquiz
122
Revisionquiz
Question2: Whatistheoutputfromthispieceofcodewhen10isinput?
int main()
{ int n=44;
{ int n;
cin >>n;
}
{ cout <<"n="<<n<< endl;
}
{ int n;
}
}
September2002
September2002
Question3:
Whatistheoutputfromthispieceofcodewhen123isinput?
int main()
{int n1,n2,n3;
cout <<"Enterthreeintegers:";
cin >>n1>>n2>>n3;
if(n1>=n2>=n3) cout <<"max="<<n1;}
n=44
Enteraninteger:10
n=10
n=44
n=10
n=44
Question:whythe2nd10?
Enterthreeintegers:123
123
September2002
124
31
Revisionquiz
Revisionquiz
Question3:
Question4:
int main()
{int n1,n2,n3;
cout <<"Enterthreeintegers:";
cin >>n1>>n2>>n3;
if(n1>=n2>=n3) cout <<"max="<<n1;}
int main()
{ int n,sum;
cout <<"Enterasix-digitinteger:";
cin >>n;
sum=n%10+n/10%10+n/100%10+
n/1000%10+n/10000%10+n/100000;
cout <<"Theansweris"<<sum<<endl;
}
Enterthreeintegers:123
September2002
125
Revisionquiz
September2002
Revisionquiz
Question4:
Question5:
int main()
{cout<<Inputaninteger:;
intn;
cin >>n;
for(int x=1;x<=12;x++)
{for(int y=1;y<=12;y++)
cout << setw(4)<<x*y;
cout << endl;
}}
int main()
{ int n,sum;
cout <<"Enterasix-digitinteger:";
cin >>n;
sum=n%10+n/10%10+n/100%10+
n/1000%10+n/10000%10+n/100000;
cout <<"Theansweris"<<sum<<endl;
}
Enterasix-digitinteger:124431
Theansweris15
September2002
126
Question:whatdoesinputdo?
127
September2002
128
32
Revisionquiz
Revisionquiz
Question5:
Question6:
int main()
{cout<<Inputaninteger:;
intn;
cin >>n;
for(int x=1;x<=12;x++)
{for(int y=1;y<=12;y++)
cout << setw(4)<<x*y;
cout << endl;
}}
Question:whatdoesinputdo?
September2002
int main()
{floatx;
cout <<"Enterapositivenumber:";
cin >>x;
int n=1;
while(n*n<=x)++n;
cout <<"Theansweris"
<<n-1<< endl;
}
Inputaninteger:4
123456789101112
24681012141618202224
369121518212427303336
4812162024283236404448
51015202530354045505560
61218243036424854606672
71421283542495663707784
81624324048566472808896
918273645546372819099108
102030405060708090100110120
112233445566778899110121132
1224364860728496108120132144
129
Revisionquiz
September2002
Revisionquiz
Question6:
Question7:
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctiondigit,below,whatistheme
expressiondigit(24681012,4)?
int main()
{floatx;
cout <<"Enterapositivenumber:";
cin >>x;
int n=1;
while(n*n<=x)++n;
cout <<"Theansweris"
<<n-1<< endl;
}
September2002
130
Enterapositivenumber:
70
Theansweris8
131
aningofthe
int digit(longn, int k)

{for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
n/=10;
returnn%10;
}
September2002
132
33
Revisionquiz
Revisionquiz
Question8:
Question7:
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctiondigit,below,whatistheme
expressiondigit(cc,4)?
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctionmin,below,whatistheoutput
mainprogramwhichtestsit?
aningofthe
int digit(longn, int k)

{for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
n/=10;
returnn%10;
}
Question:whyistheanswer
September2002
floatmin(floata[], int n)
{
floatmin=a[0];
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
if(a[i]<min)min=a[i];
returnmin;}
8?
133
Revisionquiz
September2002
fromthe
int main()
{//teststhemin()function:
floata[]={6.6,9.9,3.3,7.7,
5.5,2.2,8.8,4.4};
cout <<"min(a,2)="<<
min(a,2)<< endl;
min(a,8)<< endl;
}
134
Revisionquiz
Question8:
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctionmin,below,whatistheoutput
mainprogramwhichtestsit?
floatmin(floata[], int n)
{
floatmin=a[0];
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
if(a[i]<min)min=a[i];
returnmin;}
min(a,2)=6.6
min(a,8)=2.2
September2002
Question9:
fromthe
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctionssumandsquare,below,what
outputfromthemainprogramwhichteststhem?
int main()
{//teststhemin()function:
floata[]={6.6,9.9,3.3,7.7,
5.5,2.2,8.8,4.4};
min(a,2)<< endl;
min(a,8)<< endl;
}
135
int sum(int (*pf)(int k), int n)

{int s=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
s+=(*pf)(i);
returns;
}
isthe
int square(int k)
{returnk*k;
}
int main()
{ cout <<sum(square,4)<<
endl;}
September2002
136
34
Revisionquiz
Revisionquiz
Question9:
Question10:
Giventhedefinitionofthefunctionssumandsquare,below,what
outputfromthemainprogramwhichteststhem?
int sum(int (*pf)(int k), int n)

{int s=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
s+=(*pf)(i);
returns;
}
Giventhedefinitionofthecapfunction,below,whatistheout
mainprogramwhichtestsit,whentheinputisJpaul Gibson?
int square(int k)
{returnk*k;
}
int main()
{ cout <<sum(square,4)<<
endl;}
30
September2002
isthe
137
Revisionquiz
J paul Gibson
AnswerisJPAULGIBSON
September2002
int main()
{char*line=newchar[81];
cout <<"Enterlineoftext
below:"<< endl;
cin.getline(line,80);
cap(line);
cout <<Answeris<<line
<<endl;
}
138
Revisionquiz
Question10:
Question10:
voidcap(char*s)
{if(s==NULL)return;
for(char*p=s;*p;p++)
if(*p>='a'&&*p<='z')
*p=(char)(*p-'a'+'A');
}
September2002
voidcap(char*s)
{if(s==NULL)return;
if(*p>='a'&&*p<='z')
*p=(char)(*p-'a'+'A');
}
putfromthe
putfromthe
int main()
below:"<< endl;
cap(line);
<<endl;
}
139
voidcap(char*s)
{if(s==NULL)return;
if(*p>='a'&&*p<='z')
*p=(char)(*p-'a'+'A');
}
jPaulGibson
AnswerisJPAULGIBSON
September2002
putfromthe
int main()
below:"<< endl;
cap(line);
<<endl;
}
140
35
NoughtsandCrosses- puttingitalltogether
NoughtsandCrosses
The(chosen/given)datastructure:-
The(chosen/given)datastructure:-
constboardsize =3;
typedef char XOBoard [boardsize][boardsize];
constintboardsize =3;
Exampleofuse:
Exampleofuse:
int main()
{
XOBoard board;
initialise(board);
print(board);
playX(board,1,1);
print(board);
playO(board,0,0);
print(board);
}
September2002
voidinitialise(XOBoard);
voidprint(XOBoard);
void playX(XOBoard, int, int);
void playO(XOBoard, int, int);
Questions:
good/badstructure?
functionsrequired?
int main()
{\\ Asbefore
}
141
NoughtsandCrosses
September2002
GOODPROGRAMMING:
putfunctiontypedeclarationat
beginningoffilebeforethemain
program
putfunctiondefinitionsafterthe
mainprogram
142
NoughtsandCrosses
Designandtestonefunctionatatime(ifpossible)
print-
voidprint(XOBoard board)
{
cout << endl;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{ cout <<board[i][j];
if(j<2) cout <<"|";
}
cout << endl;
if(i<2) cout <<"-----"<< endl;
}
}
initialise-
voidinitialise(XOBoard board)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
board[i][j]='';
}
September2002
143
September2002
144
36
NoughtsandCrosses
NoughtsandCrosses
||
--------||
--------||
playXandPlayO-
Questions:
advantages
void playX(XOBoard board, int i, int j)

{
board[i][j]='X';
}
disadavantages
void playO(XOBoard board, int i, int j)

{
board[i][j]='O';
}
September2002
145
int main()
{
XOBoard board;
initialise(board);
print(board);
playX(board,1,1);
print(board);
playO(board,0,0);
print(board);
}
September2002
||
--------|X|
--------||
Checkthatthe
outputisproperly
alignedonthe
computerscreen
O||
--------|X|
--------||
146
NoughtsandCrosses:puttingittogether
// XOBoard
//Proceduralprogramming
//2/10/2000
#include<iomanip>
#include<iostream>
constintboardsize =3;
voidinitialise(XOBoard);
voidprint(XOBoard);
void playX(XOBoard, int, int);
void playO(XOBoard, int, int);
voidinitialise(XOBoard board)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
board[i][j]='';
}
September2002
voidprint(XOBoard board)
{cout << endl;
{for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{ cout <<board[i][j];
if(j<2) cout <<"|";
}
cout << endl;
if(i<2) cout <<"-----"<< endl;
}}
voidplayX(XOBoard board, int i, int j)
{board[i][j]='X';}
voidplayO(XOBoard board, int i, int j)
{board[i][j]='O';}
int main()
{
XOBoard board;
initialise(board);print(board);
playX(board,1,1);print(board);
playO(board,0,0);print(board);
}
147
37

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IntroductiontoBasicProceduralProgramming(with

Trytosimulate compilation and execution inyourhead

int main ()// does nothing!!

> gxx -oExample1.exeExample1.cc

main ()// does nothing!!

x is declared tobean int and initialised tovalue15

C++ Data Types

char short int long enum

int main (){

true isanynonzero int

int main (){

or by another standard method, such as

A namedconstant isalocationinmemory whichwecanrefertobyan

bool, true, false,

try, catch, throw.

<< isa binary operator

int main (){

++ (postfix)isa unary operator

int main ( void ){

cout.setf ( ios::fixed , ios::floatfield ) ;

The newline characteriscreatedby

At keyboard you type:

The get() functioncanbeusedtoreadasingle

Useful boolean operations

// compute sum = 1 + 2 + ... + n

Combining break and for

const int LENGTH = 100;

void swap(int & x, int & y) {

const int MAX = 100;

<< endl << &var1

As a result of this declaration, room for an

For creation of a pointer variable that can

The*means pointerto. ptr isapointertoan

A pointer can hold the address of any

it must be given some value, otherwise it will

char* ptr1, * ptr2, * ptr3;

//Pointers and references

//defines variable v of type int

p = &v; //assigns address of variable v

for (j=0; j < 5; j++)

The void keyword

Theexpression intarray istheaddress

int g(double x, double y) {

int g(double x, double y) {

void f(int i, float x=0; char ch=A) {

const int Game::NUM_TURNS;

#define max(a, b) (a < b) ? a : b)

main(int argc, char * argv[]) {

// Recursion - factorial & fibonacci

void print(Ratio2 rr){

void print(Ratio r){

int fibonacci (int x){

int digit(longn, int k)

int digit(longn, int k)

int sum(int (*pf)(int k), int n)

int sum(int (*pf)(int k), int n)

void playX(XOBoard board, int i, int j)

void playO(XOBoard board, int i, int j)

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