Title

March 2016 GEOM 2017 In-term Exam

Course Code & Title

GEOM 2017

Supervisor: Dr. Tarick Hosein

Prepared By:
Name: Michael Cunningham
Date: _____26/03/16_______ ID: 814002732

Datasets Given:
1. DEM of Trinidad [version 1,2 and 3] Version used2. Building Footprint of Trinidad [Version 1 and 2] Version used3. River map of Trinidad
4. Road map of Trinidad
5. Orthophoto/Image

Objective:
Extraction of St. Joseph Watershed From DEM
1b

1a

Figure 1 showing watershed extraction for Hillshade raster watershed (left)

and Computer Generated Watersheds (right)

Methodology
Step 1.

Add DEMV2.tif file

Step 2.

Open Arc Toolbox

Step 3.

Open Spatial Analyst Tools

Step 4.

Activate Fill tool

(a) Input DEMV2.tif
(b)Output Fill_0

Step 5.

Activate Flow Direction Tool

(a) Input Fill_0
(b)Output Flowdir_0
(c) Click Ok

Step 6.

Activate Basin Tool

(a) Input Flowdir_0
(b)Output Basin_0
(c) Click ok

Step 7.

Activate Flow Accumulation

(a) Input Flowdir_0
NB: The accuracy
(b)Output FlowAcc_0
improves as the
(c) Click ok
initial break value is
Step 8.
Right click on FlowAcc_0 layer Properties reduced.
Symbology
Classified Classify Change no. of classes to 2 Change
the 1st break value to 1000 Change colors as you see fit Click
Ok
Step 9.
For Pourpoint creation:
a) Go to catalogue Create a new shape file Pourpoint_0
b) Click Edit Select DEMV2.tif file
c) Right Click the Pourpoint Layer and scroll to Edit Features, click on
start editing and click on Pourpoint point option.

d) Place pourpoints at areas of high pixel accumulation and save each

Pourpoint when completed.
Step 10.
For Snap Pourpoint:
a) Arc Toolbox Spatial Analyst tool Snap pourpoint
i. Input-Pourpoint_0
ii. Insert FlowAcc_0
iii. OutputSnap_pp_0
Step 11.
Creating a Watershed:
Spatial Analyst tool Watershed
a) Input-Flowdir_0
b) Input- Snap_pp_0
c) Pourpoint field VALUE
Step 12. Apply conversion tool Raster to Polygon tool and select the
watershed.

(b)Creating Hillshade
Step 1.

Add DEMV2.tif file

Step 2.
Activate Hillshade tool by inputting the DEMV2.tif file and
clicking ok.
Step 3.

Repeat steps 2 through 11 as shown above.

Rationale:
There are two main types of data that are associated with GIS. There
are:

Vector data model: A representation of the world using points,

lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data
that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land
parcels, and streets.
Raster data model: A representation of the world as a surface
divided into a regular grid of cells. Raster models are useful for
storing data that varies continuously, as in an aerial photograph,
a satellite image, a surface of chemical concentrations, or an
elevation surface.

In order to manipulate the data effectively one must convert data

obtained and format as images (raster) into a format known as vector,
which can be controlled and has set discrete parameters. We
implemented the raster to polygon tool to distinguish the raster data
and seamlessly put it into a format that could be manipulated for
further use. Using that vector formatted file of the watershed, we can
overlay different shape files or rather other vector data that was
provided to perform meticulous analysis. The hillshade tool creates a
shaded relief from a surface raster by considering the illumination
source angle and shadows. Therefore it is still categorized as raster
data after the tool is used. It simply projects the elevations of the DEM
file by using sunlight angles and depressions of shadows. This data
however is not discrete but continuous and cannot be manipulated
efficiently.
Polygon:
These are used to represent areas such as the boundary of a
city. Polygon features are two-dimensional and therefore can be used
to measure the area and perimeter of a geographic feature. Polygon
features are most commonly distinguished using either a thematic
mapping Symbology (color schemes), patterns, or in the case of
numeric gradation, a color gradation scheme could be used.
This definition of the polygon further shows the advantages of
changing raster to vector. We can control color, border regions and
observe patterns for efficient analysis.

Methodology for Multiple Ring Buffer and Spatial Analysis

In order to identify all the buildings that are considered vulnerable to
fluvial flooding based on the following:
a) High Vulnerability- All builds that are 732m from the main
watercourse
b) Medium Vulnerability- All buildings with in 1830m from the main
watercourse
c) High Vulnerability- All buildings with in 3660m from the main
watercourse

Figure 2 showing buffer ring obtained and over layed with building shape
file

Methodology for multiple buffer ring and intersect

Step 1. Open Arc tool Box
Step 2. Navigate to proximity and click on + sign
Step 3. Activate the Multiple Ring Buffer tool

a. Input river distances (732m, 1830m and 3660m)

b. Output MultiRingBuff_0
Step 4. Intersect the multiple ring buffer created around the
rivers and the building shape file provided. This will assist
in determining
the quantity of buildings with a particular
level of vulnerability.
Arc tool Box Analysis tool Intersect (a) Input MultiRingBuff_0
(b) Output MultiBuff_inter_0
Step 5. Symbology was adjusted as seen fit as shown in
diagram.
Step 6. Using the attribute table, then selecting by attribute
feature we are able to determine the buildings within a
buffer zone.

Discussion:
It was determined that the closer we moved from the buffer the less
influence the river and watershed had on the surrounding road and
building. In the first map where the building within the watershed are
displayed, we can observe that residential buildings are conveniently
located near the river which we believe to be a valley or a low lying
plane between two high elevations. Traditionally this a common sight
as low-lying area is suitable for constructing houses compared to an
area where the slope
Vulnerabil
Building
Area of
gradient is steep. We
ity
Distances (m)
s
Buffer
can also observe
Less than
High
732m
21,546
98.32 that there are
negative effects. The
732m<X<183
Medium
0m
6467
99.1 large watershed
displays the entire
1830m<X<36
Low
60m
154
107.48 catchment area for
Maracas St. Joseph,
hence if there is a large flow rate of water in excess of the catchment
area the surrounding infrastructures will be negatively influenced i.e.
flooding.
In the second map we observe the watershed, rivers and roads in
that area. There are areas where the road is over layed by the rivers,
this indicated that perhaps there is potential of design flaw.

It can be seen that the large majority of the buildings are within the
high vulnerability area. A much smaller portion is in the medium
vulnerability area and a very small population is in low vulnerability.

The model shown above shows the methodology in a program format where
each tool was applied to a specific dataset. The output file can be seen as
the green bubbles, which also becomes the input for another tool following it.
The tools are shown as the yellow rectangles and the initial data file as a
blue bubbleThe model was run to confirm whether or not it functioned well.
Unfortunately some errors were obtained even after many adjustments and
solution trials by troubleshooting.
Improvements
The student was unable to find the property tools and programs to show how
the hillshade was obtained. Also a script as seen requested that a input data
source that was not available. This problem could not be rectified.
Reference:
https://www.gislounge.com/geodatabases-explored-vector-and-raster-data/