LOGCAST

LOGIC CIRCUITS and SWITCHING THEORY

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

Review of number systems, coding and Boolean

algebra; inputs and outputs; gates and gating
networks; combinational circuits; standard form;
minimization; sequential circuits; state and
machine equivalence; asynchronous sequential
circuits; race conditions; algorithmic state
machines; design of digital subsystems

REFERENCE BOOK
DIGITAL

DESIGN

by Morris M. Mano
and Michael Ciletti
(5th Edition)

LEC 1: DIGITAL SYSTEMS

DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Generality
Ability

to represent and manipulate discrete

elements of information

PRESENT DAY DIGITAL SYSTEMS:

- Use electrical signals (voltage or current)
- 2 discrete values (binary)

NUMBER SYSTEMS
Each

system is characterized by the

number of independent digits or
symbols they use.

The

number of symbols are often

called the base, radix, modulo, or
mod.

COMMON NUMBER SYSTEMS

Binary (Base 2)
0,1
Octal (Base 8)
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Decimal (Base 10)

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal (Base 16)
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

NUMBER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

A

number with radix r is represented by a string

of digits:
An - 1An - 2 A1A0 . A- 1 A- 2 A- m + 1 A- m
in which 0 Ai < r and . is the radix point.
The string of digits represents the power series:
i=n-1

(Number)r =

i=0

Ai r +
i

j=-1

Aj

j=-m

(Integer Portion) + (Fraction Portion)

Special Powers of 2

210 (1024) is Kilo, denoted "K"

20
2

30
2

(1,048,576) is Mega, denoted "M"

(1,073, 741,824)is Giga, denoted "G"

NUMBER SYSTEM CONVENTIONS

To indicate the type of number system used, the
radix is used as a subscript.
e.g. 10101012
6548
A216
8910
NOTE: The absence of a subscript usually denotes Decimal number
system

NUMBER-BASE CONVERSIONS
Any Number System to Decimal
b. Decimal to Any Number System
c. Hexadecimal to binary
Binary to Hexadecimal
d. Binary to Octal
Octal to Binary
a.

ANY NUMBER SYSTEM to DECIMAL

Whenever

it is desired to find the decimal

equivalent of a given number in another number
system, it is given by the SUM OF ALL THE DIGITS
MULTIPLIED BY THEIR WEIGHTS OR PLACE
VALUES. The integer and fractional parts should
be handled separately. Starting from the radix
point, the weights of different digits are r0, r1, r2
for the integer part and r1, r2, r3 for the
fractional part, where r is the radix of the
number system whose decimal equivalent needs
to be determined

Multiply by the rn where n denotes position

BASE-N to BASE-10 EXAMPLES

1. Convert 1011.12 to Decimal

1011.12

x 2-1
x 210
x2
2
x2
3
x2

=
=
=
=
=

0.5
1
2
0
8

11.5

Multiply by the rn where n denotes position

BASE-N to BASE-10 EXAMPLES

2. Convert 27.28 to
Decimal

27.28
x 8-1 =
0
x8 =
x 81 =

0.25
7
16
23.25

Multiply by the rn where n denotes position

BASE-N to BASE-10 EXAMPLES

3. Convert 4AC.816 to Decimal

4AC.816

x 160-1 =
0.5
x 16 1 =
12
x 16 =
160
x 162 = 1024
1196.5

DECIMAL TO ANY NUMBER SYSTEM

INTEGER

PART

the integer part is progressively divided by

r and the remainders noted until the result
of division yields a zero quotient. The
remainders written in reverse order
constitute the equivalent

DECIMAL TO ANY NUMBER SYSTEM

FRACTIONAL

PART

The fractional part is progressively multiplied by

r and the carry recorded until the result of
multiplication yields a zero or when the desired
number of bits has been obtained. The carry(s)
are written in forward order constitute the
equivalent of the fractional part

PROGRESSIVE DIVISION and MULTIPLICATION

BASE-10 to BASE-N Examples

1. Convert 235.5 to Binary

r

Dividend

235

117

58

29

14

0.5 x 2 = 1.0
Ans:

11101011.12

PROGRESSIVE DIVISION and MULTIPLICATION

BASE-10 to BASE-N Examples

1. Convert 99.8125 to Octal

r

Dividend

99

12

0.8125 x 8 = 6.5
0.5 x 8 = 4.0

Ans:

143.648

PROGRESSIVE DIVISION and MULTIPLICATION

BASE-10 to BASE-N Examples

1. Convert 68.75 to Hex

r

Dividend

16

68

16

16

0.75 x 16 = 12.0
Ans:

44.C16

OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

For

octalbinary conversion, replace

each digit in the octal number with its
three-bit binary equivalent.

Octal to Binary Example

1 Octal digit = 3 bits

1. Convert 4568 to Binary

4568
100

101

110

Ans: 1001011102

BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION

For binaryoctal conversion, split the
binary number into groups of three bits,
starting from the binary point, and, if
needed, complete the outside groups by
adding Os, and then write the octal
equivalent of these three-bit groups.

3 bits = 1 Octal Digit

Binary to Octal Example

Convert 101101110112 to Octal

101101110112

2 6 7 3

Ans:
26738

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

For

hexadecimalbinary conversion,
replace each hex digit with its four-bit
binary equivalent.

1 Hexadecimal Digit = 4 bits

Hex to Binary Conversion Example

Convert 5AF16 to Binary

5AF16

0101 1010

1111

Ans:
101101011112

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
CONVERSION
For binaryhex conversion, split the binary
number into groups of four bits, starting
from the binary point, and, if needed,
complete the outside groups by adding Os,
and then write the hex equivalent of the
four-bit groups

4 bits = 1 Hexadecimal Digit

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

Convert 101110111011012 to Hex

101110111011012

2 E

Ans:
2EED16

OCTAL TO HEX
HEX TO OCTAL
For

octalhexadecimal conversion, we can go

from the given octal number to its binary
equivalent and then from the binary equivalent
to its hex counterpart. For hexadecimaloctal
conversion, we can go from the hex to its
binary equivalent and then from the binary
number to its octal equivalent.

HEX to BINARY to OCTAL

Hex to Octal Conversion Example

Convert C3F16 to Octal

C3F16

1100001111112
6 0

7 7

1100 0011 1111

ANS:
60778

OCTAL to BINARY to HEX

Octal to Hex Conversion Example

Convert 6128 to Hex

1100010102

6128
1
110

001

010

ANS:
18A16