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Leitura Sugerida
1. Shay DK, Holman RC, Newman RD, Liu LL, Stout JW, Anderson LJ. Bronchiolitis-associated
hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996. JAMA. 1999; 282:1440
2. Amanta S, Piva J, Garcia PC. Bronquiolite Viral aguda. IN Piva J, Garcia PC. Medicina Intensiva em
Pediatria. Rio De Janeiro : Revinter. 2005. p401-425.
3. Wang EE, Law BJ, Stephens D. Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada
(PICNIC) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory
syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection. J Pediatr. 1995; 126: 212-9.
4. Shay DK, Holman RC, Roosevelt GE, Clarke MJ, Anderson LJ. Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and
estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children, 1979-1997. J Infect Dis.
2001; 183:16-22.
5. Holman RC, Shay DK, Curns AT, Lingappa JR, Anderson LJ. Risk factors for bronchiolitis-associated
deaths among infants in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22:483-90
6. Thorburn K, Harigopal S, Reddy V, Taylor N, Van Saene HKF. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial
co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Thorax 2006; 61:611-5.
7. Buckingham SC, Quasney MW, Bush AJ, DeVincenzo JP. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the
pediatric intensive care unit: clinical characteristics and risk factors for adverse outcomes. Pediatr Crit
Care Med. 2001; 2: 318-23.
8. American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis.
Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 1774-93.
9. Smyth RL, Openshaw PJ. Bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2006; 368:312-22.
10. Gadomski AM, Bhasale AL. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006
19;3:CD001266.
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11. Hartling L, Wiebe N, Russell K, Patel H, Klassen TP. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev. 2004 ;(1):CD003123.
12. Davison C, Ventre KM, Luchetti M, Randolph AG. Efficacy of interventions for bronchiolitis in critically
ill infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2004; 5:482-9.
13. Patel H, Platt R, Lozano JM, Wang EE. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and
young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 ;(3):CD004878.
14. Spurling GK, Fonseka K, Doust J, Del Mar C. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2007 ;(1):CD005189.
15. Leclerc F, Scalfaro P, Noizet O, Thumerelle C, Dorkenoo A, Fourier C. Mechanical ventilatory support
in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001; 2:197-204.
Internet (acesso livre)
1. Rodriguez Nunez A, Martinon Torres F, Martinon Sanchez JM; Sociedad Espanola de Cuidados
Intensivos Peditricos. Ventilation in special situations. Mechanical ventilation in bronchiolitis. An
Pediatr (Barc). 2003; 59: 363-6.
2. Lopez Guinea A, Casado Flores J, Martin Sobrino MA, Espinola Docio B, de la Calle Cabrera T,
Serrano A et al. Bronquiolitis grave. Epidemiologa y evolucin de 284 pacientes. An Pediatr (Barc).
2007; 67: 116-22.
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Dispnia
LEVE
Ausente ou leve;
fala frases completas,
Deambula
MODERADA
Moderada, frases
incompletas /parciais;
Lactente: choro curto,
dificuldade alimentar
Normal ou excitado
GRAVE
Intensa; fala frases curtas/
monosilabos;
posio semisentada,
> dificuldade alimentar
Excitado ou deprimido
Conscincia
Normal
Freqncia Respiratria
**
Uso musculatura
acessria
Desde normal
>1DP/idade
Leve ou nenhuma
retrao intercostal
Aumentada at 2DP/idade
Moderadas retraes
subcostais e
Esternocleidomast
Retraes intensas e
Batimento de Asas NasaisBAN
Ausculta
Murmrio inaudvel
Pobre entrada /ar
Pulso paradoxal
< 10 mmHg
10-20 mmHg
20-40 mmHg
PEF
70-90%
50-70%
<50%
Saturao de O2 em ar
ambiente
pO2 (ar ambiente)
>95%
91-95%
<90%
Normal
~= de 60 mmHg
< 60 mmHg
pCO2
< 40 mmHg
< 40 mmHg
> 45 mmHg
Diagnstico diferencial
de maior relevncia quanto menor a idade
da criana em funo das muitas possibilidades
etiolgicas e das prprias dificuldades para
confirmao da asma nesta faixa etria.
A principal patologia a ser diferenciada a
bronquiolite, mucoviscidose, pneumopatia do
refluxo entre outros.
Tratamento
Oxignioterapia: Por tratar-se de uma doena
hipoxmica, o oxignio est sempre indicado no
manejo da criana portadora de asma aguda
grave. Deve ser administrado da forma mais
confortvel possvel, podendo ser utilizado cateter
extra-nasal, intra-nasal, mscara facial (simples,
com reservatrio, Venturi), campnula ou tenda,
com o objetivo de manter a saturao da
hemoglobina acima de 95%.
Hidratao: A desidratao leve (<5%) um
achado comum em pacientes admitidos por asma
aguda grave, em razo de vmitos, febre, recusa
alimentar e aumento nas perdas insensveis
decorrentes da taquipnia. Uma vez que isto
acontea, na dependncia do grau de
desidratao, uma reposio volumtrica inicial
com soluo fisiologia deve ser iniciada, podendo
ser repetida at equilbrio dos sinais de depleo
do intravascular. No podemos desconsiderar que
quadros de hiperidratao podem ser to
malficos quanto a situao anterior, e que na
asma grave h o risco de edema pulmonar e
aumento na secreo do Hormnio Antidiurtico.
Corticosterides: Devem ser indicados
precocemente para todas as crianas com crise
aguda de asma. Na crise aguda aumentam o
nmero e a afinidade dos receptores
simpaticomimticos aos beta-agonistas (sinergia
de ao com os broncodilatadores). Alm disto, os
corticides reduzem o processo inflamatrio, o
edema e a produo de muco. Vrios estudos
demonstram a ausncia de diferena na eficcia
dos corticosterides quando utilizados por via oral
ou parenteral.
Tratamento alternativo
Heliox: Por ser uma mistura gasosa de baixa
densidade, diminui a resistncia na via area
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Bibliografia recomendada:
1. Rotta, AT. Asthma. In: Pediatric Critical Care, 3rd ed. Fuhrman, BP, Zimmerman, JJ (Eds), Mosby Elsevier,
Philadelphia 2006. p.589.
2. Amanta S, Piva J, Garcia PC. Asma Aguda Grave. IN Piva J, Garcia PC. Medicina Intensiva em Pediatria.
Rio De Janeiro : Revinter. 2005. p427-447.
3. Werner, HA. Status asthmaticus in children: a review. Chest 2001; 119:1913.
4. Chipps, BE, Murphy, KR. Assessment and treatment of acute asthma in children. J Pediatr 2005; 147:288.
5. Ordonez, GA, Phelan, PD, Olinsky, A, Robertson, CF. Preventable factors in hospital admissions for
asthma. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78:143.
6. Smith, SR, Strunk RC. Acute asthma in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999;
46:1145.
7. Mansel, JK, Stogner, SW, Petrini, MF, Norman, JR. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe
asthma. Am J Med 1990; 89:42.
Piva et al
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8. Roberts, JS, Bratton, SL, Brogan, TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among
pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:581.
9. Beakes, DE. The use of anticholinergics in asthma. J Asthma 1997; 34:357.
10. Stephanopoulos, DE, Monge, R, Schell, KH, et al. Continuous intravenous terbutaline for pediatric status
asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1744.
11. Browne, GJ, Penna, AS, Phung, X, Soo, M. Randomised trial of intravenous salbutamol in early
management of acute severe asthma in children. Lancet 1997; 349:301.
12. Bernet, V, Hug, MI, Frey, B. Predictive factors for the success of noninvasive mask ventilation in infants
and children with acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:660.
13. Essouri, S, Chevret, L, Durand, P, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: Five years of experience
in a pediatric intensive care unit*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7:329.
14. Thill, PJ, McGuire, JK, Baden, HP, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower
airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:337.
15. Qureshi, F. Management of children with acute asthma in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care
1999; 15:206.
16. Bohn, D, Kissoon, N. Acute asthma. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001; 2:151.
17. Cox, RG, Barker, GA, Bohn, DJ. Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children
with status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 11:120.
Acesso livre:
Sugerimos acessar os seguintes artigos publicados no site Uptodate (http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/)
1. Scarfone R J. Outpatient management of acute asthma exacerbations in children
2. Steinfeld J, Dovey M. Inpatient management of acute asthma exacerbations in children
3. Howell J D. Intensive care unit management of acute severe asthma exacerbation in children