PRESENTED BY :Sahana Biswas

B.Arch/1019/2009
Introductory Seminar On Thesis Project
1

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
General Description
Issues and Objectives
Methodology Flowchart
QUERIES WHILE CONSTUCTING ON HILLS
DETAILS
Inventory of building components
Concerns affecting buildings
INFERENCE

REFERENCE

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Hill Architecture - different and typical architecture
Proposed thesis topic Mountaineering Training Institute
Proposed site Himachal Pradesh

Himachals :
- is situated in the western Himalayas
- falls under cold humid and temperate humid climate

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

 ISSUES Hill Architecture has its very unique features and the issues or concerns that
should be taken care of in hill architecture are as follows : Geological
Climatological
Geographical
Natural Hazard
Socio-cultural

OBJECTIVES

To understand the various concerns that affects the building

Optimizing their effects on the building
- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

 SCOPE - Limited within the literature reviews

- Climatological factors - rainfall, snowfall and wind flow
- Geological factors such as landslide and earthquake
LIMITATIONS
- Geographical factors - avalanche and water-logging
- Socio-cultural factors

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

 METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART -

DECIDING OVER
PROBABLE THESIS
TOPIC

SELECTING
DISSERTATION TOPIC
IN ACCORDANCE TO
THESIS TOPIC

IDENTIFY
VARIOUS
CONCERNS

DRAWING
INFERENCE

ANALYSIS OF
DATA

COLLECTION OF
DATA

STUDY OF
STANDARDS AND
BYE-LAWS

FINDING METHODS
TO OPTIMIZE
EFFECTS OF
CONCERNS

IMPLEMENTATION
IN DESIGN

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

 CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING COMPONENTS -

RAINFALL

SNOWFALL

LANDSLIDE

EARTHQUAKE

DAYLIGHT

WIND
FLOW

FOUNDATION
D.P.C
STRUCT. SYS.
BUILDING
ORIENTATION

WINDOWS
ROOF
WALLS
BUILT FORM

The circles shows which all concerns are affecting which all building components.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

QUERIES WHILE CONSTRUCTING ON HILLS

What are the various concerns that are to be taken care of?
How these concerns affect the building?
How to reduce the ill effects caused by those concerns?
What are the conclusions that we infer from studying?

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

DETAILS
INVENTORY OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
Dissertation deals with :

- Various concerns that affect a building

- Slope Stabilization methods
- Foundation types
- Retaining walls
- Roofing types
- Roofing structures
- Fenestration types

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

 CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING

GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
- Slope Gradient
- Slope Stability
- Water Logging
CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS
- Rainfall
- Snowfall
NATURAL HAZARD FACTORS
- Earthquake
- Landslides
- Avalanche
BUILDING FEATURES DEPENDING ON CLIMATE
- Fenestrations
- Roofing
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

10

EARTHQUAKE Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,
principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other
rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex
combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and
the local geological and geo-morphological conditions.
GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE THE
EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES
symmetry
regularity
separation of blocks
simplicity

enclosed area

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

11

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

12

LANDSLIDES :
Landslides occur when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an
unstable condition.
1. Insertion of reinforcement elements in the ground
This category of work uses large diameter wells supported by one or more
crowns of consolidated and possibly reinforced earth columns :
- anchors
- networks of micropiles
- soil nailing
- geogrids for reinforced ground
- cellular faces
2. Geometry Modification
3. Draining Techniques

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

13

SNOW-FALL :
Several factors affect the amount of snow
that can build up on a roof. They include:

Roof pitch (snow is less likely to slide

off flatter roofs--3/12 pitch or less)
Drifting (wind blowing snow around
other buildings and trees can create
huge snowdrifts and uneven snow loads)
Lean-tos or other low roofs that receive
snow or ice sliding off roofs above them
Shingles or other roof decks which do
not shed snow as easily as metal roofs
Roof valleys or other roof areas which
collect a lot of snow.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

14

SLOPE STABILIZATION METHODS

The principal categories of stabilization methods are:
1) Alteration of slope geometry
2) Improvement of soil strength

3) Provision of force systems to resist instability

Category 1
Techniques can involves :
Re-grading - is the process of raising and/or lowering the levels of land
Toe weighting (e.g. berm)
Digging out.
Category 2
Includes soil improvement through grouting, shallow and deep drainage
schemes and the use of vegetation
Category 3
Systems include the use of piles, piers and retaining walls.
- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

15

FOUNDATION TYPES
1. Fill and Cut-Fill
2. Solid Filling
3. Stepped Foundation

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

16

RETATINING WALL
- Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes
- Used to bound soils between two different elevations
- Often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes
- Or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

17

FENESTRATION TYPES
1. Dormer window
- A structural element of a building that
protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof
surface.
- Like skylights, dormer windows are a source
of light and ventilation for top floors
- Unlike skylights (which are parallel to the
roof surface) they also increase the amount of
headroom in the room and allow for more
usable space.

2. Skylight
- A flat or slope window used for daylighting,
built into a roof structure that is out of reach

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

18

3. Bay window
- A multi-panel window, with at least three
panels set at different angles to create a
protrusion from the wall line

4.Oriel
A form of bay window most often seen in
Tudor-style houses and monasteries which
projects from the wall and does not extend
to the ground.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

19

ROOF TYPES
1. Gable
- A gable is the generally triangular portion
of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.
2. Mansard
- with the pitch divided into a shallow slope
above a steeper slope, the steep slope may
be curved
3. Hip
- A hip roof is a type of roof where all sides
slope downwards to the walls, usually with a
fairly gentle slope.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

20

ROOF STRUCTURES
1. COUPLE ROOF :
- pairs of rafters are attached on opposite
sides of a ridge and the feet are fixed to
the wall plate.
- no tie between the feet, allowing the
rafters to spread under load.
- restricted to small span gable roofs,
which may be simply coupled.

1. COUPLE CLOSE :
- same as the coupled roof except there is
a tie, such as a ceiling joist, placed
between the feet of the rafters
- This method is used for most roof
construction, especially for gables with a
wide span.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

21

3. COLLAR TIE :
- Gable or double-pitch roof rafters are
often reinforced by horizontal members
called collar ties. In a finished attic, the
ties may also function as ceiling joists.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

22

INFERENCE :
Firstly, the geological concern namely the slope gradient is needed to be
stabilized.

Secondly, the climatological concerns namely rainfall and snowfall is needed

to be optimized so that it causes the least possible harm to the building
structure.
Thirdly, the natural hazard concerns namely landslide and earthquake could
be dealt with by making some civil and architectural changes in the building.
A sloping site is both a problem and a gift. PROBLEM: it adds complexity and,
therefore, cost to the project. GIFT: when we have finished, we will have a
much more interesting building. If we optimize all the concerns than we will
surely make use of the slope to give an aesthetically beautiful and a
functional building.

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

23

REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. Himalayan Architecture - by Ronald M. Bernier
2. Ernest and Peter Neufert Architects Data
WEBSITES
1. 1. http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh
3.
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/681/vernacular-architecture-ofhimachal-pradesh-india
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_resistant_structures
6. http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_mitigation
9. http://www.bis.org.in/other/quake.htm
10.http://mikestrade.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/file/view/Basic+Roof+Part
+1+pages+1+-+26.pdf
- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

24

 JOURNALS :
1. Name of paper : Evaluation of Causes of Retaining Wall Failure
Name of journal : Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and
Technologies
Name of author : Muazu Mohammed ABDULLAHI
Name of publisher : Civil Engineering, F.U.T., P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State,
Nigeria.
Year of publishing : Issue 14, January-June 2009
2. Name of paper : Soil Slope Stabilization Methods
Name of author : John Oliphant, Robert McCafferty & Mr Richard Apted
3. Name of paper : Earthquake considerations, Dharamshala Kangra,
Himachal
Name of journal : Architecture Time, Space and People
Name of author :Vandana Sharma, Ankit Sharma
Year of publishing : September 2007

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -

25