Open Channel Hydraulics

Types of channels that are designed for uniform flow :

1. Non Erodible Channel
2. Erodible Channel
3. Grassed Channel
In this paperwork, we are going to discuss only number 1 and 2. We will be discussing about
the definitons, characteristics, factors that influence, and other things related to Non
Erodible / Erodible Channel.
1. NON ERODIBLE CHANNEL
a) Definition
Non Erodible Channel :
Channels that do not scour/ do not allow seepage.
Channels that on both sides are reinforced with certain materials
Channels that built on hard soil as its foundation ( base)
Generally, you use to line the channels in the channel beds as well as on the slides you
line it with certain materials ( Concrete, glass,etc.)
Formulas in used : 1. MANNING
2. STRICKLER
b) Charateristics :
Channels that its section will not be deformed during operational, because the materials in
use are already calculated and will hold firm for a determined time (period). Before
choosing the materials, we have to know the spesification of the land ( slope , discharge
flow, types of flow, and other factors).
c) Designing non erodible channels :
Computing and calculating the dimensions of the channel
Knowing the materials that will be needed regarding the construction
Knowing the principles of Hydraulics ( Open channel hydraulics)
For designing non erodible channels, what do the designer do?
A designer, has to first compute the dimensions of the channel using uniform flow
formula. computed the dimensions, suggested and got the area of the flow, then
subsequently understood means, subsequently suggested the depth of flow and all.

What are the factors to be considered while designing of non erodible channels? Of
course, when you design the channels, especially the non erodible channels, you have to
consider some of the factors.
d) Factors that influence :
Material (roughness coeficient), because it is the material that determines the roughness of
the channel. Different materials have different type of roughness coefficient, and once the
roughness coefficient changes , the flow or the discharge changes quite immensely. So, it
is one of the most important aspect, while designing the non erodible channels.
Non Erodible Channel Materials :

Concrete
Stone masonry
Steel, cast iron
Timber
Glass
PVC ,
Etc.

The non erodible materials used for lining in channels. As we mentioned here, for the
various factors to be considered in design of non erodible channels, the first criteria we
suggested or the first factor we suggested is the kind of materials that are to be used in
forming or in designing the, and using the, in developing the channel body and all.
When we choose the materials, we also have to consider another circumstances. Those
circumstances are:

Availability
Cost
Method of construction
Purpose of the channel

Minimum permissible velocity. Why the minimum permissible velocity? and why not the
maximum permissible velocity? As mentioned, this title is design of non erodible
channels. So, the non erodible channels, we are suggesting that the bed of the channels, it
is not getting eroded or even the side banks side of the channels, they are not getting
eroded.
The minimum velocities that allowed :

0,6 m/s 0,9 m/s

0,75 m/s (to avoid acuatic plants to grow)
Channel Bottom Slope And Side Slopes,

Source : google.com

Channel bottom slope depends on : 1. Topography

2. Energy Level
Freeboard
The amount of height, means free height whichever we are going to give, beyond the
normal depth of the flow for the given design, that is called freeboard,
USBR estimated equation
F= c h
Information : F =height of Freeboard ( in meters).
H = height of water ( in meters).
C = Coeficient ( 0.46 - 0.76 )

Some designs of Non

Source : google.com

Source : google.com

e) What is
purpose

the
of

lining?
Because, the purpose of lining of the channel is, as this is the non erode, design of the non
erodible channels, you have to line the channels. And this lining is done to prevent erosion
of the bed as well as the side, and to prevent the seepage of water into the channels. So, if
you have such a channel this thing, you may see that the beds here, it may get eroded due
to the flow of water.

2. ERODIBLE CHANNEL
a) Definition
erodible channel is a channel that it can change the shape of channels and its affected by a
lot of physic and some area location.

b) Clarification of Erodible
1 The channels eroded but
2 The channels with
3 The channels with
c) Metode of approach
There are two metode of

Source :
google.com

channel
not sedimentation
sedimentation but not erosion
erosion and sedimentation
approaches to having erodible

channel plans :
a) Method of permissible velocity
This method used to land channel that cant erosion. In this method there are
maximum permissible velocity. This maximum velocity apply to straight channel.
And to trun channel must reduction to substract erosion :
Small turn, decrease 5%
Medium turn, decrease 13%
Sharp turn, decrease 22%

Kennedy have formula to velocity that havent sedimentation and erosion :

V0 = c.yx
Coefficient C depens with materials forming.
d) Method of tractive force
This method used to plan channels made of non cohesive material and for make channel
made by non cohesive material for the rude material.
To know tractive force for all so work shifting force divided by :
1 Unit tractive force
Total tractive force
: ALw S
Total wetted perimeter
:PL
ALwS
Unit tractive force o :
=RwS
PL
If channel very wide R
Unit tractive force
2

:Y
o

:YwS

Distribution of Tractive Force

Shifting force in based and wall channel not the same but choose with rasio based wide
(b), in flow (y) and the channels slope.
b/y : 4
z : 13
Tractive Force Rasio (K)
Rasio Tractive Force that works in wall and based channel.
Drag force
:a s
Weight
: w S sin

Resultan :

( wSsin ) +( a )

Equations of equilibrium
The force move = the force hold
2
( wSsin ) + ( a s )2
W S cos tan =

s =

Ws
a

cos tan 1

tan 2
tan 2

Tractive force rasio :

sin2
1 2
k=
sin

Permissible tractive force

Drag force is maximum units that not cause of erosion from land based channel. The
ammount of permissible tractive force :
Particle size for non cohesive land
Void rasio for cohesive land
Plastisity indeks chemical section