Revolution is the culmination of politics which cannot be carried out in diplomatic ways.

It is a
successful large scale armed revolt to overthrow of a ruler or political system
Rebellion is an act whereas an individual or group disobeys and opposes the rules & regulations
of the authority
Insurrection aims to have forcible change in the government.
Revolt is waged to overthrow the government itself
Prime mover is regarded as the initial source of energy directed toward a goal

Factors that contribute to the Philippine revolution

1. Nationalism
2. Fight for Filipinos freedom
3. Rebellion against Spaniards
4. Revenge for Spanish abuses
Rizals Stand on Revolution
1. They lacked funds, men and ammunitions.
2. Membership was strong among the poor and uneducated.
3. There was insufficient backing from the rich families
4. They lacked military strategies.
5. There was a need to organize cohesive and disciplined troops.
Evidences that proved Rizal was a prime mover for the revolution
1. Rizals letter to Blumentritt
2. Rizals letter to Marcelo H. del Pilar
3. His poems- Kundiman, Hymn to Talisay/ Mi Ultimo Adios
4. His novels- Noli/El Fili
5. His icon with the Katipunan
Testimonial evidences:
1. Martin Constantino
2. Aguedo del Rosario
3. Speeches of Pinkian and Tiktik
Trial Verdict
Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peas declared:
Rizal has therefore been well and truly identified as the prime mover of the
consummated crime of rebellion by means of the crime of illegal association. The
sentence passed on him is just, and may lawfully be confirmed on its own merits.
Charges against Rizal
1. Principal organizer and living soul of the Filipino insurrection.
2. Founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating the ideas
of rebellion.

Rizals Defenses
1. he absolved himself by declaring that he was never a part of the revolution;
2. he was consulted about the planned revolution but he advised the perpetrators to
abandon it
3. he wanted to stop the rebellion by offering his services to the people
4. he condemned the revolution as ridiculous and barbarous
5. uprising was not an option at that time, that reforms should be the authorities initiative,
not the citizens.
Objectives of Propaganda Movement
Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the law
Filipino representative to the Spanish Cortes
Secularization of Philippine parishes and the expulsion of the friars.
Human rights for the Filipinos
Freedom of speech
freedom of the press
Freedom to meet/assembly
Petition for redress grievance
La Liga Filipina Purposes in their Constitution
1. To unite the whole Archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body.
2. Mutual protection in every grievance and need.
3. Defense against violence and injustice
4. Encouragement of instruction industrial and agricultural enterprises.
5. Study of reforms putting them into practice.
Failure of the reform Movement:
1. The friars were so powerful that every good impression the La Solidaridad had created and
imprinted in the minds of Spanish officials in Spain were virtually counteracted by The
influential and powerful newspapers of the friars, La Politica de Espana en Filipinas.
2. The various societies established in the Philippines whose primary purpose was ultimately
to campaign for the much needed reforms did not have sufficient means to carry out and
sustain their objectives.
3. The reformists were divided because of petty bickering jealousies among the members,
resulting in the weakening of the bind that tied them together.

Prime mover
Rebellion
Letters
Manisfesto letters
Powers
Influence
Ideas
Reform movement
Nationalism

- Primer proponente
-rebelion
- literatura de alta calidad
- Manifiesto cartas
-fuerza
-influenciar
-pensamiento
- Movimiento de reforma
-nacionalismo

RIZAL
BONIFACIO
As a
Status
Position among siblings
5)
Teenage life
canes
Birth/death

HERO
ilustrado
7th child (out of 11)

SUPREMO
Great Plebeian
Eldest child (out of

Youngest boy
busy at school

sold paper fans &

June 19, 1861 Calamba Laguna

1863 in Tondo
Dec 30, 1896 Manila

Nov 30,
May 10, 1897 in
Maragondon,
Cavite

1st Education
Elementary years
School
College Education
college
Status
wife Monica

Mother Teodora
School of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz

Private tutor/self study

Guillermo Osmena

Ateneo de Manila/Santo Tomas

single

Never

went

married:

to

1st

2 nd Gregoria de
Jesus
(1893)
Books read
Revolution

The Count of Monte Cristo- Alexander Dumas

The Three Musketeers Honore de Balzac

History of French
Wondering Jews-

Eugene Sue
Napoleons Memoirs Written- Alfred de Musset

about

politics, laws, religion

Sucesos de las Islas Filipina- Antonio Morga
Robinson Crusoe- Daniel Defoe

Noli & Fili by Rizal

The
Ruin
of

PalmyraFairy Tales- Hans Christian Andersen

Les Miserables- Victor Hugo
David Copperfield- Charles Dickens
Marriage of Figaro- Beaumarchais
La Libertad de Comercio enlas Islas Marianasby Azcarraga y Pamero
Breve Diccionario Etnografico de Filipinasby Ferdinand Blumentritt

By Robert Wood
Bible
Various Law books
Les Miserables

Album von Philippinen Typen- Meyer

El Archipelago Filipino y las Islas Marianasby Montero y Vidas
Organization formed
(revolutionary group)

La Liga Filipina (civic organization)

Language

22 languages/polyglot/linguist

Freedom is through

peaceful reforms

KKK

Tagalog/Spanish/
little English
revolution

Pen name used

Dimasalang/Laong-laan

Weapon used

pen

bolo & gun

Their personal notion

realist

idealist

Member

Freemason Grand Lodge (France)

Maypagasa

Freemason - Taliba-

Lodge
(Manila)

Caused of death
of fellow

died in the hands of the Spaniards

died in the hands

Dec 30 (date of execution)

Nov 30 (date of

Katipuneros
Heroes celebration
birth)

Tenyente mayor- chief lieutenant

Bastoncane
Agresivoaggressive
Huerfanoorphan
independence
Abanicofan
Destierroexile
Ejecucionexecution

pistolgun
supremosupreme
caraface
independenciaplebeyo-

plebeian

Mi Ultimo Adios is a poem written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal on the eve of his
execution. But this information is contradictory according to several sources. This dispute is to be
discussed in a later part. Although the poem was untitled, this title served as an artifice useful as
a quick reference. This poem was one of the last notes he wrote before his execution.
Another that he had written before his death was found in his shoe but because the text could
not be read, it remains a mystery.
Background

Although Rizals political proposals for more autonomy were non-violent, he was crossing
dangerous domain held by despots who had lost their sense of mission, whose religiosity served
more as a shield to defend the opulent lifestyles of the majority and the perverse and corrupted
nature of a few. With all his works leading to the renewed inspiration for the Filipino masses to
conduct massive revolts against the Spaniards, the authorities had no choice but to have him
arrested, tried summarily, and eventually executed.
At Fort Santiago, on the eve of his execution at the age of 35, he wrote the poem,
expressing his love for his native land. He wrote this poem between 12 and 5 in the morning
(information contradicts this). His Adios whose importance he emphasized to his sisters during
his last moments, was meant to safeguard against such a possibility, and made sure no friar
gains the truth.
Title
Rizal did not inscribe a title to his poem. It was Mariano Ponce, Rizals friend and fellow
reformist, who initially titled it Mi Ultimo Pensamiento in the copies he distributed, but this did
not catch on. Here is a copy of news story taken from The Inquirer dated December 30, 2002:
On the afternoon of Dec. 29, 1896, a day before his execution, Dr. Jose Rizal was visited by his
mother, Teodora Alonzo, sisters Lucia, Josefa, Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa, and two nephews. When
they took their leave, Rizal told Trinidad in English that there was something in the small alcohol
stove (cocinilla), not alcohol lamp (lamparilla). The stove was given to Narcisa by the guard when
the party was about to board their carriage in the courtyard. At home, the Rizal ladies recovered
from the stove a folded paper. On it was written an unsigned, untitled and undated poem of 14
five-line stanzas. It measured 9 X 15 centimeters. The Rizals reproduced copies of the poem
and sent them to Rizal's friends in the country and abroad. In 1897, Mariano Ponce in Hong
Kong had the poem printed with the title "Mi Ultimo Pensamiento." Fr. Mariano Dacanay, who
received a copy of the poem while a prisoner in Bilibid (jail), published it in the first issue of La
Independencia on Sept. 25, 1898 with the title "Ultimo Adios."

Thus did Rizals untitled, undated and unsigned last poem become popularly known as
Ultimo Adios, or Mi Ultimo Adios. The poem has since become internationally renowned.
The original manuscript
The original manuscript Rizal gave to his sister disappeared and was believed to have
been taken by Josephine Bracken when she returned to Hong Kong in 1897.
A few unscrupulous people who were given handwritten copies by the Rizals claimed they
owned the original. In 1908 when the Bureau of Insular Affairs in Washington informed Manila
that an American traveller claimed to have a manuscript of the poem, and was willing to part
with it for US$500 (about 1000 pesos before), then Executive Secretary FW Carpenter called
Trinidad Rizal to authenticate the manuscripts in question. She immediately declared it was the
exact same one she had in possession before it disappeared.
Today that manuscript is encapsulated in a protective film, called mylar and kept in a
vault in the Filipiniana division of the National Library. It is rarely put in public display, not since

the original manuscripts of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were stolen in the early 60s
and held for ransom for P1.5 Million. Only two people know the combination of the vault: the
chief of Filipiniana division and the National Library Director.
When was it written?
The usual notion accepted is that Rizal wrote the last poem on the eve of his execution,
December 29. But there are many circumstances which defy this commonly accepted statement.
Gregorio C. Brillantes and NVM Gonzalez both of Ateneo de Manila University claimed that
Rizal merely wrote it down cleanly in a tiny sheet of paper in his cell that night. They also infer
that Rizal already had drafts of the last poem before that night.
Some accounts say that when Rizal met with his family for the last time in the afternoon of
December 29, he gave each of them a souvenir. When he gave his alcohol burner to Trinidad, he
whispered in English, There is something inside, so the guards would not understand. Years
later, Trinidad contradicted the written accounts that Rizal remarked in English and that it was
done In Visayan. The poem was hidden in the lamp on December 29. So how could Rizal write it
on the eve of his execution? Was the poem written on December 28? Is there a specific date?
E. Arsenio Manuel thinks that the poem was written on December 26, citing key lines 1,
11, 40, 62, 64 and 70, all of which could have been written after the death sentence was handed
down on December 26.
Rizals American biographer, Austin Craig, relying on a footnote in the foot of Rizals
Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retana, thinks that Rizal wrote the poem on December 12.
According to a book that Rizal had given to Ferdinand Blumentritt as a souvenir, Rizal wrote
December 12, on the page where a poem by Pierre Jean de Beranger, Adios was to be found.
Perhaps we are implying too much from that simple date. This could probably be the date when
Rizal read the poem of Beranger, not when he wrote the Ultimo Adios. This poem perhaps served
as Rizals guide in writing his own masterpiece as themes were gradually similar.
According to Nick Joaquin, the poem had been running through his head during his
incarceration, and maybe even before that, and what he wrote down was but the final and
complete version of a poem long in progress. This certainly solidifies the fact that the poem was
composed, memorized and rewritten a few days before his execution. It was done neatly and
with meticulous manuscript.
Political impact
After the transfer of possession to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American
War, the Philippines was perceived as a community of barbarians incapable of self-government.
The Democrats platform stated The Filipinos cannot be citizens without endangering our
civilization. Lobbying for management of Philippine affairs, US Representative Henry Cooper of
Wisconsin recited the poem before the US House of Representatives. Realizing the
nobility of the author, his fellow congressmen enacted the Philippine Bill of 1902 (renamed
Jones Law) enabling self-government, although relative complete autonomy would not be
granted until 1946. This basically proves the importance of Rizals last poem to Philippine

independence. Perhaps without the poem, the United States would not have been convinced of
letting the Philippines practice autonomy.
Mi Ultimo adios is also considered as one of the most beautifully made poem written in the
Spanish language. It was read over State-run radio during Perus Independence Day. This states
the fact that cross country barriers has been broken and the poem served as a nationalistic vice
for other countries who wanted freedom from their colonial overlords.
Translations
There are at least 35 English translations known and published (in print) of this poem
as of December 2005. The most popular is that of American Charles Derbyshire (dated 1911)
and is inscribed on bronze. Also on bronze at the Rizal Park in Manila but less known is the
translation by Filipino National Artist, novelist and journalist Nick Joaquin (1944). The latest
translation (as of the date) is in Czech made by a Czech diplomat and addressed at the session
of the senate.
It could be the most translated patriotic swan song in the world. Aside from the 35 English
versions and interpretations into 46 Filipino languages, this poem has also been translated
into at least 37 other languages:
1. Indonesian,
2. Bengali, 3. Bulgarian,
4. Burmese, 5. Chinese, 6. Danish,
7. Dutch,
8. Fijian,
9. French,
10. German,
11. Greek, 12. Hawaiian,
13. Hebrew, 14. Hindi,
15. Hungarian, 16. Igbo ( Nigerian), 17. Italian, 18. Japanese,
19. Javanese,
20.Korean, 21. Latin,
22. Maori,
23. Norwegian,
24.
Portuguese, 25. Romanian,
26. Russian, 27. Sanskrit,
28. Sinhalese,
29. Somali,
30. Tahitian, 31. Thai,
32. Tongan, 33. Turkish, 34. Urdu,
35. Vietnamese,
36. Wolof (Senegal), and 37. Yoruba (Nigeria).

The Poem
Mi Ultimo Adios
Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida,
Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden!
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida,
Y fuera ms brillante ms fresca, ms florida,
Tambien por t la diera, la diera por tu bien.
En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio
Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar;
El sitio nada importa, ciprs, laurel lirio,
Cadalso campo abierto, combate cruel martirio,
Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar.
Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora
Y al fin anuncia el da trs lbrego capuz;

Si grana necesitas para teir tu aurora,

Vierte la sangre ma, derrmala en buen hora
Y drela un reflejo de su naciente luz.
Mis sueos cuando apenas muchacho adolescente,
Mis sueos cuando joven ya lleno de vigor,
Fueron el verte un da, joya del mar de oriente
Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente,
Sin ceo, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor.
Ensueo de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo,
Salud te grita el alma que pronto va partir!
Salud! ah que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo,
Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo,
Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir.
Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un dia
Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor,
Acrcala a tus labios y besa al alma ma,
Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fra
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hlito el calor.
Deja la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave;
Deja que el alba enve su resplandor fugaz,
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave,
Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave
Deja que el ave entone su cantico de paz.
Deja que el sol ardiendo las lluvias evapore
Y al cielo tornen puras con mi clamor en pos,
Deja que un sr amigo mi fin temprano llore
Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mi alguien ore
Ora tambien, Oh Patria, por mi descanso Dios!
Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura,
Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual,
Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura;
Por hurfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura
Y ora por t que veas tu redencion final.
Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio
Y solos slo muertos queden velando all,
No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio
Tal vez acordes oigas de citara salterio,
Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto ti.
Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada
No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar,

Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada,

Y mis cenizas antes que vuelvan la nada,
El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan formar.
Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido,
Tu atmsfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzar,
Vibrante y limpia nota ser para tu oido,
Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido
Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi f.
Mi Patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores,
Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios.
Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores.
Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores,
Donde la f no mata, donde el que reyna es Dios.
Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma ma,
Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar,
Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso da;
Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegria,
Adios, queridos sres morir es descansar.
English Translation
My Last Farewell
(Charles Derbyshire)
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
The place matters not--cypress or laurel or lily white,
Scaffold of open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
'Tis ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
I die just when I see the dawn break,
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake,
To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
My dreams, when life first opened to me,
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea,
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;

No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye

Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
All hail! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire;
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
Let the wind with sad lament over me keen;
And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest;
Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
From thee, O my country, that in God I may rest.
Pray for all those that hapless have died,
For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried;
And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.
And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around,
With only the dead in their vigil to see;
Break not my repose or the mystery profound,
And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound;
'Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
When even my grave is remembered no more,
Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone;
Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er,
That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
Before into nothingness at last they are blown.
Then will oblivion bring to me no care,
As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air,
With color and light, with song and lament I fare,

Ever repeating the faith that I keep.

My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends,
Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!
I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends;
For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,
Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!
Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed!
Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;
Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!
Tagalog Translation
PAHIMAKAS
translation by Philippine hero,
Andrs Bonifacio
Pinipintuho kong Bayan ay paalam,
Lupang iniirog ng sikat ng araw,
mutyang mahalaga sa dagat Silangan,
kaluwalhatiang sa ami'y pumanaw.
Masayang sa iyo'y aking idudulot
ang lanta kong buhay na lubhang malungkot;
maging maringal man at labis alindog
sa kagalingan mo ay aking ding handog.
Sa pakikidigma at pamimiyapis
ang alay ng iba'y ang buhay na kipkip,
walang agam-agam, maluag sa dibdib,
matamis sa puso at di ikahapis.
Saan man mautas ay dikailangan,
cipres o laurel, lirio ma'y patungan
pakikipaghamok, at ang bibitayan,
yaon ay gayon din kung hiling ng Bayan.
Ako'y mamamatay, ngayong namamalas
na sa silinganan ay namamanaag
yaong maligayang araw na sisikat
sa likod ng luksang nagtabing na ulap.
Ang kulay na pula kung kinakailangan
na maitina sa iyong liwayway,
dugo ko'y isabong at siyang ikinang
ng kislap ng iyong maningning na ilaw
Ang aking adhika sapul magkaisip
ng kasalukuyang bata pang maliit,

ay ang tanghaling ka at minsan masilip

sa dagat Silangan hiyas na marikit.
Natuyo ang luhang sa mata'y nunukal,
taas na ang noo't walang kapootan,
walang bakas kunot ng kapighatian
gabahid man dungis niyong kahihiyan.
Sa kabuhayang ko ang laging gunita
maningas na aking ninanasa-nasa
ay guminhawa ka ang hiyas ng diwa
pag hingang papanaw ngayong biglang-bigla.
Ikaw'y guminhawa laking kagandahang
akoy malugmok, at ikaw ay matanghal,
hiniga'y malagot, mabuhay ka lamang
bangkay ko'y masilong sa iyong Kalangitan.
Kung sa libingan ko'y tumubong mamalas
sa malagong damo mahinhing bulaklak,
sa mga labi mo'y mangyayaring itapat,
sa kaluluwa ko hatik ay igawad.
At sa aking noo nawa'y iparamdam,
sa lamig ng lupa ng aking libingan,
ang init ng iyong paghingang dalisay
at simoy ng iyong paggiliw na tunay.
Bayaang ang buwan sa aki'y ititig
ang liwanag niyang lamlam at tahimik,
liwayway bayaang sa aki'y ihatid
magalaw na sinag at hanging hagibis.
Kung sakasakaling bumabang humantong
sa krus ko'y dumapo kahit isang ibon
doon ay bayaan humuning hinahon
at dalitin niya payapang panahon.
Bayaan ang ningas ng sikat ng araw
ula'y pasingawin noong kainitan,
magbalik sa langit ng boong dalisay
kalakip ng aking pagdaing na hiyaw.
Bayaang sino man sa katotang giliw
tangisang maagang sa buhay pagkitil;
kung tungkol sa akin ay may manalangin
idalangin, Bayan, yaring pagka himbing.
Idalanging lahat yaong nangamatay,
mangagatiis hirap na walang kapantay;
mga ina naming walang kapalaran
na inihihibik ay kapighatian.

Ang mga bao't pinapangulila,

ang mga bilanggong nagsisipagdusa;
dalanginin namang kanilang makita
ang kalayaan mong, ikagiginhawa.
At kung an madilim na gabing mapanglaw
ay lumaganap na doon sa libinga't
tanging mga patay ang nangaglalamay,
huwag bagabagin ang katahimikan.
Ang kanyang hiwagay huwag gambalain;
kaipala'y maringig doon ang taginting,
tunog ng gitara't salterio'y mag saliw,
ako, Bayan yao't kita'y aawitin.
Kung ang libingan ko'y limot na ng lahat
at wala ng kurus at batang mabakas,
bayaang linangin ng taong masipag,
lupa'y asarolin at kauyang ikalat.
At mga buto ko ay bago matunaw
mauwi sa wala at kusang maparam,
alabok ng iyong latag ay bayaang
siya ang babalang doo'y makipisan.
Kung magka gayon na'y aalintanahin
na ako sa limot iyong ihabilin
pagka't himpapawid at ang panganorin
mga lansangan mo'y aking lilibutins.
Matining na tunog ako sa dingig mo,
ilaw, mga kulay, masamyong pabango,
ang ugong at awit, pag hibik sa iyo,
pag asang dalisay ng pananalig ko.
Bayang iniirog, sakit niyaring hirap,
Katagalugang ko pinakaliliyag,
dinggin mo ang aking pagpapahimakas;
diya'y iiwan ko sa iyo ang lahat.
Ako'y patutungo sa walang busabos,
walang umiinis at berdugong hayop;
pananalig doo'y di nakasasalot,
si Bathala lamang dooy haring lubos.
Paalam, magulang at mga kapatid
kapilas ng aking kaluluwa't dibdib
mga kaibigan bata pang maliit
sa aking tahanan di na masisilip.
Pag pasasalamat at napahinga rin,
paalam estranherang kasuyo ko't aliw,
paalam sa inyo, mga ginigiliw;

mamatay ay siyang pagkakagupiling!

The most common Tagalog version of the Mi Ultimo Adios was called the Pahimakas. This
was translated by Andres Bonifacio. Despite the lack of continued formal education due to
untoward circumstances in his childhood, Bonifacio has a basic understanding of the Spanish
language. With this knowledge, he translated the last poem of Rizal in order to spread it to his
compatriots in the Katipunan. Not all the revolutionaries in the said organization were able to
understand Spanish therefore the need for a Tagalog version. This was key to the inspiration that
the last poem served in the Philippine revolution. A renewed and exerted effort was made to fight
for the countrys much sought after independence.

The Controversial Line

Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegria, This line has been marred with a lot of
criticism and doubts on the true intentions of Rizal. The line refers to Josephine Bracken, Rizals
sweetheart.
Charles Derbyshire Nick Joaquin
Volpicelli
De RivasPattens-

Frank Laubaodie,

Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;

Farewell, sweet foreigner, my crony, my delight.
Farewell, sweet foreigner, my darling, my delight
Farewell loved beings, stranger sweet; to die is but to rest.
Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy. Farewell beloved beings,
to die is to rest.
Stranger farewell, farewell to thee, my happiness, my wife, stranger beloved
each and all, to die is but to rest.

Farewell, sweet foreign lover friend, my best; farewell to all! Yet not to

but sleep.
Sweet foreign, my friend, my joy, farewell to thee. Farewell my loved ones
all... To die is but to rest
Ramon EchevarriaFarewell! Sweet alien friend on whom my heart reclined; Farewell dear
souls- in death repose is born.

Carlos P. RomuloIcasiano-

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Farewell, sweet foreigner within my heart enshrined; Farewell, dear souls- in

death repose is born.
Goodbye, my sweet one, loves from far away! Goodbye, dear beings!
To die is to rest!
My foreigner, sweet, my friend, happiness, adieu! Adieu! My dearest ones,
adieu!to die is to rest!

Perla del Mar de Oriente

pearl of the orient
brillante
brighter
sol querida sun caress'd
Vida
life
Extranjera
Foreigner

6. Alegre
7. Nuestroperdido
8. Eternidad
9. Rubor
10.Tormentos
11.Cuando
12.Olvidada
13.El hombre
14.Mi patria idolatrada
15.Alma mia

cheerful
our lost
eternity
shame
torment
when
forget
man
my idolized country
my soul

IDEALS:
- devotion to educate the people on the fundamentals of democracy and the upliftment of
economic standards.
Inspired:
government of the people, by the people, and for the people
liberty, equality, fraternity

political dictum A Lincoln

French revolution watchword

search into the nature of things, extend the boundaries of knowledge, make the purpose
sincere, regulate the mind, cultivate personal virtue, promote the harmony of the family, govern
the state and keep the world in peace.
Confucius philosophy
His examination of the Filipino inhabitants was weak, uneducated, and divided, the
fundamental cause s of misery and humiliation.
His mind prevail various motives to the Filipinos: his moral, and rational persuasions as well as
his tendency to idealize- insisted nonviolent means where acceptable, reasonable, and effective
based on REASON and JUSTICE.
1. NATIONALISM ( who were passive, take for granted) devotion to the interest of ones
country is a means of existence; a banner of freedom proclaiming the national interest of
the people, to be promoted, and safeguarded by themselves so that the fruits of their
efforts and the wealth derived from god-given resources shall accumulate to them, which
will enable all people to rise above poverty, march on to prosperity, contentment, and
dignity.
2. NATIONALISM IN EDUCATION would place a great importance on the teaching of Phil.
History from the point of view of the Fil people. Will develop an anti-colonial, antiimperialist orientation base on historical experiences. Would also emphasize a critical
study of the Phil economy so that the people will learn to be cautious of economic
progress proposed by foreign governments and institutions. Also to know how the world
capitalist system operates so that we can understand in what way economic development
will affect the people. Educating for nationalism means consciously educating Fils. to be
Fils. Fils who will work for the Phils & for the fil people, pro-Phils, pro-Filipino one must
have a national identity. Present educational system promotes pride in our beautiful land,
(sampaguita, Mayon, Banawe, smiling people), our nationhood (identity). Nationalism
chart the fullest political & economic independence for the future.

NATIONHOOD VS NATIONALISM
3.

ON MORAL VALUES can exist only in a free being and voluntary human acts of willingness
to be morally good, a man becomes good, w3hich implies obligation. Rizal a man of
powerful energy & intellectual valued loyalty, filial devotion, benevolence, love,
faithfulness, justice, harmony and peace. In his Fili he point out the needed reforms:
..radical reforms in the military, clergy, administration of justice more respect to
human dignity, greater security for the individual, & less privileges for an organization
which easily abuses them

4.

ON COOPERATION He who wants to help himself should help others, because if he

neglects others he too will be neglected by them. Believed that class struggle is not a
requirement to human progress, because man has been guided by the principle of
cooperation and not conflict. Cooperation is working together for a common purpose exist
among members of the family, peers, & friends by way of mutual sharing of efforts to
achieve the desired goal. It is a social process in which people work together to achieve a
common goal & to share benefits. Which show mutual sharing of efforts & abilities to
achieve the desired end, where undertaking will be made easier if they help one another.

5. ON NATION-BUILDING Deprive a man then of his dignity you not only deprive him of his
moral stamina but also you render him useless even to those who want to make use of
him. Every being in creation has his spur, his mainspring: mans is his self-respect: take it
away from him and he becomes a corpse: and he who demands activity from a corpse will
find worms (letter to Mariano Ponce)
To me man is the masterpiece of creation, perfect within his conditions, who cannot
deprived of any of his components parts, moral as well as physical, without disfiguring and
making him miserable. .. mans aim is not merely to produce his purpose is not to
satisfy the passion of another man. His object is to seek happiness for himself and his
fellow men by following the road towards progress & perfection. (letter to Fr. Pablo
Pastells) Rizals blueprint for nation-building is to instill racial pride and dignity among
his people, the promotion of national consciousness, the re-orientation of values
and attitudes, and the willingness to sacrifice for the country through education.
Through education it could eradicate the vices of the society successfully and develop a
nation awareness of their rights & pride in their countrys heritage & culture.
And emphasize on the importance of the livelihood of the people - its social welfare and
economic justice as the foremost task in nation-building.
6.

ON DEMOCRACY the twin ideals of Rizal on democracy is liberty. Liberty is not obtain
without pain or merit, nor is it granted gratis at amore in democracy , the supreme power
is vested in the people. The political leaders concern should be the welfare of the
majority, willingly binds on the ideals of the constitution and the laws of the land and to
observe righteousness and justice for the common good. People and government are
complementary. Rizals ideals were attainable, his role as educator, physician, scientist,
businessmen, artist, civic-spirited citizen.

7. ON EDUCATION We shall devote our strength to the education of the Fil people, which is
my supreme aspiration through education & work they might have a personality of their
own and make themselves worthy of them.. ..showing itself worthy , noble, and honest,
as a result of being enlightened will not forever be an easy prey to exploitation and
injustice. education for the masses, education for the elite, and also education for the
women (Malolos) his pointers in correct behavior, he taught value of honesty, truthfulness
and good manners, gentlemen in interpersonal relations and stress the important of
good manners.(students in Dapitan)
8. ON GOVERNANCE government exists for the benefit of the governed, important for the
protection of the inhabitants, the administration of justice, advancement of the physical,
economic, social, & cultural well-being of the people these internal & external preservation
is the primary functions. Citizens should be encouraged to participate to government
undertakings and productive activities by way of consultation through peaceful and lawful
means. People managing the affairs of government shall have brains and ability, political
maturity & experience. Whose main goal is to promote the general welfare, morals,
intelligence, social justice and the ultimate happiness of the people.
9. ON THE FAMILY .. the greatest legacy that parents can bequeath their children is
righteousness in judgment, generosity in rights, and steadfastness in adversity: the
greatest honor that a son can pay his parents is integrity and a good name , that the acts
of the son may never make his parents live with shame, and the rest God will provide.
10. ON LIVELIHOOD Rizal believed that the peoples livelihood determined the economic
status of the family which is guided by cooperation (not conflict). Livelihood is the focal
points of the government to alleviate poverty. He advocated that the two major means of
having a viable livelihood program is through equalization of land ownership and
regulation of capital. Regulation of Capital was the essential to combat the ill effect of
capitalism, to guard against the control of the industries by private sectors, which would
result in the domination by private individuals, thus giving rise to class distinction and
unequal distribution of wealth.
11. ON JUSTICE is the constant and perpetual will to allot to every man his due, which ideals
illustrate the lady of justice truly blindfolded and ready to smite with her sword those
inequity weight down her scales can be presented to the world.
justice delayed is
justice denied. In a democratic society no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and
property without due process of law a fair, speedy and impartial investigation should be
administered before a final judgment is made.
CALAMBA
The town of Calamba in the 19th century was a sleepy agricultural town that lay in the shadow of
the fabled Mount Makiling. It is a small town of only about 500 hectares of sloping hills on the
southern shores of Laguna de Bay. It is a town which every Filipino student comes to know
early in life as the birthplace of our National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal.