DIHYBRID

By :
Name
: Lukman Adi Nugroho
Student ID : B1K014018
Entourage
:I
Group
:3
Assistant
: Ardo Ramdhani

PRACTICUM REPORT OF GENETICS

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2015

III.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 1. The Time Observation

Observation Date

Description

Thursday, 26th October 2015

Botle 1 :
- Larvae = More
- Pupae
=4
- Larva live = 4
Botle
-

Friday, 4th December 2015

Group that
observed
Group 4

2:
Lavae
= More
Pupa
=0
Larva live = 2

Botle 1 :
- Larvae = More
- Pupae
= More
- Larva live = More
Botle
-

2:
Lavae
=7
Pupa
=0
Larva live = More

Friday, 11th December 2015

Larva live = 17
Table 2. The Results of Dyhibrid Cross and X2 Test Observation
Phenotype Classes

O (Results)

E (Expected)

[(O-E)]2
E

Wild Type
Mutant type 1
Mutant type 2
Mutant type 1, type 2

4
11
2
-

9,56
3,19
3,19
1,06

3,23
19,12
0,44
1,06

Total
Xt2 = 7,815

Xh2 = 23,85

17

Nilai Xh2 > Xt2, means the total of Xcount more than Xtable.

Calculating
Ebony

Dumpy

E : 3/16 X 17 = 3,19

E : 1/4 X 57 = 14,25

(O-E)2/E = (11-3,19)2/3,19 = 19,12

(O-E)2/E = (2-3,19)2/3,19 = 0,44

Wild :

Ebony & Dumpy :

E : 9/16 X 17 = 9,56

E : 1/4 X 57 = 14,25

(O-E)2/E = (4-9,56)2/9,56= 3,23

(O-E)2/E =(0 - 1,06)2/1,06 = 1,06

The Dyhibrid Cross of Dumpy and Ebony

P1

Dumpy
EEdd

Ebony

eeDD

EeDd

F1

EeDd (Wild)

P2

EeDd

F2

1 EEDD = Wild
2 EEDd =Wild
1 EEdd = Dumpy
2 EeDD =Wild
4 EeDd = Wild
2 Eedd = Dumpy
1 eeDD = Ebony

2 eeDd = Ebony
1 eedd = Ebonydumpy
Phenotype = 9:3:3:1 (Wild : Ebony : Dumpy: EbonyDumpy)

B. Discussion
Dihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals of similar nature involving
two different, dihybrid is part of Mendel's laws II, which is a grouping of genes freely
(Independent Assortment of Genes). This law applies when the formation of gametes,
in which genes sealel freely go to the respective poles when meiosis. The law of
evidence used in dihybrid and polihibrid, which crosses from individuals who have 2
or more different characters. The law also called Asortasi (Benjamin, 2008).
Two different properties that Mendel studied, namely the shape and color of
peas. In the previous studies it is known that seed round (W) dominant to wrinkled
seeds (w), and resulted in a ratio of 3: 1. In the F2 offspring, Mendel also found that
yellow seed color (G) is dominant over green beans (g), and segregation with ratio 3:
1. Crosses dihibrida pea seed in the round yellow and green wrinkled seed in
generating a phenotype ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. Ratio of genotype can be obtained by
adding the same genotypes among 16 genotypes seen in the triangle Punnett (Suryo,
1984). Principle applies to the segregation of homologous chromosomes. Pairs of
homologous chromosomes different set itself the equatorial metaphase I by way of
free and remain free during meiosis. As a result, the genes located on chromosome
nonhomologous, in other words, genes are not adrift experience free elections in
meiosis (Fransisca, 2010).
In genetics, chi-square (chi squared) is often used to test whether the data
obtained from an experiment it in accordance with the ratio that we expected or not.
In a trial rarely do we get the data in accordance with what we expect (theoretically).
Almost always be lapses. Relatively small deviations can be accepted on a large
deviation. In addition, if the deviation is more frequent occurrence can be said to be
more normal and tend to be more acceptable than a rare aberration. Now the question
is how much deviation is acceptable and how frequent or how big chances, and the
answer can be found by X 2 test. Formula X 2 is:

X =
2

OE
E

O (Observed) was observed, whereas E (Expected) is theoretically expected data, and

the sum of the value X 2 for each category.
The smaller the value X 2 indicates that the observed data increasingly thin
difference expected. Instead the greater X 2 show that the greater the deviation.
Limits of acceptable deviations or large opportunities for value deviations can be
accepted only once in 20 trials (odds 1/20 = 0.05) then at P = 0.05 is or rejection of
experimental data, besides the data can also be analyzed via distribution type of birth,
the average number of children per birth, birth weight and weaning weight as well as
through the statistical analysis in the form of flats properties, coefficient of variance,
analysis of variance and the relative advantages (Spencer, 2013).
Ebony Drosophila melanogaster has black or dark color, red eye. The mutant
chromosome take place in number 3, number 13 and 0. The locus of Drosophila
melanogaster has Dumpy length of the wing is 2/3 of the body, red eye. The mutant
chromosome take place in number 2, the locus number 70 and 7 (Fransisca, 2013).
Five virgin female mutants are crossed to five male mutants in a crossbreeding bottle.
All parental individuals are moved away or killed after eight days of crossbreeding.
The F1 generation is observed for mutant characters, for example body color and the
shape of the wing. The F1 individuals are crossed to each other in a new medium. All
the F1 individuals are moved away or killed after eight days of crossbreeding. Each
type of F2 individuals are calculated (the number of all F2 individuals should be at
least 300 flies). The result of the calculation of F2 flies are Analyzed using the X2
test. The result of dihybrid crosses betweeen wild type and dumpy is 23,85>7,815 or
number Xh2 > Xt2, mean that the total of Xcount more than Xtable, so the cross
between wild type and dumpy not complete the ratio of mendelian.

IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that:
1. The dihybrid crosses between wild type and dumpy results 17 individ, there are 2
is dumpy, 11 is ebony and 4 is wild type.
2. The ratio of dihybrid cross between wild type and dumpy there are phenotype=
9:3:3:1 (Wild : Ebony : Dumpy: EbonyDumpy)
3. The result of dihybrid crosses betweeen wild type and dumpy is 23,85>7,815 or
number Xh2 > Xt2, mean that the total of Xcount more than Xtable, so the cross
between wild type and dumpy not complete the ratio of mendelian.
B. Suggestion
The suggestion for this laboratory is be carefull when transfer the
Drosophila melanogaster to the new media, and the bottle glass better change with
plastic bottle.

REFERENCE
Benjamin A. Pierce. 2008. Genetics A Conceptual Approach fourth edition. W. H.
Freeman and Company. New York.
Fransisca C. 2010. Kombinatorial Dalam Hukum Pewarisan Mendel. Makalah II2092
Probabilitas dan Statistik Sem. I Tahun 2010/2011.
Spencer Wiles & Kristian M. Hargadon. 2013. Inheritance Patterns in Monohybrid
and Dihybrid Crosses for sepia eye color and apterous (wingless) Mutations in
Drosophila melanogaster. H-SC Journal of Sciences. (II). 23943.
Suryo. 1984. Genetika. Yogyakarta : Gajah Mada University Press.