ABSTRACT

The experiment is based on pressure drop, the air flow rate, the water flow rate
and also the packed column. The pressure drop is increased when the water flow rate
and air flow rate is increased. This experiment is to examine the air pressure drop
across the column as a function of air flow rate for different water flow rates through the
column. The graph of log pressure drop against log of air flow rate is plotted. The graph
of generalized theoretical pressure drop correlation chart for random packing is also
plotted. Both of the graph have same principle where high flow rate parameter is meant
for high liquid flow and high pressure drop while low flow rate parameter is meant for
low liquid flow and low pressure drop.

INTRODUCTION

Gas absorption (also known as scrubbing) is an operation in which a gas mixture

is contacted with a liquid for the purpose of preferentially dissolving one or more
components of the gas mixture and to provide a solution of them in the liquid. Therefore
we can see that there is a mass transfer of the component of the gas from the gas
phase to the liquid phase. The solute so transferred is said to be absorbed by the liquid.
In gas desorption (or stripping), the mass transfer is in the opposite direction, i.e. from
the liquid phase to the gas phase. The principles for both systems are the same.
There are 2 types of absorption processes: physical absorption and chemical
absorption, depending on whether there is any chemical reaction between the solute
and the solvent (absorbent). When water and hydrocarbon oils are used as absorbents,
no significant chemical reactions occur between the absorbent and the solute, and the
process is commonly referred to as physical absorption. When aqueous sodium
hydroxide (a strong base) is used as the absorbent to dissolve an acid gas, absorption
is accompanied by a rapid and irreversible in the liquid phase and the process is
referred to as chemical absorption or reactive absorption.
The absorption process requires the following steps:
1. Diffusion of the solute gas molecules through the host gas to the liquid boundary
layer based on a concentration gradient
2. Solvation of the solute gas in the host liquid based on gas-liquid solubility
3. Diffusion of the solute gas based on concentration gradient, thus depleting the liquid
boundary layer and permitting further solvation

Method of Operation:

A. Counter-current Operation
It was widely used in the industry.
The gas enters the column or tower from below as leaves at the top, while
liquid enters from the top and flows in opposite direction and exits from the
bottom.
B. Co-current Gas Absorption
This mode of operation is seldom used in practice.
It is less efficient than counter-current operation.

ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT

Tray (or plate or stage) Columns- The types of trays used in absorption
include: sieve tray, valve tray and bubble-cap trays. These internals are the same

as those covered in "Distillation"

Packed Column- Both random and structured packing had been used.
Spray Column- The gas flows upward continuously through an open chamber in
which scrubbing liquid droplets falls from spray nozzles through the gas. The gas
pressure drop is small, but separation is not as good as the bubble column. This
column is widely used for its simplicity, low pressure drop, and resistance to scale

deposition and plugging.

Bubble Column- The gas is forced under pressure through perforated pipes
submerged in the scrubbing liquid. As such the gas phase is dispersed and the
liquid phase is continuous. As the bubbles rise through the liquid, absorption of
the gas occurs. This type of device suffers from the high pressure drop due to the
liquid hydrostatic head.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the air pressure drop across the column as a function of air flow rate

for different water flow rates through the column.

To determine the pressure drop across the dry column as a function of air flow

rate.
To study the operation of Gas absorption.

REFERENCES

J. H. Perry, Ed., Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 5th or 6th ed., p. 14.2 -

14.40,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1973.
W. L. McCabe and J. C. Smith, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering,
4th ed., p.
617-631, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY., 1985.

INTRODUCTION

In this experiment we are ask to analysis a cooling tower. A cooling tower is a heat
rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a
water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air
temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool
the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries,
petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for
cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower:
the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as
machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling
towers is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling water systems used in
power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants,
food processing plants, semi-conductor plants, and for other industrial facilities such as
in condensers of distillation columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc.
With respect to the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are:

Dry cooling towers -operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates
the working fluid from ambient air, such as in a tube to air heat exchanger,

utilizing convective heat transfer. They do not use evaporation.

Wet cooling towers (or open circuit cooling towers) -operate on the principle
of evaporative cooling. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid (usually water)

are one and the same.

Fluid coolers (or closed circuit cooling towers) -are hybrids that pass the
working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a
fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is much closer
to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler of
protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure and contamination.

Categorization by air-to-water flow

Cross-flow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow
(see diagram at below). Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to
meet the fill material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity.
The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum
volume. Lastly, a fan forces the air out into the atmosphere. A distribution or hot water
basin consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles in its bottom is located near the top
of a cross flow tower. Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles uniformly across
the fill material.
Advantages of the cross-flow design:

Gravity water distribution allows smaller pumps and maintenance while in use.
Non-pressurized spray simplifies variable flow.
Package Cross flow cooling tower
Typically lower initial and long-term cost, mostly due to pump requirements.

Disadvantages of the cross-flow design:

More prone to freezing than counterflow designs.

Variable flow is useless in some conditions.
More prone to dirt buildup in the fill than counterflow designs, especially in dusty
or sandy areas.

In a counter-flow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram
at left). Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media, and is then drawn up

vertically. The water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles near the top of the tower,
and then flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air flow.
Advantages of the counter-flow design:

Spray water distribution makes the tower more freeze-resistant.

Breakup of water in spray makes heat transfer more efficient.

Disadvantages of the counter-flow design:

Typically higher initial and long-term cost, primarily due to pump requirements.
Difficult to use variable water flow, as spray characteristics may be negatively

affected.
Typically noisier, due to the greater water fall height from the bottom of the fill into
the cold water basin.

OBJECTIVES

1) To study the operation of cooling tower.

2) To study the performance at different ranges cooling load and inlet
temperature of cooling tower.
3) To determine average heat and mass transfer coefficients and
4) To estimate the tower height.
5) To examine the effect of various parameters such as feed flow rate, air
flow rate, inlet water temperature etc. on the performance of the cooling
tower.

ABSTRACT
This experiment is conducted to perform energy and mass balance on the cooling tower
system and to observe the effects of one of the process variables on the exit
temperature of water. For water cooling tower experiment, there several parameters that

can be adjusted to observe the effects on the evaporation of water. The parameters are
temperature and flow rate of water, relative humidity and flow rate of air and cooling
load. In this experiment, we choose the cooling load as variable while water flow rate
and flow rate as constant parameters. The steady flow equations which is energy and
mass balances were employed in order to provide an insight on the amount of energy
transferred between phases under different conditions.

ABSTRACT
The experiment is carried out to study on four different types of membranes by using
Membrane Test Unit model TR14.The experiment is conducted to study characteristics

based on 4 different types of membrane which are AFC99(polyamide film),AFC 40

(polyamide film),CA 202 (cellulose acetate) and FP 100 (PVDF),by using Membrane
Test Unit model TR14. On top of that, this experiment was made to determine the
characteristics of 4 types of membranes which different in term of pore size by
separation driving force is namely as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF),
ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membranes. Besides that, another aim in this
experiment is to calculate the composition of solid salt at product. The experiment was
run using approximately sodium chloride solution. The pressure supply for each
membrane is different at maximum pressure for at which is 18 bar, 12 bar, 10 bar and
8.5 bar for membrane 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. For every 1 minute to 10 minutes, the
permeate sample is collected and its weight was recorded for each type of membrane
use. When we carried out, the solution will permeate through the membrane leaving
only macromolecules behind. The sample of permeates were taken too made up the
weight of permeates per time. The experiment was completely and successfully
conducted.

INTRODUCTION
In our real life, the membrane technology is mostly used in transport of
substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes for separation
of gaseous or liquid streams .Membrane technology are available in variety of

separation capabilities have become the technology .It used not only removal of
turbidity, precursors, microorganism relating to underground , surface water supplies
and other. But for our experiment, the Membrane Test unit Model TR 14 shown in Figure
2.1 has been designed to demonstrate the technique of membrane separations which
highly popular as they provided effective separation without the use of heating energy
as in distillation process, sublimation or crystallization . This type of membrane is mostly
used among industry in biotechnology and process industry.

Figure 2.1:- Membrane Test unit Model TR 14

This self- contained unit on a mobile epoxy coated steel framework, it requires only
connection to a suitable electricity supply and a normal cold water supply to be fully
operational. It consists of a feed tank, a product tank, a feed pump, a pressure
regulator, a water bath, and a membrane test module. All parts in contact with the
process fluid ate stainless steel, PTFE, silicone rubber or nitrile rubber. The unit comes
with a high pressure feed pump for delivering the feed to the membrane unit at the
desired flow rate and pressure. The retentate line can be either returned to the feed
tank or straight to the drain. Appropriate sensors for flow, pressure and temperature are
installed at strategic locations for process monitoring and data acquisitions.

This TR 14 consists of a test module supplied with four different membranes,

namely the reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and
microfiltration (MF) membranes as shown in Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2: Comparison for 4 types of membranes

The TR 14 unit is supplied with 4 membranes which are:

Membrane 1: AFC 99 (polyamide film)

Membrane 2: AFC 40 (polyamide film)
Membrane 3: CA 202 (cellulose acetate)
Membrane 4: FP 100 (PVDF)

OBJECTIVES

The experiment is conducted in order:

1) To study the characteristics of membrane by performing a characteristic
study on 4 different types of membranes.
2) To calculate the composition of solid salt at product.
3) To study the operation of Membrane Separation.