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Presented By :
Paras R. Bharucha
Importance Of Water
Need of ETP
Water is basic necessity of life used for many purposes one of which is industrial
use.
Industries generally take water from rivers or lakes but they have to pay heavy taxes
for that.
So its necessary for them to recycle that to reduce cost and also conserve it.
Main function of ETP is to clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.
Many manufacturing industries produce their products with using water. With their
products industries produce wastewater, otherwise known as effluent , which can be
removed with the help of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP).
Manufacturers face strict regulations on discharge and waste. Effluent from
industries must meet the National Effluent Discharge Quality Standards (NEDQS)
set by the Government.
Design of ETP
The design and size of the ETP will depending on the quantity and quality of the industries
discharge effluent.
The amount of land available for that plant.
Amount of money available for construction ,operation and maintenance.
The area needed for an ETP depends mostly on the quality of wastewater to be treated, flow
rate, the type of biological treatment to be used and the orientation of different treatment units.
If we reduce the required land area then will require extra pumps and piping, and stronger
tank walls, so construction costs may be higher for tall structures
National Standards for waste water Effluent from industries must meet the national effluent
discharge quality standards set by the Government.
Consequently any ETP must be designed and operated in such a way that it treats the
wastewater to these standards.
The regulations state that these quality standards must be ensured from the moment of going
into trial production for industrial units.
They also state that the Department of Environment can undertake spot checks at any time and
the pollution levels must not exceed these quality standards.
The quality standards may be enforced in a more stringent manner if considered necessary in
view of the environmental conditions of a particular situation.
The waste discharge quality standards differ according to the point of disposal.
Source:
Jaidev Singh, M.Sc. Chemistry, M.M.Modi College, Patiala, 2012 - Effluent Treatment Plant: Design, Operation and Analysis of Waste Water.
Micro filtration
Nano filtration
Used for partial desalination.
Removes e.g. sucrose, egg albumin.
Used for blood osmosis, blood filtration, water purification.
Membrane size 10 - 0.001 m.
Reverse osmosis
A filtration process used for complete desalination.
Used for blood osmosis, blood filtration, water purification.
Membrane size 10 - 0.001 m
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland
Ultra filtration
Selectively filters only molecules of a specified size and weight.
Removes e.g. various viruses.
Used for sterilization, clarification, wastewater treatment.
Membrane size 1 - 0.01 m.
This is a dynamic filtering process with a predominance of physical
(mechanical) phenomena in which chemical phenomena are also involved. The
membranes used, polymeric or mineral, allow dissolved salts to pass while they
reject high molecular weights selectively. The selectivity depends on the
membrane structure and is defined as the cut-off of molecular weight, which the
membrane can separate with an efficiency of 90 % .
Commercial membranes applied in ultra filtering can separate substances with a
molecular weight between 1.000 and 10.000. Ultra filtering systems generally
work in a pressure range between 1.5 and 7 bar.
The single pass ultra filtering process is the simplest and most commonly used
process for water treatment because it allows the recovery of high percentages of
permeate (approximately 90 - 95 %).
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland
Electro dialysis
This is a process in which electrically charged membranes are used to separate ions from
water solutions by the effect of a difference of electric potential.
The electro dialysis group may contain, depending on the type of application, up to 400
cationic and anionic membranes, which visually are very similar to a filter press.
This process may be convenient for very high concentrations (between 0.5 and 1 gram per
litre).
In the treatment of industrial outflows it is still a little developed technology: its first
applications are in fact in metal finishing for the recovery of metals.
Increasing the pore size of the membrane has a marked effect on the performance of the
membrane and the quality of the filtered effluent, or permeate.
Microfiltration membranes will essentially reject particulate matter, whilst reverse osmosis
membranes are capable of rejecting macromolecular fractions, such as dissolved salts.
The ultrafiltration or microfiltration membranes have pore sizes such that allow water and
most solute species to pass through the membrane whilst other larger species, such as
solids and microorganisms, are retained.
One of the main features of MBR technology is the ability of the
membrane to remove pathogenic organisms, providing disinfection of
the effluent.
This is particularly important when considering reuse options. The
membrane offers a physical barrier John
to Coppen,
the Bachelor
organisms
that is unaffected
of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland
Secondary Treatment Level:Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.
Thank You