BITS Pilani

Pil i
Pilani Campus

BITS F111
Thermodynamics

BITS Pilani
Pil i
Pilani Campus

Lecture
L
t
1:
1 Th
The language
l
- systems,
t
properties
ti and
d
equilibrium states. processes
Th
Thermal
l equilibrium
ilib i
and
d Temperature
T
t

What is Thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics Heat and Work, and Energy changes
i material
in
i l transformations
f
i
Thermodynamics where does a system go, and why?
Equilibrium
Phenomenological or macroscopic thermodynamics self
selfcontained logical structure, independent of any assumptions
about
b t th
the underlying
d l i microscopic
i
i structure
t t
or mechanisms
h i
Statistical Thermodynamics Bridges thermodynamics
with the microscopic world
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Nature of thermodynamics
Macroscopic bodies described by the values of a handful of
measurable attributes or properties
Transformations undergone by bodies, interacting with other
bodies, described in terms of the corresponding changes in
values of properties
p p
Descriptions based on three laws derived from experience,
each
h lleading
di tto th
the id
identification
tifi ti off a new property
t thermal
th
l
equilibrium and temperature, impossibility of perpetual motion
and energy, direction of a natural process, and entropy.
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What is studied?

System, Properties, Equilibrium States, State

Functions Process,
Functions,
Process Cycle
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Systems Control Volume

Control Surface
System deviceora
combinationofmany
y
devicesthatcontain a
quantityofmatterunder
consideration.
consideration

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Systems and Surroundings

Part of the universe set apart for detailed study
Closed System or Control Mass One that cannot
exchange matter, but can exchange energy with the
surroundings, ie., special case of a control volume in which
matter does not cross control surface
Open System One that can exchange both matter and
energy with
ith th
the surroundings
di
Isolated System One that does not interact in any way
with the surroundings
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Properties and Equilibrium State

Property measurable, macroscopic attribute of a system
eg., Volume (geometric),
(
) Pressure (mechanical),
(
) and
Temperature (thermodynamic)
Equilibrium State all properties unchanging with time,
with values that do not depend
p
on the history
y
Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal - Thermodynamic
State prescribed by values of properties, and vice-versa
Question how many properties to specify equilibrium
state?
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Properties
Extensive one whose value increases in direct proportion
to the mass (extent)
(
) off the system, eg., Volume, Energy,
Mass
Intensive one whose value is independent of the extent
((mass)) of the system,
y
, eg.,
g , Pressure,, Viscosity,
y, Densityy
Specific Extensive property per unit mass, eg., Specific
V l
Volume
v=V
Volume/Mass
l
/M
Continuum approximation

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