Fluid dynamics - Applications

of Bernoullis principle
Fluid statics
What is a fluid?
Density

Pressure

Fluid pressure and depth
Pascals principle
Buoyancy
Archimedes principle
Fluid dynamics

Reynolds number
Equation of continuity

Bernoullis principle
Viscosity and turbulent flow
Poiseuilles equation

Lecture 5
Dr Julia Bryant

web notes: Fluidslect5.pdf

flow4.pdf flight.pdf

1
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm

Bernoullis Equation
for any point along a flow tube or streamline

p + 1 v2 + g y = constant
2
Between any two points along a flow tube or streamline

p1 + 1 v12 + g y1 = p2 + 1 v22 + g y2
2
2
Dimensions
p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]
1 v2
2
g h

[kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

[kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density.

1 v2
2
g h
p

KE of bulk motion of fluid

GPE for location of fluid
pressure energy density arising from internal forces within
moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)

Solving Bernoullis Equation

1.Establish points 1 and 2 along the flow.
2.Define the coordinate system - where is
y=0?
3.List your known and unknown variables.
4.Solve for the unknown variables, possibly
using the continuity equation.

What is the speed with which liquid flows from a hole at

the bottom of a tank? Where does it hit the ground?
Fluid is flowing from the
surface ==> Bernoullis applies

(1)

Surface of liquid!

(2) Just outside hole!

v2 = ? m.s-1"
R?
4

Firstly, what is the speed with which liquid flows from a hole at
the bottom of a tank?

(1)

Surface of liquid!
p1 = patm
v1 ~ 0 m.s-1 (large tank)"
y = h"

h = (y1 - y2)

y1"

<-- y = 0"
y2"

(2) Just outside hole!

p2 = patm
v2 = ? m.s-1"
y2 = 0"
5

Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid, Bernoulli's equation

can be applied
p1 + 1 v12 + g y1 = p2 + 1 v22 + g y2
2
2
A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
slowly (if tank is large) v1 = 0
p1 = patm

p2 = patm

g y1 = 1 v22 + g y2
2
v22 = 2 g (y1 y2) = 2 g h
v2 = (2 g h)

p1"
y1"
y = 0"

h = (y1 - y2)

h
p2"
y2"

Torricelli formula (1608 1647)

This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a

height h
6

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

v2 = (2 g h)
Recall
d=1 a t2"
2"
t= (2d/a)"

So, time taken to fall d= y1 - h is "

t= {2(y1 - h)/g}"
h Distance, "
R = v2 t"
= (2 g h) . {2(y1 - h)/g}"
=2{h(y1 - h)}"

y1"

y2"

R?
7

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

R =2{h(y1 - h)}"
25

DEMO

20

h=4

15
10
5
0

h=8.5

8 10 12 14 16 18 20
h

y1=20"

h=14

R?
8

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

R =2{h(y1 - h)}"
20

DEMO

15
10
5
0

4.5

10 12 14 16

Y1=16"

10

R?
9

Venturi Meter
A Venturi meter is used to measure the speed of the flow
in a pipe.
What is the speed v1 of flow in section 1 of the system?

DEMO
10

Venturi Meter
Bernoullis equation only applies along the same
streamline. Therefore we must choose points 1 and 2
along the pipe, but not in the vertical tubes.

11

Venturi Meter

Q: What do we know?

y1 = y2 no height difference"

We will need to use: "

Bernoullis equation (Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid) !
p1 + 1 v12 + g y1 = p2 + 1 v22 + g y2
2
2
Continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 !
hydrostatic equation for the vertical pipes p1 - p2 = m g h!

12

From Bernoulli:!
p1 + 1 v12 + g y1 = p2 + 1 v22 + g y2"
2
2!
y1 = y2"
p1 p2 = 1 (v22 - v12) From the continuity equation v2 = v1 (A1 / A2)"
2
"
So, p1 p2 = 1 ((A1 / A2)2 v12 - v12)"
2"
p1 p2 = 1 v12 ((A1 / A2)2 - 1)
A1 > A2 so p1 p2>0
p 1 > p 2"
2"
From hydrostatics p1 = p0 + g (d+h) !
p2 = p0 + g d"
p1 - p2 = g h!
d"
p1
p2"
g h = 1 v12 {(A1 / A2)2 - 1}"
2
"

v1 =

2 gh "
{(A1 / A2)2 - 1}"
13

Bernoullis Bar

DEMO

or

14

How to impress your mother in a pub!

d=0.065 "
h=0.1"

From Bernoulli:
p1 + 1 v12 + g y1 = p2 + 1 v22 + g y2
2
2
y1 = y2 = 0
F!

F!

patm!
Ffriction!

p1!

p2!

p1 p2 = 1 (v22 - v12)
patm!
2
Continuity equation A2 v2 = A1 v1
A2 < A1 v2> v1 p2< p1 < patm"

Ffriction!

Fatm = pA = 1.013 x 105 x 0.065 x 0.1 = 658N

p2 patm = (F2-Fatm)/A "
If Fatm-F2 > Ff cans will accelerate towards each other."

The coefficient of friction between the cans and the bench is ~0.1 so, "
Ff =0.1 mg =0.013N (13g can) :Tiny compared to Fatm so small drop in
pressure required to move cans and F2 <657.987 "
15
5
5
So, p2<657.987/0.0065=1.0123 x 10 Pa or 0.95 x 10 Pa for full can."

How does a
siphon work?

16

C"
yC"

A"
yA"

B"
Assume that the
liquid behaves as an
ideal fluid, the
equation of continuity
and Bernoulli's
equation can be
used.

yB"
D"

yD = 0
pA = patm = pD
17

What do we know?
pA = patm = pD
vA =0 approximately

What do we need to find?

vD = ?
yC = ?

C"
yC"

A"

Focus on falling water

not rising water
patm - pC 0
patm g yC

yA"

B"
D"

yB"

yD = 0

18

Consider points C and D and apply Bernoulli's principle.

pC + 1 vC2 + g yC = pD + 1 vD2 + g yD
2
2
From equation of continuity vC = vD
pC = pD + g (yD - yC) = patm + g (yD - yC)
The pressure at point C can not be negative
pC 0 and yD = 0
pC = patm - g yC 0
C"
yC patm / ( g)
yC"
A"
For a water siphon
yA"
B"
patm ~ 105 Pa
-1 ~ 103 kg.m-3
g
~
10
m.s
yB"
D"
yD = 0
yC 105 / {(10)(103)} m
yC 10 m
19

C"
yC"

A"
yA"

B"
yB"
D"

How fast does

the liquid
come out?
20

How fast does the liquid come out?

C"
A"

yC"
yA"

B"
D"

yB"

Consider a point A on the

surface of the liquid in the
container and the outlet
point D.
Apply Bernoulli's principle

yD = 0

pA + 1 vA2 + g yA = pD + 1 vD2 + g yD
2
2
vD2 = 2 (pA pD) / + vA2 + 2 g (yA - yD)
pA pD = 0
vD = (2 g yA )

yD = 0

assume vA2 << vD2

21

FLUID FLOW
MOTION OF OBJECTS IN FLUIDS
How can a plane fly?
Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?

web notes:

flow4.pdf

flight.pdf
22

FORCES ACTING ON OBJECT MOVING THROUGH FLUID

Resultant FR"
Lift FL"

drag FD"

Motion of object through fluid

Fluid moving around stationary object

Forward thrust
by engine
23

Uniform motion of an object through an ideal fluid !

( = 0)
Consider a cylinder.
The fluid will slide freely over the
surface.
Pressure near A and B are equal and
greater than undisturbed flow
(streamlines further apart).
Pressure near C and D are equal and
lower then undisturbed flow

C"
B"

A"
D"

Resultant force = zero

No drag or lift.
The pattern is symmetrical

24

When real fluids flow they have a certain

internal friction called viscosity. It exists in
both liquids and gases and is essentially a
frictional force between different layers of
fluid as they move past one another.
In liquids the viscosity is due to the cohesive
forces between the molecules whilst in
gases the viscosity is due to collisions
between the molecules.
VISCOSITY IS DIFFERENT TO DENSITY

25

Drag force
In a viscous fluid, a thin layer of fluid sticks to the
surface of an object and the resulting friction leads to a
drag force on the object.
The flow is no longer complete around the object, and
the flow lines break away from the surface resulting in
eddies behind the object. The pressure in the eddies is
lowered and the pressure difference gives pressure drag
force.

26

Drag force due"

to pressure difference"

motion of air
motion of object

low pressure region"

rotational KE of eddies
heating effect increase
in internal energy
temperature increases"

high pressure region"

Drag force is
opposite to the
direction of motion"
27

What happens if the object is spinning?

flow speed (high) vair + v!
reduced pressure"

Drag force due"

to pressure difference"

v!
vair (vball)"

motion of air
motion of object

MAGNUS EFFECT
flow speed (low) vair - v!
increased pressure"

v!

high pressure region"

low pressure region"

Boundary layer air

sticks to ball
(viscosity) air
dragged around with
ball"

28

29

The trajectory of a
golf ball is not
parabolic

Golf ball with backspin (rotating CW) with air stream going from
left to right. Note that the air stream is deflected downward with a
downward force. The reaction force on the ball is upward. This
gives the longer hang time and hence distance carried.

30

31

Professional golf drive

Initial speed v0 ~ 70 m.s-1
Angle ~ 6
Spin ~ 3500 rpm
Range ~ 100 m (no Magnus effect)
Range ~ 300 m (Magnus effect)

32

How can a plane fly?

0

10

Stagnation line

Lift increases
with angle of
attack, until
stall.
Higher v, lower pressure

33

Direction plane is moving w.r.t. the air

Direction air is moving w.r.t. plane

low
pressure

lift

low pressure drag

attack angle
momentum transfer

high
pressure

downwash
huge vortices

DEMO
34

35

Why do some liquids

splash more?
36

Why do cars need different oils in hot

and cold countries?
Why do engines run more freely as it
heats up?
Have you noticed that skin lotions are
easier to pour in summer than winter?
Why is honey sticky?
37

When real fluids flow they have a certain

internal friction called viscosity. It exists in
both liquids and gases and is essentially a
frictional force between different layers of
fluid as they move past one another.
In liquids the viscosity is due to the cohesive
forces between the molecules whilst in
gases the viscosity is due to collisions
between the molecules.
VISCOSITY IS DIFFERENT TO DENSITY

38

A useful model
Z

plate!
Assumptions

L!

A viscous fluid"

stationary wall"
39

A useful model

plate moves with speed v!

Viscous fluid will flow"

X

L!

Q: Direction?
Q: Highest speeds?
Q: Lowest speeds?

stationary wall"
40

A useful model:
Newtonian fluids
water, most gases

plate moves with speed v!

vx = v!

high speed"

L!
X

linear
velocity
gradient"

vx!
d

low speed"

stationary wall"

vx = 0"
41

A useful model:
Newtonian fluids
shear "
stress"

plate exerts force F!

over area A"

is proportional to

velocity
gradient"

(F/A) = (v / L)

stationary wall"
42