1

CHAPTER 2

Power Computations

Power
Electronics

Power & Energy

Instantaneous power

p(t ) v(t )i(t )

Time-varying quantity

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

Absorbing

Supplying

Power

Power

p(t ) 0
Energy
t2

W p(t )dt
t1

Power
Electronics

p(t ) 0

Power & Energy

Average power (real power, active power)
Periodic voltage and current produce a periodic instantaneous power.

1 to T
1 to T
P
p(t )dt v(t )i(t )dt
t
o
T
T to
P

Power
Electronics

W
T

Power generally
means average power.

Inductors & Capacitors

Inductors
iL(t)

In the steady state, the

inductor current is periodic

iL(t0+T)

iL (t0 T ) iL (t0 )

iL(t0)
T

1 t 0 T
iL (t0 T ) vL (t )dt iL (t0 )
L t0
t0

t0+T

1 t0 T
iL (t0 T ) iL (t0 ) vL (t )dt 0
L t0
In the steady state,

t0+2T

1 t0 T
vL (t )dt avgvL (t ) vL (t ) 0

t
0
T
Inductor volt-second balance

- the average inductor voltage is zero.

- the net change of the inductor current during one switching period is zero.

- no net energy transfer, i.e. the average power of the inductor is zero (PL = 0)

Power
Electronics

w(t )

1 2
Li (t )
2

Inductors & Capacitors

vL L

diL
dt

iL
vL

Increasing inductor current

Inductor absorbs power
and energy from external
circuits
iL
vL

Decreasing inductor current

Volt-seconds over T equal zero.

Power
Electronics

Inductor supplies power

and energy to external
circuits

Inductors & Capacitors

Capacitors
vC(t)

In the steady state, the

capacitor voltage is periodic

vC(t0+T)

vC (t0 T ) vC (t0 )

vC(t0)
T

vC (t0 T )
t0

t0+T

1 t0 T
vC (t0 T ) vC (t0 ) iC (t )dt 0
C t0
In the steady state,

1 t0 T
iC (t )dt vC (t0 )

t
0
C

t0+2T

1 t0 T
iC (t )dt avgiC (t ) iC (t ) 0

t
0
T
Capacitor ampere-second balance

- the average capacitor current is zero.

- the net change of the capacitor voltage during one switching period is zero.
- no net energy transfer, i.e. the average power of the capacitor is zero (PC = 0)

Power
Electronics

1
w(t ) Cv 2
2

Inductors & Capacitors

iC C

dvC
dt

Increasing capacitor
voltage

iC
vC

Capacitor absorbs
power and energy
from external circuits
(charging)

Decreasing
capacitor voltage

iC
vC

Amp-seconds over T equal zero.

Capacitor
supplies power
and energy to
external circuits
(discharging)

Power
Electronics

Energy Recovery
Inductors and capacitors must be energized and de-energized by switching
operations

freewheeling path
for induct current
continuity

Fuel injector solenoid in automobile

Power
Electronics

Energy Recovery
During Tr on (0 < t < t1)

freewheeling path
for induct current
continuity
Source supplies
power

(+)

vL VCC
iL (t )

is (t ) iL (t )

VCCt
1 t
1 t
v
(

)
d

i
(
0
)

V
d

L
L
CC
L 0
L 0
L

Inductor current linearly

increases.

Inductor stores energy inside

itself.

w(t )

1 2
Li (t )
2

diL
dt
Without freewheeling path, the Tr is damaged by the overvoltage when it turns off.

Inductor current continuity must be provided by circuit design

Reminding vL L

Power
Electronics

10

Energy Recovery

During Tr off (t1 < t < T)

lossy element

diode turns on due to

the inductor current
continuity

Source supplies
power

(+)
iL (t1 )

VCC (t1 )
L

iL (t ) iL (t1 )e

iS 0
V t
CC 1 e (t t1 ) /
L

( t t1 ) /

L R
t1 t T

1 T

PS VS I S VCC is (t )dt
T 0

average power
1
supplied by
VCC
T
source
Power
Electronics

t1

Inductor current exponentially decreases.

Inductor releases its energy to resistor.

PR PS

VCCt
1 T
V t
dt 0dt CC 1
L
T t1
2 LT

VCCt1

2 LT

average power
absorbed by
resistor

() PL 0
Heat
energy

Power
loss

11

Energy Recovery
energy
storage
element
energy

energy

recover

reuse

store

Recycle energy

stored in elements

Power
Electronics

12

Energy Recovery
During Tr on (0 < t < t1)

vL VCC
iL (t )

is (t ) iL (t )

VCCt
1 t
1 t
v
(

)
d

i
(
0
)

V
d

L
L
CC
L 0
L 0
L

Inductor current linearly increases.

Inductor stores energy inside itself.

Power
Electronics

13

Energy Recovery

During Tr off (t1 < t < T)

Source supplies
power

(+)
(-)
Source absorbs
power

vL VCC
iL (t )

iS (t ) iL (t )

VCCt1 VCC
1 t
1 t

i
t

V
d

2t1 t
L
L
1
CC
L t1
L t1
L
L

t1 t 2t1

The inductor current linearly decreases.

The energy stored in the inductor is recovered to the source &

the source is absorbing power.

Power
Electronics

No power
loss

14

Effective value (RMS)

Effective value (Root-Mean-Square value)
The effective value of a periodic voltage (current) delivers the same
average power to a resistor as dc voltage (current) does.

For a dc voltage

V
P dc
R

For a ac voltage

Veff

1 T
1 T
1 T v 2 (t )
P p(t ) dt v(t )i (t )dt
dt
0
0
0
T
T
T
R
1 1 T

v 2 (t )dt
R T 0

Veff2

Veff Vrms
Power
Electronics

1 T 2
v (t )dt

0
T

I rms

1 T 2
i (t )dt

0
T

15

Effective value (RMS)

A periodic voltage is the sum of two periodic voltages i.e. v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t )

Vrms 2

1
T

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2

v
dt

2
v
v

v
dt

v
dt

2
v
v
dt

v
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0 dt
T

The two periodic voltages, v1 and v2, are sinusoidal of different frequencies
orthogonal

Vrms 2

1
T

Note)

v1v2 dt 0

Averaging sinusoids is zero.

1 T 2
1 T 2
v1 dt v2 dt V1,rms 2 V2,rms 2
T 0
T 0
2
1, rms

2
2, rms

Vrms V

I rms I

2
1, rms

2
2 , rms

2
3, rms

2
3, rms

...

V
n 1

...

Averaging product of two

sinusoids with different (multiple)
frequencies is zero.

2
n , rms

I
n 1

2
n , rms

If a voltage (current) is the sum of more than two periodic voltages (currents), all
orthogonal, its rms value is expressed as individual rms component of each frequency.
Power
Electronics