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1.
4.
Explain, using an example in EACH case, the meaning of the following terms:
(i) `hazard'
(ii) `risk'
Outline the main components of a health and safety management system.
Candidates were expected to do well on this question. The expectation
was sadly not realised in a large number of cases and it was disturbing
to find that so many found difficulty with a question that should have
been relatively straightforward for anyone who had studied the outline
of a management system for health and safety.
(2)
(3)
(8)
Good answers, albeit few in number, were those that addressed the
following components and highlighted the essential features of each:
5.
6.
7.
(2)
(8)
(2)
8.
Outline the various circumstances that may create a need for a review of
(8)
health and safety training within an organisation.
Most candidates provided a reasonable answer to this question by
referring to circumstances such as: the introduction of new technology
or a new item of equipment or process; a job change for one or a
group of individuals; accident incidence data or the findings of an
accident investigation; the results of risk assessments or review; new
legislation or guidance; a result of enforcement action; new employees
with special needs (eg young persons or disabled workers); and
requirements imposed by the employer's insurance company.
9.
(6)
(6)
(8)
(4)
(4)
15. Outline reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety within
(8)
an organization.
There were some good answers to this question, balanced by a
significant number of very weak ones and, again, some non-attempts.
Better answers were structured around the moral, economic and legal
arguments for maintaining good standards of health and safety within
an organisation.
The moral argument centres on the need to provide a reasonable
standard of care and to reduce the injuries, pain and suffering caused
to employees by accidents and ill-health, while legal arguments are
concerned with the desire to avoid enforcement action and civil claims.
Economic benefits include: a more motivated workforce resulting in
increased production rates; the avoidance of direct costs associated
with accidents (eg downtime, administrative, investigation and first-aid
costs, repair of plant and equipment, employing and training
replacement staff, etc); possibly cheaper insurance premiums; the
avoidance of costs associated with legal action; and maintaining the
image and reputation of the organisation with its various stakeholders.
(8)
POLICY
1
(a) Explain the purposes of EACH of the following sections of a health and
safety policy document:
(i) `statement of intent'
(ii) `organization'
(iii) `arrangements'.
(b) Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements
section of a health and safety document.
Part (a) was intended to test candidates' understanding of health and
safety policies and their structure. Most candidates correctly identified
the three main sections, and then went on to explain their purpose with
varying degrees of success. Better candidates first referred to the
`statement of intent', which both demonstrates management's
commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives for the
organisation; they then referred to the `organisation' section, the
purpose of which is to identify health and safety responsibilities within
the company; and, finally, they turned to the `arrangements' section,
which sets out in detail the systems and procedures that show how the
policy is to be implemented.
Part (b) led on from the first part and required candidates to outline
issues that are included in the 'arrangements' section of a health and
safety policy. These would typically include details of matters such as
safe systems of work, risk assessment procedures, personal protective
equipment, health and safety training, incident reporting and
investigation procedures, emergency and fire safety procedures,
(2)
(2)
(2)
(12)
Describe the circumstances that would require a health and safety policy to
be reviewed.
In general, this question was well answered with most candidates
referring to circumstances such as: changes in the structure of the
organisation or working arrangements; on the introduction of a new
process or work method; and following the findings of an accident
investigation. Better candidates were also able to refer to matters such
as changes in legislation, as a result of enforcement action or in
response to the results of auditing or consultation with the workforce.
(6)
OR
In this question, Examiners were looking for an outline of such
circumstances as: significant changes in the organisation; after the
introduction of new or changed processes; following changes in key
personnel; following changes in legislation; where risk assessments,
monitoring exercises or investigations show that the policy is no longer
effective or relevant; and after a sufficient period of time has elapsed
since the previous review to suggest that another one is due.
Identify the THREE main sections of a health and safety policy document
and explain the purpose and general content of EACH section
This question was intended to test candidates' understanding of health
and safety policies and their structure. Most candidates correctly
identified the three main sections, and then went on to explain their
purpose with varying degrees of success. Better candidates first
referred to the `statement of intent', which both demonstrates
management's commitment to health and safety and sets goals and
objectives for the organisation; they then referred to the `organisation'
section, the purpose of which is to identify health and safety
responsibilities within the company; and, finally, they turned to the
`arrangements' section, which sets out in detail the systems and
procedures that show how the policy is to be implemented.
(6)
(2)
(6)
For part (a), most candidates gained one mark by explaining that the
`statement of intent' section of a health and safety policy is designed to
demonstrate management commitment to health and safety. Only a few,
however, gained the second mark by referring to its other purpose of
setting goals and objectives.
6
7
(4)
(4)
Outline the factors that may indicate that health and safely standards within
an organization do not reflect the objectives within the statement of intent.
Explain why the health and safety policy should be signed by the most
senior person in an organization, such as a Managing Director or Chief
Executive Officer.
(2)
ORGANIZING
Employee involvement (motivation/improvement)
1.
(4)
(4)
(12)
(8)
(8)
5.
6.
Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety
procedures at work.
This question was answered well by the majority of candidates.
Examiners were pleased that candidates were able to outline a
wide range of issues for this human factors question, which
demonstrated a good understanding of this part of the Certificate
syllabus. There are many reasons why employees may fail to
comply with safety procedures at work and candidates achieving
good marks recognised some of them, amongst others, as:
unrealistic or ill-considered procedures; mental and/or physical
capabilities not taken into account; inadequate training; poor
organisational safety culture; complacency/lack of motivation;
peer group pressure; other priorities and pressures; risks not
perceived; slips and lapses; fatigue and stress; and perceived
lack of consultation.
In relation to employee involvement in health and safety, explain the
differences between 'informing' and `consulting'
The HSE guidance on the Health and Safety (Consultation with
Employees) Regulations 1996 draws a clear distinction between
'informing' and 'consulting'. Perhaps from a general
understanding of the words, most candidates were able to
differentiate between the two and could refer to `informing' as a
one-way process (eg providing information on hazards, risks and
control measures) and to 'consulting' as a two-way process in
which the employer then listens to, and takes account of, the
views of employees before a decision is taken.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term `motivation'
(b) Other than lack of motivation, outline SIX reasons why
(8)
(2)
(2)
(6)
8.
9.
(8)
(8)
(8)
11.
(8)
Human errors
1.
(8)
2.
(8)
(8)
4.
(8)
5.
(8)
6.
(8)
7.
(4)
3.
(4)
(4)
(4)
young employee
1.
(8)
2.
Outline the factors that will determine the level of supervision that a
new employee should receive during their initial period of employment
within an organization
(8)
3.
(a) Identify the factors that may place young persons at a greater risk
of accidents at work.
(b) Outline the measures that could be taken to minimize the risks to
young persons.
(4)
(4)
4.
(4)
accidents at work.
5.
(4)
(8)
PERCEPTION
1
(2)
(b) Outline the factors relating BOTH to the workplace AND to the
individual that may influence a person's perception of an occupational
risk.
(6)
(2)
(b) Outline the factors relating to the individual that may influence a
person's perception of an occupational risk.
(4)
(2)
(6)
competence
1
(2)
(6)
(2)
(6)
communication
1
(8)
(6)
(8)
(8)
State the shape and colour, and give a relevant example, of EACH of
the following types of safety sign:
(i) prohibition
(ii) warning
(iii) mandatory
(iv) emergency escape or first-aid.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(12)
(6)
10
(8)
co-operation (consultation/committee)
1
(2)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(6)
(8)
Training
1
(8)
Outline the various circumstances that may create a need for a review of
health and safety training within an organisation.
(8)
(8)
(6)
Outline reasons why an employee may require additional health and safety
training at a later stage of employment within an organization.
(8)
(12
)
(4)
(4)
Outline reasons why an employee might require additional health and safety
training at a later stage of employment within an organisation.
(8)
(8)
(8)
10
(a) Identify THREE work situations that would require the use of
personal eye protection.
(b) Outline the range of issues that should be addressed when
training employees in the use of personal eye protection.
(3)
(5)
(a) Explain why it is important for an organization to set targets in terms of its
health and safety performance.
(b) Outline SIX types of target that an organization might typically set in
relation to health and safety.
MEASURING
1
(8)
(8)
(10)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(a) Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and
safety performance within an organization.
(b) Outline TWO proactive monitoring methods that can be used
when assessing an organization's health and safety performance.
(c) Outline two active monitoring methods that can be used when
assessing an organizations health and safety performance.
(4)
(8)
(4)
10
(8)
11
(4)
12
(8)
13
(8)
14
Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of
employees in a workplace.
(8)
15
(6)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
REVIEW PERFORMANCE
7
Outline the reasons why an organization should monitor and review its
health and safety performance.
(8)
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1
Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken
following a serious injury accident at work.
(8)
(8)
(a) Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system for
the internal reporting of accidents.
(b) Outline factors that may discourage employees from reporting
accidents at work.
(4)
(4)
(8)
A driver of a fork-lift truck has been seriously injured after the vehicle
overturned.
(i) Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms of
BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of the workplace
and work equipment.
(ii) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafe
acts or conditions identified in (i).
(10)
(10)
(6)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(b) Identify the reasons why employees may fail to report accidents at
(4)
work.
10
(8)
11
(8)
12
Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss incident data.
(8)
13
(4)
(4)
(4)
14
RISK ASSESSMENT
1
(6)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(6)
(8)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(6)
LOAN WORKERS
1
(8)
(8)
(8)
(2)
(6)
(8)
PERMIT TO WORK
1
(2)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(12)
(6)
(6)
(8)
(6)
CONTROL OF CONTRACTOR
1
Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health and safety
competence of a contractor.
(8)
List the factors that might be considered when assessing the health and
safety competence of a contractor.
(8)
(4)
PPE
1
(8)
(a) Identify THREE work situations that would require the use of
personal eye protection.
(b) Outline the range of issues that should be addressed when
training employees in the use of personal eye protection.
(3)
Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of
special footwear, explaining in EACH case how the footwear affords
protection.
(8)
(a) Identify the types of hazard against which gloves could offer
protection.
(4)
(4)
(a)
(b)
(8)
(5)
(4)
(4)
Question 7
Question 11 Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of
special footwear, explaining in EACH case how the footwear affords
.protection
(6)
(a)
Question 6
(b)
CONFINED SPACE
1
(a) Explain, with specific examples, the meaning of the term confined
space.
(b) The inside of a large underground storage tank is to be cleaned
manually before it is brought back into service.
(4)
(i) Outline the factors that should be taken into account when assessing
the risks to employees undertaking the cleaning of the vessel.
(8)
(ii) Outline the elements of a safe system of work for the cleaning
operation.
(8)
(2)
(6)
(4)
(8)
(4)
FIRST AID
1
(8)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(6)