Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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COVER STORY
20
INDUSTRY FOCUS
12
The recent advances in wear debris particle analysis cater to the need
for portable equipment that is easy to use while also addressing the
level of skill and training of onsite personnel.
24
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
VIEWPOINT
14
16
42
CERTIFICATION NEWS
LUBE-TIPS
Our readers provide excellent advice on a host of lubrication-related
issues, including a better approach for greasing bearings.
HYDRAULICS AT WORK
46
More
Editorial Features
Departments
32 GET TO KNOW
40 NOW ON MACHINERYLUBRICATION.COM
18 PRODUCT NEWS
34 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
36 PRODUCT SUPERMARKET
38 CROSSWORD PUZZLER
41 BOOKSTORE
Oil Filters
FROM THE
FIELD
Understanding
ENGINE OIL
Bypass FILTRATION
65%
Flow Rate
In most engine designs, oil must flow through the filter before
entering the engine components. Therefore, the filter must be able
to handle 100 percent of the flow rate needed to feed the moving
components of the engine.
2|
Machinery
Lubrication
PUBLISHER
Mike Ramsey - mramsey@noria.com
GROUP PUBLISHER
Brett OKelley - bretto@noria.com
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Jason Sowards - jsowards@noria.com
Oil fi lters can be tested in a variety of ways, but one of the most common methods is the beta ratio
test. This test incorporates online particle counters positioned upstream and downstream of the fi lter,
a continuous flow of test contaminant into the main system reservoir and oil flowing through the fi lter.
The beta ratio is calculated by dividing the number of particles larger than a certain size upstream of
the fi lter by the number of particles of the same size downstream of the fi lter. For example, you may have
a beta ratio or a beta sub 5 (meaning particles larger than 5 microns) equal to 10. This means 10 particles
upstream of the fi lter would be divided by 1 downstream of the fi lter. In other words, for every 10 particles
coming in, one gets through.
If you have a higher beta ratio, say a beta ratio of 100 or a beta sub 5 equal to 100, for every 100 particles
coming into the fi lter larger than 5 microns, one makes its way through.
Every fi lter will have multiple beta
ratios. There could be a beta ratio for
2 microns, 5 microns, 10 microns, 50
microns, 100 microns, etc.
You can also use the beta ratio to
calculate capture efficiency, which is the
average performance over the fi lters life,
with the following formula:
((Beta 1)/Beta) x 100
As an example, a beta ratio of 10 would
yield a capture efficiency of 90 percent:
((10 1) / 10) x 100 = 90 percent
Therefore, 90 percent of the particles
larger than 5 microns are removed by a
fi lter that has a beta ratio of 10.
SENIOR EDITOR
Jim Fitch - jfitch@noria.com
TECHNICAL WRITERS
Jeremy Wright - jwright@noria.com
Pete Oviedo - poviedo@noria.com
Josh Pickle - jpickle@noria.com
Wes Cash - wcash@noria.com
CREATIVE DIRECTOR
Ryan Kiker - rkiker@noria.com
GRAPHIC ARTISTS
Steve Kolker - skolker@noria.com
Gustavo Cervantes - gcervantes@noria.com
Julia Backus - jbackus@noria.com
ADVERTISING SALES
Tim Davidson - tdavidson@noria.com
800-597-5460, ext. 224
MEDIA PRODUCTION MANAGER
Rhonda Johnson - rjohnson@noria.com
CORRESPONDENCE
You may address articles, case studies,
special requests and other correspondence to:
Editor-in-chief
MACHINERY LUBRICATION
Noria Corporation
1328 E. 43rd Court Tulsa, Oklahoma 74105
Phone: 918-749-1400 Fax: 918-746-0925
E-mail address: jsowards@noria.com
|3
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4|
COVER STORY
The
Hidden
Dangers
of Lubricant
Starvation
BY JIM F ITCH, NORIA CORPORATION
81%
of lubrication professionals have
seen the effects of lubricant
starvation in the machines at their
plant, according to a recent survey
at machinerylubrication.com
For those who strive for lubrication-enabled reliability (LER), more than 95
percent of the opportunity comes from paying close attention to the Big Four.
These are critical attributes to the optimum reference state (ORS) needed to achieve
lubrication excellence. The Big Four individually and collectively influence the state of
lubrication, and are largely controllable by machinery maintainers. They are wellknown but frequently not well-achieved. The Big Four are:
1. Correct lubricant selection
2.
3.
Contamination control
4.
The first three of the Big Four have benefited from considerable industry attention, especially in recent years. Conversely, the last one has gone relatively unnoticed yet
is no less important. Therefore, it will be the central focus of this article.
Over the past few decades, researchers and tribologists have compiled countless
listings that rank the chief causes of machine failure. Weve published many of these in
Machinery Lubrication magazine. The lists ascribe the causes of abnormal machine wear
to the usual suspects: contamination, overheating, misalignment, installation error,
etc. Theres typically a lubrication root-cause category that is a catch-all for one or
more causes that cant be easily specified or named. Ive seen terms used like inadequate lubrication and wrong lubrication.
Understandably, it is difficult for failure investigators and analysts to trace back the
exact sequence of events beginning with one or more root causes. Evidence of these
causes is often destroyed in the course of failure or in a cover-up during the cleanup and
repair. Having led several hundred such investigations over the years, Ive learned that
one root cause in particular is too often overlooked lubricant starvation.
Although most everyone knows about this in principle and realizes the common
sense of adequate lubricant supply, it is frequently ignored because many typical forms
of lubricant starvation are largely hidden from view. For instance, who notices the
quasi-dry friction that accelerates wear each time you start an automobile engine? This
is a form of lubricant starvation. Its not a sudden-death failure, but it is a precipitous
wear event nonetheless. Each time controllable wear goes uncontrolled, an opportunity is lost to prolong service life and increase reliability.
www.machinerylubrication.com
|5
COVER STORY
EXAMPLE
APPLICATION(S)
HOW SUPPLY IS
CONTROLLED
Grease that is
designed to stay in
place near where its
needed
Regularly checking
the functionality of the
device in use
Dry-sump circulating
systems, hydraulic
systems, oil mist, etc.
Spray lubrication
Bath or flood
lubrication
Lubricant
Film
Full
Film
Lubricant
Film
Boundary
Contact
Figure 1. Starvation Illustrated
6|
Starved Engines
Dry Starts Oil drains out down to the oil pan when the
engine is turned off. On restart, frictional zones (turbo bearings, shaft bearings, valve deck, etc.) are momentarily starved
of lubrication (Figure 2).
Welding
and
Galling
COVER STORY
BY INSPECTION
BY LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Inadequate
regrease
volume and/or
frequency
Faulty lube
lifting or
gravity-feed
device
Ineffective
lube spray
STARVATION
ISSUE
8|
COVER STORY
hard to see, goosenecks, fouled gauge glass, gauge vent problems, etc. (Figure 6).
Worn Oil Pump When oil pumps wear, they lose volumetric
efficiency (flow decay results).
Restricted Pump Suction Line Strainers and
pickup tubes can become plugged or restricted.
This can aerate the fluid, cause cavitation and lead
to loss of prime.
Clogged/Restricted Oil Ways and Nozzles Oil-feed restrictions due to sludge, varnish and jammed particles can starve
bearings and gears (Figure 7).
Entrained Air and Foam Oil pumps and flow meters perform
poorly (or not at all) when sumps become contaminated with air
(Figure 4).
Cocked
10 |
Starvation from
Manual Lubrication Issues
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 11
Lubrication Programs
VIEWPOINT
EVALUATING the
DIRECTION of YOUR
Lubrication PROGRAM
10
19/16/13
18/15/12
17/14/12
16/13/11
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10
12 |
67%
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 13
ML
LUBE TIPS
APPROACH FOR
GREASING BEARINGS
A BETTER
Hydraulics
HYDRAULICS
AT WORK
BRENDAN CASEY
CAREFULLY Consider
ISOLATION Valves
on HYDRAULIC Pump
Intake Lines
75%
of lubrication professionals prefer
ball valves for hydraulic pump
intake lines, according to a recent
survey at machinerylubrication.com
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 17
PRODUCT NEWS
The new Monolec Tetra-Syn Engine Oil from Lubrication Engineers Inc. is a
100-percent-synthetic motor oil for gasoline engines. It exhibits low volatility and
low viscosity shear characteristics while also providing low- and high-temperature performance. A premium additive package has been incorporated in the
new oil, including the Monolec wear-reducing additive, to deliver fuel economy,
protect emission systems, keep engines clean and keep deposits to a minimum.
Available in SAE 5W-20 and 5W-30 grades, Monolec Tetra-Syn Engine Oil can
even improve fuel economy in many newer engines.
Lubrication Engineers Inc.
www.LElubricants.com
800-537-7683
FOOD-GRADE LUBRICANTS
HOSE REEL
Hannay Reels N500 Series
spring-rewind dual hose reel
is designed for efcient hose
handling in grease and oil
applications. The compact
frame and narrow mounting
base allow easy installation in
almost any location. Equipped
with a heavy-duty spring motor
with self-contained rewind power
and a four-way roller assembly,
the N500 Series handles single
-inch or 3/8-inch I.D. hose. A
non-sparking ratchet assembly
locks the reel at the desired hose
length. A pull on the hose unlocks the reel for retraction, while
the declutching arbor prevents damage from reverse winding.
Sprayons new NSF H1-rated foodgrade lubricants have been treated with
antioxidants and additives to specically
address the performance and application
needs of the food-processing industry.
Consisting of ne food-grade base stocks
including synthetics, renewable oils and
silicones, the new lubricants offer heavier
load pressures, resistance to water washout,
lower ammability ratings and wider
temperature ranges to preserve and protect
equipment, prevent costly breakdowns and
ensure maximum performance.
Sprayon
www.sprayon.com
800-SPRAYON
Hannay Reels
www.hannay.com
877-467-3357
AIR-OIL SYSTEMS
The new line of Oil Streak air-oil systems by Bijur Delimon provide a simple-to-use plug-and-play format
that is designed to perform in the most demanding
high-speed spindle lubrication applications. The airoil mixing valves blend precise amounts of air and oil,
thanks in part to special oil injectors created specically
for spindle oil applications.
Bijur Delimon
www.bijurdelimon.com
800-631-0168
18
BEARING CHECKER
Kittiwakes new MHC Bearing Checker is a small handheld
device that can provide instant indication of machinery condition. Based on the detection of high-frequency activity that
is naturally generated by deterioration in rotating machinery,
the instruments distress parameter removes the need for machinespecic interpretations. If the distress parameter is greater than 10,
the user knows there is a problem. A decibel level is also provided, giving
an indication of the overall noise of the bearing. Each measurement takes
approximately 10 seconds and requires no setup, previous history or knowledge of machine
design details. The unit is powered by an internal rechargeable battery.
Kittiwake
www.kittiwake.com
713-255-7255
METALWORKING FLUIDS
Cimcool has introduced a new line of metalworking uids
designed to meet the challenges of the tube and pipe industry.
Cimmill uids are formulated to increase productivity by up to 20
percent while offering good lubricity, rust protection and sump
life. The uids also provide excellent foam control, improved tool
life and increased uptime during critical roll forming, cut-off and
threading operations. The Cimmill line of product covers a wide
range of applications including the most severe.
Cimcool
www.CIMCOOL.com
888-CIMCOOL
19
INDUSTRY FOCUS
Advances
inWear Debris
Analysis
New
The harsh work environments in which some industrial equipment is situated can lead to short life cycles and unpredictable
failures, such as those found in mining or offshore oil and gas
industries. While manufacturers may offer and honor timebased warranties, they cannot predict accurately the lifespan of
the equipment. Moreover, replacement of equipment under
warranty by the manufacturer does nothing to mitigate the cost
of unscheduled downtime and lost revenues.
flows through the cell, and when a particle passes through it, an
area of light is obscured. The detector senses the loss of light and
outputs a voltage. The voltage pulse generated increments the
particle count, and the height of the pulse is used to determine
the size of the particle.
These APCs have the disadvantage of not being able to distinguish between multiple particles, and because they are blind to
the shape of the particle, they are only able to report size in terms of
a projected area equivalent diameter. That is, size is defined as the
diameter of the disc with an area equivalent to the area of the
particles shadow. This method can lead to errors because the estimated projected area equivalent diameter is a function of the shape
of the particle. In other words, the size of the particle is increasingly
underestimated as the shape becomes more elongated. In particular, long, thin particles will be systematically undersized to the
point where they may slip into a size range smaller than their actual
size indicates or even disappear from the count all together.
A second generation of APCs has emerged that operates
using micro-second duration-pulsed lasers. This has the effect of
freezing the image of the particles present in the optical cell. The
light sensor associated with first-generation APCs is replaced by
a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor. In this way, the system is
able to collect the silhouette images of multiple particles. Image
processing is then used to count and size the particles.
Various contaminants such as varnish or fibers have optical
properties that make them invisible to APCs. These contaminants
can build up to critical levels without being detected by the APC.
The ASTM D7596-11 standard test method for automatic
particle counting and particle shape classification of oils using a
direct-imaging integrated tester gives a list of 11 possible sources
of error when using a second-generation APC. A relatively high
level of skill and experience not generally available onsite would
be needed to detect or control these errors.
INDUSTRY FOCUS
Image-2-Information software
reveals that because the
particle has a non-uniform
surface color, it is not brass or
copper but instead a heated
particle, indicating early
stages of lubricant starvation.
These features make the new software ideally suited for onsite
situations where the level of training and skill of the attendant
technician may require substantial support.
In conclusion, it is clear that the fluid and particle condition
monitoring needs of the onsite maintenance professional differ
significantly from the resources required by the lab-based expert.
The recent advances in wear debris particle analysis cater to this
need for portable equipment that is both easy to set up and use
while also addressing the variable level of skill and training of
onsite personnel.
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
BY K HALID FAROOQ , PALL CORPORATION
Varnish
Removal
from Turbine
Lubrication
Systems
Effective
24
What is Varnish?
Varnish is the thin, insoluble film deposit that forms on fluidwetted surfaces inside a turbine lube system, including bearings
and servo valves. The material is comprised of a wide range of oil
additives and high molecular weight thermo-oxidative fluid
breakdown compounds that have limited solvency in the base
fluid. These compounds are polar in nature and begin to migrate
from the base fluid to the wetted surfaces over time, based on
the system and fluid conditions and their polar affinities.
This photomicrograph
shows varnish material on an analysis
membrane (0.45micron porosity) at
100x magnification.
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
This FTIR spectra shows varnish material produced by oxidation and thermal
degradation with characteristic absorbance peaks in the 1740 cm-1 region.
of thermal degradation of the fluid and resulting varnish formation are adiabatic compression of the oil-entrained air bubbles,
hot spots in the system and filter-induced electrostatic discharge.
The source of air bubbles entrained in fluid can be suction line
leaks, pump seal leaks and tank agitation caused by the plunging
fluid returning to the reservoir. When exposed to fast compression, such as at the inlet of a high-pressure pump or high-load
region of a bearing, these air bubbles can undergo rapid adiabatic compression with a resultant rapid increase in fluid
temperatures. Typically, temperatures in the range of 1,000
degrees F may be reached during this adiabatic compression of
the air bubbles. The high temperature initiates thermal degradation of the fluid, leading to the formation of varnish.
Electrostatic or triboelectric charge generation occurs in
turbine lubrication systems as a result of friction between the
fluid and the system components. The magnitude of the charge
generated depends on many interrelated factors, including environmental issues. This effect manifests itself in several ways,
with the most noticeable being an audible clicking sound as the
accumulated charge discharges. This causes sparking internally
within the system. Less apparent effects involve migration of the
electrical charge downstream of the filter, which produces
damage to system components and the filter.
Recently, attention has been directed to fluid electrification
and static discharge as prominent contributors to sludge and
varnish formation in turbine systems. The amount of charge
generated by the flow of a hydrocarbon liquid through a filter is
related to several fluid and filter properties. Charge generation/
accumulation generally increases with increasing flow rates
(velocity through the filter element), reduced fluid conductivity,
certain additive packages and lower temperature (higher viscosity).
In the filter housing, the charge of the filter element will be
opposite in sign to that of the fluid. The charge on the fluid will
be transmitted downstream, and if enough charge is accumulated, the fluid dielectric constant is exceeded. The discharge
then occurs to a conductive part of the filtration or fluid system
that is lower in magnitude, resulting in potential damage to that
part of the system. The extent of damage will depend on the
material involved and the magnitude of the generated charge.
Various methods have been tried to alleviate the potential of
static charge accumulation in fluid systems. Among them are
anti-static additives, which may not be suitable for turbine oils;
the use of conductive mesh downstream of the filter material,
which has limited effectiveness in preventing charge accumulation in the fluid; and increasing the time for the charge to decay,
which requires a change in the system design. Filtering the fluid
at a lower flow density (i.e., increasing the filter size) does rectify
the problem, but it is not a viable option for every system. Several
manufacturers have introduced filters with filtration media
designed not to generate a charge to the same extent as the standard glass-fiber-based materials.
In 2004, a new series of electrostatic dissipative (ESD) filter
media were introduced to eliminate potential electrostatic
charging problems in filtration of hydrocarbon fluids. Extensive
testing in controlled laboratory conditions and on operating
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
FLUID ID
INITIAL
VARNISH RATING
FILTERED
VARNISH RATING
GE Frame 7B*
59
GE Frame 7FA*
47
GE Frame 7FA*
47
22**
GE Frame 7FA
62
15***
Alstom GT8C
34
11
Alstom GT24B
85
15***
58
15***
28
precursors from the fluid phase, and as the fluid is cleaned up,
soft varnish deposits from surfaces are re-entrained in the fluid
and removed, thus resulting in the cleaning up of deposits accumulated over a period of time.
Since the removal of varnish from system
components is a relatively slow process, these
devices are recommended to be operated over a
long period of time or to be installed permanently.
They are reported to be sensitive to elevated moisture levels in the fluid and also to the presence of
high levels of metal wear particles.
The chemical cleaning/flushing method for
removing varnish utilizes cleaning chemicals that
are typically circulated through the system to
dislodge varnish from components. These chemicals soften and dissolve the insoluble materials,
and the flushing action suspends the hard deposits
in the fluid, which are then removed with the fluid
when it is drained from the system. This process is
usually performed for several hours or several
days, depending on the system size and the extent
of the varnish build-up on components.
Once the flush and chemical treatment is completed, the
system must be flushed again with an appropriate flushing fluid to
remove residual chemicals and to ensure no contamination finds
its way into the new lubricating oil. Although this process is more
intensive, it does allow for quicker removal of varnish deposits,
especially in a large system. It also requires close monitoring and
entails lost production due to the turbine being out of operation.
The adsorption method utilizes adsorbent media with a large
surface area and high void volume, relatively low fluid flux and in
some cases an electro-chemical affinity for varnish precursors.
Many materials can be used as adsorbents, including compressed
cellulose, cotton linters and macro-porous media such as resin
beads, Fullers earth, activated carbon, etc.
There are two types of adsorption: physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption, also called physical adsorption, is a
process in which the adsorbent material and the adsorbate
molecules (varnish precursors) do not form chemical bonds
arising from a chemical reaction but are bonded by weak electrostatic forces arising from induced dipole moments such as van
der Waals forces. The electronic structure of the adsorbate does
not change upon adsorption. Because of its chemical structure,
varnish molecules are believed to be attracted to the adsorbent
through weak molecular forces such as hydrogen bonding.
A filtration medium based on physisorption, called a Varnish
Removal Filter (VRF), has been developed. This filtration medium
is a composite consisting of a cellulose fiber matrix and other
materials that give it a high-void volume and an open-fiber matrix.
The resin-bonded, open-fiber matrix provides high permeability,
which is necessary for the fluid to come in contact with the large
fiber surface area for the absorption of the varnish precursors. The
specially formulated binder resins give the filter media high affinity
for the polar varnish precursors, resulting in high removal efficiency and retention of the material suspended in the fluid phase.
The VRF medium was tested in a laboratory using samples of degraded fluid
obtained from operating turbines that
had reported high levels of varnish. The
values (shown in the table on page 28)
were taken after single-pass filtration at
ambient room temperature, except for
the third test, which was conducted at a
fluid temperature of 160 degrees F. The
higher varnish rating of the filtrate sample
at a higher temperature indicates lower
varnish removal performance, likely due
to the higher solvency of the varnish
precursors in the fluid and lower absorbency at an elevated temperature.
Tests were also conducted to asses the
effect on the fluids additives as a result of
the treatment with the VRF medium. The
results indicated essentially no change in
the level of aromatic amine and hindered
phenol between the unfiltered sample
and the sample that was filtered 20 times.
The absence of any depletion of this additive suggested that the VRF medium had
no noticeable adverse effect on the fluid.
Following successful laboratory validation of the filtration medium, a skid
incorporating the VRF filter modules and
the associated control system was tested
on two operating turbines. The treatment of the turbine lubrication systems
entailed installation of the skid in a
kidney-loop mode, taking the fluid from
one end of the reservoir and returning it
to the opposite end continuously. Both
trials ran uninterrupted with minimal
operator intervention and utilized one
set of three VRF modules for each trial.
The removal and retention of varnish
material by the filtration medium was
indicated by the staining of the medium
by the varnish material.
One significant difference between
the two turbines treated with the VRF
was the level of varnish deposits in the
lubrication systems. The inside of the
main flow filter housing on the Alstom
turbine lubrication system indicated the
presence of a heavy brownish coating of
varnish material. No such deposits were
observed in the GE Frame 7FA turbine
lubrication system.
Following clean-up of the Alstom
turbine, the VRF skid was removed, and
the plant re-installed the electrostatic-type
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 29
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
UNITED STATES
levels. There are also variables other than the level of deposits,
such as the type of the varnish material, temperature, duty
cycle, fluid type, state of the deposits, etc., that influence the
rate of varnish removal from the fluid and the dissolution of the
deposits back into the fluid.
In summary, the mitigation of varnish-related problems in
turbine lubrication and hydraulic control systems requires not
only cleaning up the varnish precursors from the fluid and the
soluble deposits from the wetted surfaces, but also controlling
their formation. The absorptive filter technology discussed is
engineered to remove the polar varnish precursors and has
proven to be effective in the removal of the varnish material from
turbine lubrication systems.
In addition, filter-induced electrostatic charging can be
controlled with the utilization of specially designed, charge-dissipative filtration media that produce much lower fluid charging,
thus mitigating the associated fluid damage while providing the
fine levels of filtration required by modern turbines.
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 2100 GATEWAY CENTRE BLVD, SUITE 109, MORRISVILLE, NC 27560
30
Pictured above
is an unused
VRF medium.
SALES@BIJURDELIMON.COM
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 31
ML
GET TO KNOW
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 33
ML
TEST your
KNOWLEDGE
This month, Machinery Lubrication continues its Test Your Knowledge section in which
we focus on a group of questions from Norias Practice Exam for Level I Machine
Lubrication Technician and Machine Lubricant Analyst. The answers are located at the
bottom of this page. The complete 126-question practice test with expanded answers
is available at store.noria.com.
Elastohydrodynamic
Solid Film
Boundary
Mixed
All of the above
9/7/5
14/12/10
21/19/16
27/25/21
32/30/27
Hydrogen
Helium
Water
Filtration
Hydrogen embitterment
Answers:
1. A
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is a form of hydrodynamic lubrication (full-film separation).
It is called elastohydrodynamic because the lubricated components deform elastically due
to high pressure.
2. C
This ISO cleanliness level (ISO 21/19/16) is considered quite high. Contamination normally
takes place during blending, packaging, storing, transportation, etc. End users are responsible for checking the quality of incoming oils and taking measures to ensure clean oil is used,
especially in machines that require very clean oil.
3. C
In hydrolysis, the additives react with water in the presence of heat to form byproducts such
as sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfides.
34 |
LA
B
S H LE
IP
IN
CK
NO
ST W
O
&
TO
AD
AV
R E AI
M2500G DIVIDERS
PROGRESSIVE DIVIDERS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE.
PROGRESSI
Direct interchangeability
with MSP type dividers
In-stock availability
Individual segments
3 to 10 section assemblies
Precision toleranced for
exceptional performance
Zinc-Nickel plated for longer
life in nasty environments
1000 hour salt spray proven
4 times harder nish than
zinc plate
UNITED STATES
(+1) 800-631-0168
Industrial Applications
Paper &
Printing Machinery
Punch &
Stamping Presses
Steel Mill
Cement Plants
Mining Equipment
Construction Vehicles
Canning &
Bottling Equipment
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 2100 GATEWAY CENTRE BLVD, SUITE 109, MORRISVILLE, NC 27560
WWW.BIJURDELIMON.COM
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| 35
PRODUCT SUPERMARKET
www.aspexcorp.com
timothy.drake@fei.com
724-468-5400
www.inolex.com
800-521-9891
lubeinfo@inolex.com
www.meltric.com 800-433-7642
mail@meltric.com
Meltric Corporation
Checkfluid, Inc.
UE Systems, Inc.
www.miller-stephenson.com
203-743-4447
www.checkuid.com
866-652-8728
www.uesystems.com
info@uesystems.com 800-223-1325
Specialty Manufacturing
www.specialtymanufacturing.com
sales@specialtymanufacturing.com
800-382-9130
36
Fluitec
www.cannoninstrument.com
800-676-6232
sales@cannoninstrument.com
www.uitec.com
888-557-9575
info@uitec.com
www.oneeyeindustries.com
877-888-8727
info@oneeyeindustries.com
305-591-8935
www.ludeca.com/balancing
GARZO Model 108B controllers maintain oil levels in engines and compressor
crankcases to prevent equipment damage and save oil. The standard valve
assembly works with atmospheric tanks
or up to 15 psig oil supply pressures.
GARZO, Inc.
www.garzoproducts.com/108.html
713-466-8679
tmpafford@garzoproducts.com
www.testproductsintl.com
jweidner@testproductsintl.com
Oil-Rite Corporation
www.oilrite.com
920-682-6173
www.ifhgroup.com
800-435-7003 info@ifhgroup.com
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37
ML
CROSSWORD PUZZLER
Get a Printable Version
of This Puzzle Online at:
MachineryLubrication.com/puzzle
1
2
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ACROSS
4 A device that transfers heat through a conducting wall from
one fluid to another.
DOWN
1 A method that involves placing a drop of fluid on a
permeable piece of paper and noting the development and
nature of the halos or rings surrounding the drop through time.
ML
NOW ON
MachineryLubrication.com
What is Lubrication?
Lubrication is a word thats often used in
regards to machinery reliability and maintenance,
but what is lubrication? The dictionary defines
lubrication as the application of some oily or
greasy substance in order to diminish friction.
Although this is a valid definition, it fails to realize
all that lubrication actually achieves. Learn the
different types of lubrication and the various
substances that can be used to lubricate a surface
by reading this article on the ML site.
Elemental Analysis
of Industrial Lubricants
As the most fundamental test used in oil
analysis today, elemental analysis can detect
between 15 and 25 different elements that are
related to wear metals, contaminant metals and
Antioxidant Monitoring
of Gas Engine Oils
Antioxidant analysis can be useful both for
small and large oil reservoirs, as well as peak/baseload operations. The importance of individual
antioxidants in combination with other critical
parameters may provide a better understanding of
the processes occurring during the oils lifetime.
Find this article in the oil analysis section on the
ML site to discover how monitoring individual
antioxidants can establish an accurate condition
of the oil as part of the oils lifecycle evaluation.
By the Numbers
72%
of machinerylubrication.com
visitors include only the
most critical machines and
components in their oil
analysis program.
Welcome to Machinery Lubrications Bookstore, designed to spotlight lubricationrelated books. For a complete listing of books
of interest to lubrication professionals, check
out the Bookstore at store.noria.com.
Format: DVD
Publisher: Noria Corporation
BOOK STORE
41
ML
CERTIFICATION NEWS
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July
uly - August 2012 | www
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machinerylubrication com
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CERTIFICATION NEWS
Caraustar Industries
Mike Henson, MLT I
Cargill
Josef Lotz, MLT I
Jefferson Rodrigo Avila Peloi, MLT I
Robert Fowlkes, MLT I
Cesar Lopez Martinez, MLT I
Ivan Jimenez Perez, MLT I
ACI
Juan Vinas Encarnacion, MLT I
Acuren
Steven Van Dulmen, MLT I
AES
Mauricio Montano Vazquez, MLA II
Raul Castellano Plascencia, MLA II
Agrium
Gary Friesz, MLT I
Walter Higgs, MLT I
Quentin Brauer, MLT I
Jarvis Ross, MLT I
Shawn Ross, MLT I
Norman Charbonneau, MLT I
Al Bedaya Marine Service & Consulting
Sulthan Othukumpurath, MLA I
Albemarle Corporation
Ray Terrell, MLA I
Alcoa
Michael Bailey, MLT I
Edwin Domel Jr., MLT I
Santiago Garza, MLT I
Donald Hunt, MLT I
Clifford Tomancak Jr., MLT I
American Colloid
Travis Nichols, MLA I
DuPont
Brooks Forsyth, MLA I
Joe Balderas, MLA II
AngloGold
Clinton Shaefer, MLA II
Christopher Phillips, MLA II
Robert Evans, MLA I
Arizona Public Service
Andrew Federico, MLA I
Ascend Performance Materials
John Cook, MLT I
Hudson Woodn, MLT I
Aerospace Testing Alliance
Daniel Bess, MLT I
Daniel Henley, MLT I
ATI Wah Chang
Jeff Loosier, MLT I
Boyd Koehler, MLA II
Bacardi Corporation
Javier Figueroa Acosta, MLT I
Barrick Goldstrike Mine
Matthew Obieta, MLA II
Blue Cardinal
James Smith, MLA I
44 |
Edwards Lifesciences
Manuel Roman Vigo, MLT I
Emirantes Aluminium
Dharmesh Ishwarlal Patel, MLA I
Entergy Inc.
Harold Brown, MLA II
Rashid Johnson, MLT I
Exelon Nuclear
Firdos Marfatia, MLA I
Florida Power & Light
Catherine Peak Buller, MLA I
Foskor
Rajoo Moodley, MLA II
Freeport McMoran
Sylvester Copley Jr., MLA III
Georgia-Pacific
Christopher Morris, MLT I
Delwyn Collins, MLT I
Bernard Tomlin, MLT I
Jason Tweedy, MLT I
Gerber Products
Mark Gonzagowski, MLA II
Kinross
Brian Wright, MLA I
Peabody Energy
Tracy Hanson, MLA II
Kraft Foods
Shannon Derrick, MLT I
Michael Forster, MLT I
Riley Graham, MLT I
Nicole Griswold, MLT I
Roland Joseph, MLT I
Les Lawson, MLT I
Teddy Pridgen, MLT I
Petrobras
Marcos Lobo, MLT II
Laurentide Controls
Pierre Luc Guay, MLT I
Lubrication Engineers Inc.
Adam Wilcox, MLA II
Lyondell Basell
Kerry Gunn, MLA II
Eric Burka Jr., MLA II
Michael Raffetto, MLA I
M3nergy FPSO Perintis
Muhammad Johan Ariff Airisal, MLA II
Rio Tinto
Stephen Brown, MLT I & MLA I
Stuart Hunt, MLT I & MLA I
Pulkit Patel, MLT I & MLA I
Brett Scholte, MLT I & MLA I
Shane Mitchell, MLT I & MLA I
Brodie Stemm, MLT I & MLA I
David Steele, MLT I & MLA I
Robert Wallace, MLT I & MLA I
Kelvin Thomson, MLT I & MLA I
Bruce Stratford, MLT I & MLA I
Terrence Black, MLT I & MLA I
William Baker, MLT I
Jeffery Bean, MLA I
Saudi Aramco
Omair Mohamed Al-Qahtani, MLA I
Schenck Process
Matthew Cutbush, MLA I
Paul Donovan, MLA I
Syed Zahoor, MLA I
Sherwin Alumina
Keith Dotson, MLT I
Kurt Walters, MLT I
Silubrin
Adalberto Tavares, MLT I & MLA I
Fabio Kibelkstis, MLA I
SKF (UK) Limited
Mark Townsend, MLT I
Martin Waller, MLT I
SKF Ab Oy
Jarno Suominen, MLT I
SKF Asia Pacific
David Antonelli, MLT I
SKF Australia
Michael Horne, MLA I
Michael Brzakovic, MLA I
Geoffrey Stevens, MLA I
Lee Johnson, MLA I
Teknik Janakuasa
Roshidi Md. Radzi, MLT I
Mohamad Helmi Mohamad Mustakim,
MLA I
SKF Estonia
Rauno Joonas, MLT I
UT Battelle
Matthew Grooms, MLT I
Valero Renewables
Kevin Vandiver, MLT I
Mike Harshbarger, MLT I
Dean Kruse, MLT I
Ronald League, MLT I
Richard Lindgren, MLT I
Paul Schmidt, MLT I
Jesse Smith, MLT I
Josh Tribby, MLT I
Mark Fassler, MLT I
Dion Donnell, MLT I
Need to take
an exam?
ICML regularly holds
exam sessions throughout
the United States and the
world. Upcoming dates
and locations for ICML
exams can be found at
www.lubecouncil.org.
ICML Certifications
LLA I = Laboratory Lubricant Analyst Level I
MLA I = Machine Lubricant Analyst Level I
MLA II = Machine Lubricant Analyst Level II
MLA III = Machine Lubricant Analyst Level III
MLT I = Machine Lubrication Technician Level I
MLT II = Machine Lubrication Technician Level II
www.machinerylubrication.com
| 45
Bearing Lubrication
BACK PAGE
BASICS
BEARINGS WORK
The first type of roller we will discuss is one of the more common
types the ball bearing. Ball bearings come in as many sizes, materials and finishes as can be imagined. This provides incredible
flexibility in their use. The balls in these bearings simply roll between
the two races, and it doesnt matter which direction the elements
are facing.
8 Factors Affecting
Lubricant Selection
1) Bearing speed
2) Bearing size
3) Type of bearing
4) Load
5) Lowest and highest operating temperature
6) Ambient conditions (dust, dirt, moisture, etc.)
7) Convenience of application
8) Torque
46 |
58%
and keep their spacing constant. Seals are another item that can be
customized on bearings. All of these features make a difference in the
bearings functionality as well as its life expectancy.
Rolling elements undergo a lubrication regime known as elastohydrodynamic lubrication. In this regime, the fluid film is
usually less than one micron, and pressure up to 500,000
pounds per square inch isnt uncommon. The oil momentarily
turns into a solid and elastically deforms the rolling element and
the mating surface. Any contamination can interfere with this
process with devastating results. Particles present in the load
zone cause surface degradation of the mating surfaces and can
lead to the generation of more wear particles.
Oils have a property known as the pressure-viscosity coefficient. This is a measure of how well they can momentarily
turn into a solid. Water does not have this property and thus
can lead to boundary conditions when it is present in rolling
element bearings. It is important to monitor water levels in the
lube oil to keep this from occurring. In some cases, bearings
can lose 70 percent of their life because of water before the oil
even gets cloudy.
48 |